Aircraft structure and controls

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Aircraft Structures And Flight Controls

Transcript of Aircraft structure and controls

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Aircraft Structures And Flight Controls

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Aircraft Structures

• Truss-type Structures

• Had struts and wire-braced wings• Occupants sat in open cockpits• Cockpits fabric-covered

• Stressed-skin Structures

• All of the structural loads are carried by the skin.

• Thin wood skin• Or aluminum-alloy sheets

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Aircraft Structures

• Monocoque

• Virtually no internal framework

• Semi-monocoque

• Internal arrangement of formers and stringers is used to provide additional rigidity and strength to the skin.

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Semi-monocoque

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Airframe Units:

• Fuselage

• Wings

• Stabilizers

• Flight control surfaces

• Landing gear

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Airframe Units:

Elevator

HorizontalStabilizer

Rudder

VerticalStabilizer

Aileron

Flap

Cowling

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Structural Loads/Stress

• Five Types Of Stress

• Tension• Compression• Bending force• Torsion• Shear force

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Structural Loads/Stress

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Structural Loads/Stress

• Deformation

• Nonpermanent Deformation

– Deformation disappears when the load is removed.

• Permanent Deformation

– Wrinkles observed on top of wing and bottom of horizontal stabilizer.

– Stretch marks on the bottom of the wing or top o the stabilizer. (positive g’s)

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Materials For Aircraft Construction

• Wood

• Aluminum Alloys

• Honeycomb

• Magnesium

• Stainless Steel

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Materials For Aircraft Construction

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Structures

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Structures

• Wing Construction Truss-type

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Structures

• Stressed-skin Wing Construction

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Cantilever Wing

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Control Surface Construction

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Control Surface Construction

• Control Surface Flutter

• Control Surface must be mass balanced so that their center of gravity does not fall behind their hinge line.

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Fuselage Construction

• Truss Fuselage construction

• Pratt truss• Warren truss

• Stressed-skin Structure• Monocoque• Semi - Monocoque

• Pressurized Structure

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Flight Controls

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Flight Controls

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Pitch Control

• Elevators

• Sole function is to change the angle of attack of the airplane, which alters its speed, lift and drag.

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Pitch Control

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Pitch Control

• Stabilator

• All-movable tail• Anti-servo tab

• Ruddervators

• Provides both longitudinal and directional stabilization and control.

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Lateral Or Roll Control

• Ailerons

• Rolling action produced is the primary method of lateral control on most aircraft.

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Lateral Or Roll Control

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Directional Control

• Adverse aileron yaw

• The aileron that moves downward creates lift and induced drag.

• Induced drag pulls the nose of the airplane around in the direction opposite the way the airplane should turn.

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Directional Control

• Rudder

• Rotates the airplane about its vertical axis (Yawing)

• Also provides a form of roll control because the application of rudder causes yaw which will induce a roll.

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Directional Control

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Trim Controls

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Trim Controls

• Trim Tabs

• Balance Tab

• Anti-Servo Tab

• Servo Tab

• Spring Tab

• Adjustable Stabilizer

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Trim Tabs

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Balance Tab

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Anti-Servo Tab

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Servo Tab

• Used on large aircraft when the control forces are too great for the pilot to manually move.

• Flight control column moves the tab on the control surface and this aerodynamically moves the main control surface.

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Adjustable Stabilizer

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Fixed Trim Tab

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Aerodynamically Balanced Control Surface

• Overhang deflects to the opposite side of the fuselage from the main rudder surface to produce an aerodynamic force that aids the pilot.

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Stall Strip and Vortex Generators

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Auxiliary Lift Devices

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Flaps

• Change the camber of the wing and increase both its lift and drag for and given angle of attack

• Moved by cables form an electric motor driven jackscrew.

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Flaps

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Leading Edge Devices

• Delays the the airflow separation caused by a stall to a higher angle of attack.

• Increases the energy of the air flowing over the surface.

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Fixed Slot

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Movable Slat