AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH EFFECTS (II)

PARTICULATE MATTERPARTICULATE MATTER

Since the CAA(1956) a kind of complacency set in because smoke and SO2 were very much reduced.

Some did notice an increase in fine particles Diesel Summer haze – secondary particles

Monitoring for PM10 rather than TSP

QUARG QUARG INITIALLY POSITIVE ABOUT FUTUREINITIALLY POSITIVE ABOUT FUTURE

Emissions of pollutants from vehicles looked set to decrease…

Dockery et al (1993) six cities study

“An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities” New England Journal of Medicine 329, 1753-1759

SIX CITY SIX CITY STUDYSTUDY

A long term analysis of data on air pollution and mortality undertaken by Harvard School of Public Health

MORTALITY FACTOR

NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDENORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE

Annual mean concentrations decrease northwards

Sahelian dustPhotochemistryEmissions

Lack of resource and expertise in south created concern in EC

35-45< <

g m 3

COMPOSITION OF DUSTSCOMPOSITION OF DUSTS

Sardinia more than 80% of the Fe and Al come from the Sahara.

Guerzoni, S et al Chemosphere (1999) European Calcium ~0.7Mt/a

cement metals

power -point power-area

Declining emissions of fly ash from industrial plant may lower Ca and offset gains from reduced acidic emissions.

Lee and Pacyna Atmos. Env. (1999)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Modern concerns relate more to the lung than the respiratory tract

Size matters – particles need to be <3 μm to get deep in lung

http://www.uihealthcare.com/news/currents/vol2issue4/1lungimagingfig1.htmlhttp://classes.yale.edu/fractals/Panorama/Biology/Physiology/Physiology.htmlhttp://www.becomehealthynow.com/popups/alveoli_bh.htmhttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/asbestospanel/appendix_e.html

PARTICULATE MATTERPARTICULATE MATTER

Size matters – particles need to be <3 μm to get deep in lung

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/asbestospanel/appendix_e.htmlMSU College of Human MedicineJohn Hopkins School of Medicine

PARTICULATE MATTERPARTICULATE MATTER

A= Alveolar TB = Tracheobronchial

NPL = Nasal, Pharyngeal, Laryngeal

Alveoli

SHORT TERM EXPOSURE SHORT TERM EXPOSURE RESPONSE TO PMRESPONSE TO PM1010

MONTHS LOSS OF LIFEMONTHS LOSS OF LIFE

PARTICLESPARTICLES

PM10 - health effects complex... Organics and metals Compositional complexity and

nanoscale heterogeneity

[Buseck et al, Atmospheric Geochemistry No.

281 http://geology.asu.edu/~7starM/index.htm]

Buseck et al

Mechanisms for removal involve macrophages

ALVEOLARALVEOLAR MACROPHAGESMACROPHAGES

MSU College of Human MedicineJohn Hopkins School of Medicine

ALVEOLIALVEOLI

PARTICULATE MATTERPARTICULATE MATTERIN ALVOLIIN ALVOLI

INJURY FROM INJURY FROM FINE PARTICLESFINE PARTICLES

ALVEOLIALVEOLI

KEY FACTORS IN EFFECTS OFKEY FACTORS IN EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE MATTERPARTICULATE MATTER

Area/number Oxidative stress Hydroxyl radical activity – Transition metals – Fe, V

OXIDATIVE STRESSOXIDATIVE STRESS Transition metals and organics on the surface of

the carbon core affect the antioxidant defences within the lung lining fluid.

Consumes the protective antioxidant

Macrophages overwhelmed and more (less active particles?) can reach the surface of the lung.

OXIDATIVE STRESSOXIDATIVE STRESS

Ascorbate and glutathione depletion as indicators of oxidative activity.

Measured in London

HIGH TRAFFIC

PARTICLE TYPEPARTICLE TYPE

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Mobile Coal Crustal

% D

aily

mo

rtal

ity

-

Laden et al Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities Environmental Health Perspectives 108, 941-947( 2000)

Impact of 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 from various sources

NON CLASSICAL IMPACTSNON CLASSICAL IMPACTSLONG TERM (20a) PM EXPOSURE AND LONG TERM (20a) PM EXPOSURE AND

COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN THE ELDERLYCOGNITIVE FUNCTION IN THE ELDERLY

Ranft et al Environmental Research (2009)

PM translocates to the brain which causes inflammation.

Brain inflammation is promotes neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's).

CERAD neuropsychological test battery (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease)

FOREST SMOKEFOREST SMOKE IN CITIESIN CITIES

Health effects of particles problem of size problem of toxicity

Canadian fires affect US pollutant concentrations [Wotawa and Trainer Science 288: (5464) 324-328]

Photographs C.J. Park

YELLOW DUSTYELLOW DUST

Enormous worry in Asia about dust from the Loess plateau and its potential health effects.

May incorporate organic materials and also be carcinogenic.

DUST CHEMISTRYDUST CHEMISTRY

ORGANICS OZONE INTERACTIONS

ORGANICACIDS

SOLUBILZATION

NEUTRALIZATIONHNO3

H2SO4

DUST EMISSION

HULIS

SURFACTANTS

More dust perhaps with agriculatural and climate change… but pollutants in cities coat on the dust.

MOONDUSTMOONDUST

NASA wories about particles less than 3m

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6460089.stm

LONG AND SHORT TERM EFFECTSLONG AND SHORT TERM EFFECTS

Need to distinguish between the effects of fine particles and oxidative stress and long term effects of carcinogenesis

URBAN NANOPARTICLES <1URBAN NANOPARTICLES <1mm

Traffic Industry Secondary production … but also rapid nucleation

Health concerns over smaller and smaller particles has driven the study of nanoparticles...

Los Angeles ULTRAFINES (50-100nm) Los Angeles ULTRAFINES (50-100nm)

Most abundant

catalytic metals:

Fe, Ti, Cr,

Zn, Ce

Organic

Metal oxide

Carbon

SO4

NO3

Other

Cass et al Phil. Trans. 2000

Some 10% of primary organic particles seem to be from cars...

Surfactants in alveoli aid gas exchange, but also lung defence.

Would aerosol surfactants alter these functions?

PULMONARY SURFACTANTSPULMONARY SURFACTANTS

PULMONARY SURFACTANTS

ALVEOLIALVEOLI

REGULATION OF PMREGULATION OF PM

Confusion over mechanisms and measurement

Regulatory problems: uncertainty no-thresholds

Constitutional dilemmas TSP PM-10 PM-2.5

PROBLEMS WITH STANDARDSPROBLEMS WITH STANDARDS

Meeting limit values may not always reduce exposure most effectively

CONCENTRATIONCONCENTRATION

LIMITLIMITVALUEVALUE

Fails to meet limitFails to meet limitvalue, but much reducedvalue, but much reducedcumulative doescumulative does

CURRENTCURRENT

Meets limitMeets limitvaluevalue