Aircraft Surface Movement Program 2

7/29/2019 Aircraft Surface Movement Program 2

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Los Angeles World AirportsAircraft Surface

Movement Program

Anthony Laughlin

Superintendent of Operations

Los Angeles International Airport(310) 646-4265

[email protected]


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Class length: 3 hours

Test: 30 question multiple choice

minimum passing score is 90%

All persons who successfully complete this

program will be rebadged. The replacementbadge will include the Aircraft Movement

Icon.

Introduction ToAircraft Surface Movement

Program


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Introduction ToAircraft Surface Movement

UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE:

LAWA AIRFIELD OPERATIONS ESCORT IS

REQUIRED FOR ALL AIRCRAFT SURFACEMOVEMENT OPERATIONS BY NON-FLIGHT

CREW PERSONNEL, INVOLVING THE

CROSSING OF ANY RUNWAY AT LAX


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Training Goals

1. To prevent incursions on

movement areas

2. To provide familiarization withairfield layout, signs, markings,

and lighting

3. To help standardize radio

communication and Air Traffic

Control procedures


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Aircraft Surface MovementProgram

SECTION 1: LAX Airfield Familiarization

SECTION 2: Airfield Signs, Surface

Markings, and Lighting

SECTION 3: Air Traffic Control Procedures,

Instructions, and RadioPhraseology


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Any occurrence at an airport

involving an aircraft, vehicle,person, or object on the ground

that creates a collision hazard

or results in loss of separation

with an aircraft taking off or

intending to takeoff, landing or

intending to land.

Runway Incursions

The FAA defines a Runway Incursionas:


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LAX Airfield Familiarization

Movement Areasconsist of

runways, taxiways, taxilanes and

other areas of an airport whichare used for taxiing, takeoff, and

landing of aircraft.

Section1


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LAX Airfield Familiarization

Rectangular-shaped, paved

surfaces on an airport, designedfor the landing or takeoff of

airplanes.

Runways


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Runway Designations

Based on a runways

magnetic heading, using

the 360 degree compass

system Runways may be used in

two opposite directions

All runways have TWOrunway designations


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Runway Designations

The pictured runway

is oriented in the

north-south direction

The pictured runway

would be designatedRunway 18/36


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Runway Designations

What is the magnetic

alignment of thepictured runway?

What is the runwaydesignation?


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Runway Designations

What is the magnetic

alignment of thepictured runway?

What is the runwaydesignation?


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LAX Runway Layout

Parallel Runway ConfigurationSouth Complex

Runway 25R/7L

Runway 25L/7R


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LAX Runway Layout

North ComplexRunway 24R/6L

Runway 24L/6R


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Taxiways

A paved surface designed

for the movement ofaircraft from one part of

the airport to another


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Taxiways

Taxiway Designation Letters

Letters and Numbers

Types of Taxiways Parallel Taxiways

North-South Taxiways

Connector Taxiways

Taxilanes

Bi-pass Taxiways


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LAX Taxiway Configuration

Five Parallel Taxiways

AB

CDE


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Three North-South Taxiways

AA

S

Q


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Connector taxiways are usedby aircraft to taxi from one

movement area to another.


To Review, LAX has Four RunwaysFive Parallel TaxiwaysThree North-South Taxiways


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A paved surface used for access

between taxiways and

Ramp (gate) areas

Taxilanes (Alleys/Alleyways)


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Taxilanes (Alleys/Alleyways)

Methodology of Taxilane Designations

A1A2

C6

C7

C8

C9C10

D10

D9D8

D7

C1

B1C2

C3

C4

C5


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Ramp/Apron Areas

Ramp/Apron Areas consist of the

following:

Maintenance AreasTerminal Gates

Cargo/Freight Parking Gates


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Ramp/Apron Areas

Ramps and Aprons are aircraft parking

areas designed for the purpose of

loading/unloading or servicing of

aircraft

Ramps and Aprons are non-movementareas

Ramp/Apron areas are not controlled

by FAA Air Traffic Control


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Ramp/Apron Areas

Gate areas of terminal buildings arean example of a Ramp/Apron Area

Wing Clearance Lines

S ti


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Runway SurfaceMarkings And Lighting

Runway surface markings are white

Section2


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The runway centerline is a broken white stripe whichindicates the center of the runway and provides

alignment guidance for aircraft.


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The runway edge-line is an unbroken white stripeindicating the edges of the runway, and the edges

of the full-strength pavement.


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Runway threshold markings identify the beginning

of the runway which is available for landing.


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Runway Lighting

Runway lighting is white in color

Elevated edge-lights identify the runway edges duringadverse visibility conditions

Runway edge-lights identify the sides of the runwayRunway lighting is white in color


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Runway lighting is white in color In-pavement Runway Centerline Lights identify the

runway centerline during adverse visibility conditions


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Runway lighting is white in color Touchdown Zone Lights indicate the first 3,000 feet

of the runway, beginning at the threshold


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Taxiway Surface Markings

ALL taxiway surface markings are yellow.

Taxiway centerline markings indicate the

center of the taxiway.


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ALL taxiway surface markings are yellow.Double yellow taxiway edge-lines indicate the

edges of the taxiway as well as the edge of full-

strength pavement


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ALL taxiway surface markings are yellow.

Taxiway Shoulder Markings consist of transversestripes extending from the taxiway edge markings

into paved areas which are not intended for

aircraft use

Note:At LAX, paved areas

which are unsuitable for

aircraft may be painted green.


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Hold Lines are located on taxiwayswhich intersect runways

All aircraft and vehicles must

hold short of the runway at

the hold line.


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Hold Lines are located at the intersection of a taxiwayand a runway.

Aircraft/vehicles must hold on the solidside of the hold line.



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Taxiway Lighting

Taxiway edge-lights are

blue in color

Taxiway edge lighting

identifies the edge of a

taxiway during periods of

darkness or reduced

visibility.


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Taxiway Lighting

In-pavement Taxiway centerline lights are greenin color


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Taxiway Lighting

In-pavement taxiway centerline lights identify thetaxiway centerline during periods of darkness or

reduced visibility


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Taxiway Lighting

Elevated Runway Guard Lights consist

of two alternating, flashing yellow lights

Two Types: Elevated and In-PavementRunway Guard Lights


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Taxiway Lighting

In-pavement Runway Guard Lights

consist of flashing yellow lights, whichextend across the taxiway, parallel to the

hold line

Runway Guard Lights


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Taxiway Lighting

In-pavement Runway Guard LightsExtend across hold line


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TaxilaneSurface Markings

Taxilanes have either solid white or yellowlead-in lines

R /A A S f


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Ramp/Apron Area Surface

Markings

Wing-clearance lines are white or red.


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TaxilaneSurface Markings

Miscellaneous Taxiway markings


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Five types of airfield signage:

Airfield Signs and SurfaceMarkings

Mandatory Instruction Sign

Location Sign

Direction SignB

25L-7R

A

Checkpoint 3

MIL

Information Sign

Destination Sign

Ai fi ld Si d S f


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Surface painted signs correspond to mounted signs

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It Is MANDATORY That YouReceive INSTRUCTIONS From

FAA Air Traffic Control, BeforePassing ANYMandatory Instruction

Sign

Mandatory Instruction Signs are

usually co-located with Taxiway

Location Signs

Airfield Signs and Surface


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MarkingsMandatory Instruction Signs

Runway 7R-25L


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Review of Runway 7R/25LMandatory Signs

East End of RunwayMidfield LocationsWest End of Runway



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Markings

Mandatory Instruction

Signs Runway 7L-25R

Review of Runway 25R/7L


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Mandatory Signs

East End of RunwayMidfield LocationsWest End of Runway



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Markings

Mandatory Instruction

Signs Runway 6R-24L

Ai fi ld Si d S f


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Instrument Landing System (ILS) Critical AreaMandatory Instruction Signs



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LAWA Airfield Operationsescort is currentlyrequired for ALL AircraftSurface MovementOperations, conducted bynon flight-crew personnel,

which involve the crossingof runways at LAX

Any aircraft operator whois Confronted with aMandatory Instruction SignMUST conduct anyoperation in strictaccordance withinstructions from FAA Air

Traffic Control

Failure to comply with


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Failure to comply withthese procedures may

result in a RunwayIncursion, aircraft

collision and/or lossof airfield driving

privileges

Ai fi ld Si d S f


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Taxiway Location Signs have a black backgroundwith yellow inscriptions


Ai fi ld Si d S f


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Taxiway Direction Signs have a yellow background with blackinscriptions and arrows.



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Taxiway Location Signs are often co-located with TaxiwayDirection Signs.



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Information signs have a yellow background with blackinscriptions. This type of sign displays advisory

information.

Airfield Signs and


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g

Surface Markings

Destination Signs have a yellow background with black

inscriptions and arrows pointing in the general direction of a

specific location on the airfield.



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Taxiway hold markings are located wheretwo taxiways intersect.


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Restricted/Closed Areas

Certain types of operations or aircraft

may not use a Restricted Area.

No aircraft operations may be conducted

in a Closed Area.


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Restricted/Closed Areas are markedwith orange cones, delineators, and/or

standing red lights placed along the

perimeter of the area.


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Aircraft inadvertently proceeding into a closedor restricted area may result in loss of life and

substantial property damage.

Review of Taxiway/Runway Intersection


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Markings, Signs and Lighting

Section3


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Air Traffic Control Procedures,Instructions, and Phraseology

Transmitting on Aviation VHF Radio

1. Verify correct frequency

2. Briefly monitor to make sure frequency is clear

3. Check position of transmitter selector

Section3


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Air Traffic Control Procedures,Instructions, and Phraseology

Whoyou are

Aircraft type wing spanWhereyou are on the airportWhatyou are requesting, or intending to doHow youre going to do it

4. Communicate clearly and concisely:


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Phraseology

Use correct aviation phraseologyto transmit messages which are

clear and concise

Acknowledge - Let me know that youhave received my message

Advise Intentions - Tell me what you

plan to do

Affirmative - Yes


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Phraseology

Confirm - My version is is that correct?

Correction - An error has been made inthe transmission and the correct

version followsGo Ahead - Proceed with your message.

Not to be used for any other purpose.

Hold - Stop where you are

Hold Short Of - Proceed to, but stopbefore reaching a specific point


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Phraseology

Negative - No, or Permission notgranted, or That is not correct

Proceed - You are authorized to begin

or continue movingRead Back - Repeat my message back

to me

Roger - I have received all of your lasttransmission. (It should not be used to

answer a question requiring a yes or

no answer)


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Phraseology

Say Again -Used to request a repeat

of the last transmission. Usually

specifies transmission or portion

thereof not understood or received

Stand By - Means the controller or pilotmust pause for a few seconds, usually to

attend to other duties of a higher priority.

If the delay is lengthy, thecaller should reestablish contact.


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Phraseology

Taxi To - Taxi to an airport location. Thisinstruction is not a clearance to taxi onor across the referenced airport location.

Unable - Indicates inability to comply witha specific instruction, request or clearance

Verify - Request confirmation of information,for example, Verify cleared to cross

runway two five right.

Wilco - I have received your message,understand it,and will comply with it


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Phonetic Alphabet

A standardized aviation phonetic alphabet has

been adopted by the International Civil Aviation

Organization (ICAO) and is used by Air Traffic

Controllers worldwide.


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Phonetic Alphabet

A Alfa (AL-fah) N November (No-vem-ber)B Bravo (Brah-vo) O Oscar (Oss-cah)C Charlie (Char-lee) P Papa (Pah-pah)D Delta (Dell-tah) Q Quebec (Keh-beck)E Echo (Eck-oh) R Romeo (Row-me-oh)

F Foxtrot (Foks-trot) S Sierra (See-air-ah)G Golf (Golf) T Tango (Tang-oh)H Hotel (Hoh-tell) U Uniform (You-nee-form)I India (In-dee-ah) V Victor (Vik-tah)J Juliett (Jew-lee-ett) W Whiskey (Wiss-key)K Kilo (Key-loh) X X-ray (Ecks-ray)

L Lima (Lee-mah) Y Yankee (Yang-key)M Mike (Mike) Z Zulu (Zoo-loo)

C i R


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Crossing Runways

1. Initial call to Ground Control2. When holding at specified taxi

position, ground control instructs

aircraft to contact Tower

3. Tower Control Instructions

Hold short

Cross both runways

Cross one, hold short of the

other


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LAX Air Traffic Control VHF Radio FrequenciesAutomatic Terminal Information Service 133.80

Ground Control- North Complex 121.65

Ground Control- South Complex 121.75

Tower- North Complex 133.90

Tower- South Complex 120.95

Metering 120.35

LAX Airline Operated Ramp Tower VHF RadioFrequencies

Alaska Ramp Tower (Taxilane D-10) 130.85

American Ramp Tower (Taxilane C-10) 129.32Delta Ramp Tower (Taxilanes C-8 and C-9) 131.45

United Ramp Tower (Taxilane C-7) 129.40

United Ramp Tower (Taxilane C-6) 129.50

LAX VHF Radio Frequencies

LAX St d d T i R t


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LAX Standard Taxi Routes

North Route

Route Ident Routing viaNORTH Taxi via Charlie (C) towards taxiway Quebec (Q), taxi northbound on

taxiway Quebec (Q), and at Check-point-1 contact Ground Control onfrequency 121.65, hold short of taxiway Delta (D). When advised by thenorth Ground Control, the North Route continues on taxiway Echo (E) toRunway 24L or the gate, whichever applies.

South Route

Route Ident Routing via

SOUTH If the aircraft is west of taxiway Sierra (S), taxi eastbound on taxiway Echo(E) and turn right on taxiway Sierra (S), if the aircraft is east of taxiwaySierra (S), taxi westbound on taxiway Delta (D) and turn left on taxiwaySierra (S). And at Check-point-2, contact Ground Control on frequency121.75, hold short of taxiway Charlie (C). When advised by south GroundControl, the South Route continues on taxiway Bravo (B) to Runway 25R orthe gate whichever applies.

West Route

Route Ident Routing viaWEST Taxi via taxiway Charlie (C) westbound, hold short of taxiway Alpha Alpha

(AA), contact Ground on frequency 121.65 when number one approachingtaxiway Alpha Alpha (AA).

Bridge Route

Route Ident Routing via

BRIDGE Taxi via taxiway Echo (E) then south on taxiway Alpha Alpha (A), holdshort of taxiway Charlie (C) contact Ground on frequency 121.75 when

number one approaching Charlie (C).


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Proper Radio Procedures

Push back1.Name of facility being contacted

2. Aircraft call sign

3. Aircraft position

4. Requested operation

Taxi1. Advise ramp tower, if applicable, when ready to

move forward2. Contact ground control when ready to tow or taxi

3. Read back all hold short instructions

Preventing Runway Incursions


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Preventing Runway Incursions

1. Review all pertinent information prior to conducting anaircraft surface movement operation

2. Use correct communication techniques

3. Maintain a sterile cockpit

4. If you are unsure of your position on the airfield, stopand ask for assistance

5. Continuously monitor the appropriate VHF frequency

6. If you are unsure of any issued instructions, ask forclarification

7. Report any deteriorating/confusing airfield signs,surface markings or lighting to LAX Airfield Operations,or FAA at an appropriate time.

C l i


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Conclusion

Use Safe, Accepted Procedures

Follow Standard Guidelines

Forethought, Proper Planning And

Application Of EstablishedProcedures Lead To Safety

R i /Q ti


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Review/Questions

Please forward questions, commentsor other input to:

Anthony Laughlin

Superintendent of Operations

Los Angeles International Airport

(310) 646-4265

[email protected]

Aircraft Surface Movement Program 2

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