Upward trends in time series of basic characteristics of air temperature at selected meteorological stations in Slovakia

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14

15

16

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18

1871

1891

1911

1931

1951

1971

1991

2011

T [°C] Avearege air temperature [°C] from march to september in

1871-2012 period at meteorological station Hurbanovo

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14

15

16

17

18

1871

1891

1911

1931

1951

1971

1991

2011

T [°C] Avearege air temperature [°C] from march to september in

1871-2012 period at meteorological station Hurbanovo

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14

15

16

17

18

1871

1891

1911

1931

1951

1971

1991

2011

T [°C] Avearege air temperature [°C] from march to september in

1871-2012 period at meteorological station Hurbanovo

January February March April May June July August September October November December2007 1974 2007 2009 2003 1964 1994 1992 2011 1966 2010 19601994 1966 1990 2000 2002 2003 2006 2003 1982 2000 2000 19591998 1995 1974 2011 1993 2007 2002 2012 1994 2001 1963 20081988 1990 1989 1961 2007 1979 2012 1952 2009 1961 1996 20061951 2002 2012 2007 1958 2012 1995 2007 1999 2006 1960 20001983 2007 1977 1989 2000 2008 2007 2009 1967 2008 2012 19821975 2008 1975 1952 1996 1968 2010 2000 2012 1993 2009 19852001 1998 1994 1986 1969 1999 2009 2011 2006 2004 2003 20112008 1972 2002 1966 2001 2011 2003 2001 1961 1984 2006 19792012 1977 1991 1998 2012 2002 1999 1994 1975 1982 1962 1993

1968 1964 1969 1977 1970 1955 1996 1964 1980 1965 1953 20101969 1996 1996 1979 1974 1989 1965 1981 1970 1951 1980 20021967 1991 1956 1965 1965 1971 1960 1969 1990 1971 1978 19771982 1986 1976 1978 1961 1978 1980 1953 1960 1959 1993 19961980 2012 1962 1980 1955 1980 1974 1980 1971 1972 1995 19621985 1965 1964 1982 1978 1958 1954 1977 1977 1979 1965 19911987 1963 1963 1997 1991 1962 1962 1976 1978 2010 1973 19861963 1954 1958 1958 1952 1984 1984 1987 1972 2003 1983 19631954 1985 1987 1955 1980 1985 1978 1978 1959 1974 1956 20011964 1956 1952 1954 1957 1974 1979 1965 1996 1997 1988 1998

Ten warmest and ten coldest months since 1951 at meteorological station Košice

January February March April May June July August September October November December2007 1966 1974 2009 1958 2003 2010 1992 1982 1966 2010 19601983 1974 1990 2011 2003 1964 1994 2011 2011 2001 2000 19591975 1998 2007 2000 2002 2012 2006 2012 1999 2000 1963 19851998 2007 1989 1952 1993 1979 1995 2003 2009 1961 2012 19791994 1995 1977 1961 2012 2007 1983 2009 2006 1984 1951 20081988 1990 1981 2007 2001 2010 2012 2001 1994 1967 2006 19541951 1972 1994 1989 2000 2008 2009 2000 1975 2008 1960 19712008 2002 1959 1966 1986 1998 2002 1952 2012 2004 1996 19971974 1989 2012 1983 1969 2002 1987 2007 1967 1993 1970 19931953 1957 1961 1986 2009 1957 2003 1974 1987 1953 1962 1982

1980 1996 1956 1969 1953 1980 1996 1960 1970 2010 1975 19671969 2012 1970 1973 1978 1959 1966 1972 1977 1994 2011 19611968 1991 1976 1965 1952 1990 1954 1966 2007 1951 1985 19911987 1965 1996 1991 1955 1978 1960 1957 1978 1979 1998 19962006 2003 1955 1982 1980 1989 1965 1964 1962 1965 1995 20101982 2005 1962 1980 1965 1971 1984 1953 1990 1959 1965 19621963 1985 1963 1954 1957 1962 1961 1987 1971 1972 1973 19681964 1963 1952 1958 1961 1984 1979 1978 1959 2003 1983 19631954 1954 1987 1997 1991 1974 1962 1976 1996 1974 1956 19981985 1956 1958 1955 1962 1985 1978 1965 1972 1997 1988 2001

Ten warmest and ten coldest months since 1951 at meteorological station Sliač

January February March April May June July August September October November December2007 1966 1990 2009 1958 2003 2006 1992 2011 2001 2000 19741983 1998 2012 2000 2002 2007 1994 2003 1999 1966 2006 19791994 1995 1961 2007 2003 2008 1983 2012 1982 2000 2002 19541975 2007 1977 2011 1993 2012 1995 2000 2009 2006 1963 19711988 2002 1989 1952 2000 2002 2010 1994 2006 2004 2010 20062008 1990 1981 1961 2001 2000 2012 2001 1994 1961 1996 19591998 1989 1994 1998 2007 1964 2002 1952 1987 1953 1951 19882012 1974 2007 1999 1986 2011 2007 2007 2012 1967 1970 19601992 2008 1974 2006 1969 1979 2009 2009 1975 1960 2003 20111951 1957 1999 1983 2012 1957 1991 1990 1961 2008 2012 1985

2006 2012 1971 1965 1974 1980 1965 2006 1962 1991 1998 19981980 1965 1963 1979 1970 1969 1966 1972 2007 1994 1985 19521966 1993 1956 1977 1961 1989 1962 1957 1976 1973 1980 19611979 1991 1996 1973 1978 1958 1984 1966 1959 2003 1995 19961982 1985 1955 1982 1987 1956 1961 1964 1990 2010 1956 20101954 1996 1962 1955 1965 1984 1980 1968 1977 1979 1978 19681987 1963 1964 1997 1962 1971 1978 1987 1952 1965 1965 19691964 1986 1952 1958 1980 1962 1960 1969 1971 1997 1983 19621963 1954 1958 1980 1957 1974 1954 1976 1972 1972 1993 20011985 1956 1987 1954 1991 1985 1979 1965 1996 1974 1988 1963

Ten warmest and ten coldest months since 1951 at meteorological station Bratislava, letisko

January February March April May June July August September October November December2007 1966 1974 2009 1958 2003 2006 1992 1999 1966 1963 19601983 1998 1977 2000 2003 2007 1994 2003 2011 2000 2000 19591994 1995 1990 1961 1993 2000 1995 2000 1982 2001 2010 19791988 2007 1981 1952 2002 1964 2002 2001 1975 1961 2002 19851975 1990 1994 2011 1969 2008 2010 2012 2009 2006 1996 19741998 2002 1989 2007 2000 2012 2007 1952 2006 1967 1951 19541951 1974 1959 1986 2001 1957 2012 2009 2012 2004 2012 19582008 1989 2012 1998 2012 2002 1983 1994 1961 1960 2006 20062012 1977 2007 2012 2007 1979 1967 1974 1994 1953 2008 20081974 1957 1991 2006 1986 2011 2009 2011 1967 2008 1970 2011

1980 1993 1955 1965 1953 1978 1996 1969 1978 1979 1985 19611981 1965 1976 1977 1970 1969 1962 1957 1952 1994 1995 20101979 1991 1996 1991 1955 1971 1966 1978 1980 1973 1998 19911982 2012 1964 1973 1978 1958 1961 2006 1990 1971 1980 19981966 1996 1956 1982 1962 1956 1960 1955 2007 1965 1965 19961987 1986 1962 1958 1965 1984 1980 1972 1971 2010 1978 19681963 1985 1963 1954 1987 1989 1984 1953 1977 2003 1983 19691954 1963 1952 1997 1957 1962 1978 1965 1959 1972 1993 19621985 1954 1958 1980 1980 1974 1954 1976 1972 1997 1956 19631964 1956 1987 1955 1991 1985 1979 1987 1996 1974 1988 2001

Ten warmest and ten coldest months since 1951 at meteorological station Hurbanovo

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7

8

9

10

11

1951

1956

1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

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2011

Average annual air temperature in september [°C ] at meteorological station Kamenica nad Cirohou

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7

8

9

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1951

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Average annual air temperature in september [°C ] at meteorological station Sliač

7

8

9

10

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12

1951

1956

1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

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1996

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2011

Average annual air temperature in september [°C ] at meteorological station Košice

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4

5

6

7

8

1951

1956

1961

1966

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1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

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2011

Average annual air temperature in september [°C ] at meteorological station Oravská Lesná

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4

5

6

7

8

1951

1956

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2011

Average annual air temperature in september[ °C ] at meteorological station Telgárt

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13

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2011

Average annual air temperature in september [°C ] at meteorological station Bratislava, letisko

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-4

-2

0

2

419

51

1956

1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

2011

Average air temperature in the winter [°C ] at meteorological station Košice

14

16

18

20

22

1951

1956

1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

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2001

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2011

Average air temperature in the summer [°C ] at meteorological station Košice

0

2

4

6

8

1951

1956

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1976

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Average air temperature in the summer [°C ] at meteorological station Lomnický štít

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1951

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Average air temperature in the winter [°C ] at meteorological station Lomnický štít

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Average air temperature in the summer [°C ] at meteorological station Sliač

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0

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1951

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2011

Average air temperature in the winter [°C ] at meteorological station Bratislava, letisko

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2

1951

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1961

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2011

Average air temperature in the winter [°C ] at meteorological station Sliač

16

18

20

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24

1951

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Average air temperature in the summer [°C ] at meteorological station Bratislava, letisko

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Average monthly air temperature in january [°C ]at meteorological station Hurbanovo

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Average monthly air temperature in september [°C ] at meteorological station Lomnický štít

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Average monthly air temperature in september [°C ] at meteorological station Bratislava, letisko

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Average monthly air temperature in july [°C ] at meteorological station Košice

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Average monthly air temperature in july [°C ] at meteorological station Sliač

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Average monthly air temperature in may [°C ] at meteorological station Košice

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Average monthly air temperature in may [°C ] at meteorological station Sliač

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Average monthly air temperature in december [°C ] at meteorological station Hurbanovo

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11

12

13

1951

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Priemerná ročná teplota vzduchu [°C ] na meteorologickej stanici Hurbanovo

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Priemerná ročná teplota vzduchu [°C ] na meteorologickej stanici Lomnický štít

AIR TEMPERATURE TRENDS AT SELECTED METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS AND TIME SERIES

Pavol Faško1 – Pavel Šťastný1 – Marek Švec1 – Peter Kajaba1 – Oliver Bochníček1 (1) Slovak hydrometeorological institute Bratislava,

Slovakia

ABSTRACTRise of the air temperature due to climate change in recent decades is very clear. When comparing the long-term average air temperature in the period 1951-1980 with the 1981-2010 period, the warming in the last thirty years was most noticable in January, May and summer months, while adequately to this average temperatures of individual seasons increased as well as the values of average annual air temperature. The period from March to September in 2012, was the warmest seven-month period in Hurbanovo from the beginning of meteorological measurements at this meteorological station since 1871. This fact was also reflected in other characteristics of the air temperature in Slovakia. The average monthly air temperatures in the last 25 years know represent the warmest months from the mid-20th century. This is also reflected in the trends of the average monthly, seasonal and annual air temperatures, which are in the charts expressed by fourth degree polynomial. These tendencies weren’t recorded just within the warmest regions of southwestern Slovakia (represented by station Hurbanovo), but throughout its entire territory, including the high mountain locations (represented by station Lomincký štít). The year 2012 was one of the warmest years in the history of meteorological measurements in Slovakia, however in addition to a period with several months with above-average air temperatures, there was one particularly frosty short period during the end of January and in the first half of February 2012. This trend may indicate an increased risk of higher fluctuations of the air temperature in the future.

Fig. 1 The average monthly air temperature in different months of the year at selected meteorological stations since 1951

The contents of the presented images show that in the time series of average monthly, seasonal and annual air the greatest rises in values of the average air temperature have been recorded since the beginning of the 90's of the 20th century. This trend is not the same in all months of the year and in all 4 seasons. Good examples are the months of November and December, in which the air temperature trend in Hurbanovo (but also at other locations within Slovakia) is rather indifferent. The rate of increase of average air temperature has approximately in the last two decades also some regional aspects. This increase is relatively less apparent in southwestern Slovakia and conversely it's more significant in the valleys of central Slovakia or in the eastern Slovakia. The effects of global warming before the last decade of the 20th century were definitely more significant in the southwestern regions of Slovakia than in the other regions of Slovakia. The winters in the valleys of central Slovakia, are more humid and warmer in the last decades than they were in the past, which means that in these regions, the amount of mixed and liquid precipitation of the total precipitation during the winter is growing. Decrease of snow cover was also registered in these areas and due to increased cloudiness and precipitation there are now less suitable conditions during winter, for the occurrence of strong night and morning frosts. On the other hand the cloudiness in these regions is lower in the summer, the amount of long-term rainfall is declining, which supports greater warming of these valleys. The end result is that the growth of average annual air temperature in these areas is greater, than it is for example on the Danube lowland. The same applies to eastern Slovakia, where the registered decrease of snow cover causes that conditions for cooling of air above the snow cover are now less common (temperature differences between winter and summer has become less significant). In 2012, the changes of temperature conditions in Slovakia were very interesting. The trends from the previous periods were confirmed to such extent that the average monthly air temperature in most months of the 2012 was again on the leading positions, in hierarchical order of monthly air temperature values since the year 1951 (Fig. 4). The time series of average annual air temperatures in Hurbanovo since 1871 show that the warmest year in this location so far was a year 2000, with an average annual air temperature of 12.1 °C (1961-1990 temperature normal is 10.0 °C). Very interesting is the fact that the highest mean annual air temperature at the Slovakia’s highest mountain station - Lomnický štít (with air temperature measurements since 1940) was recorded in 2011.

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCESFaško, P. – Lapin, M. – Pecho, J.: 20-year extraordinary climatic period in Slovakia. In Meteorological Journal, 11, č. 3, s. 99 – 105, obr. 14.

Petrovič, Š. et al.: Klimatické pomery Hurbanova. IClimatic conditions at Hurbanovov). HMÚ, Praha, 1960, 278 s.

The period from March to September in 2012 was the warmest such seven-month period beginning in Hurbanovo from meteorological measurements at the meteorological station in 1871. This fact is also reflected in other characteristics of the air temperature in Slovakia. The average monthly temperature in last 25-years warmest months are mostly from the mid-20th century. This was also reflected in trends in average monthly, seasonal and annual air temperatures, which were expressed quartic polynomial.

Acknowledgment: This work was part of the project "Development of technology of spatial data processing of the climate system" ITMS 26220220102, and "Applied research of methods for determining the climatic and hydrologic design parameters", ITMS 26220220132 funded from the EU Structural Funds

Fig. 2 The average air temperature in summer (June-August) and winter (December-February) at selected meteorological stations since 1951

Fig. 3 The average annual air temperature at selected meteorological stations since 1951

Fig. 4 Ten warmest and ten coldest months since 1951 at selected meteorological stations (*months of the last 25 years are marked by red color)

Fig. 5 Avearege air temperature [°C] in the period from march to september in the years 1871-2012 at meteorological station Hurbanovo

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Average annual air temperature in september [°C ] at meteorological station Lomnický štít

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Average annual air temperature in september [°C ] at meteorological station Hurbanovo