AIM: What new philosophies came out of the Industrial Revolution?Ms. McMillanGlobal IIIDecember 07, 2011

COMPETING PHILOSOPHIES1. The hardships and

changes brought by the Industrial Revolution inspired many varying solutions.

2. Several different ways of thinking competed against each other.

LIBERALISM1. Liberalism was a strong

belief in individual rights to liberty, equality, and property.

2. These ideas started with the Enlightenment and were spread by the French Revolution.

3. According to liberals, the purpose of the government is to protect individual liberty.

4. Most liberals accepted Adam Smith’s laissez-faire ideas about economics.

Conservatism1. Conservatism was the set of beliefs

held by classes who had been in power previously – monarchs, nobles, and church leaders.

2. Conservatives wanted things society and politics to return to the way had been before revolutions.

3. Many persons who had been members of the noble class became business leaders.

4. These individuals formed a new business aristocracy.

THOMAS MALTHUS1. Thomas Malthus was a

conservative thinker who, in 1798 published his “Essay on the Principles of Population.”

2. Malthus believed that the poor would continue to suffer as long as the population kept increasing.

3. He urged families to have fewer children.

MALTHUS’ BASIC THEORY

CHARLES DARWIN1. In 1859, British naturalist Charles Darwin

caused an uproar by saying that humans had evolved over millions of years.

2. This theory of evolution, as it was called, stirred conflict between religion and science.

DARWIN AND MALTHUS1. Part of Darwin’s theory involved

the theory of natural selection.2. Using the ideas of Malthus,

Darwin said that species naturally produce more offspring than the food supply could support.

3. Members of a species must compete to survive.

4. Thus, natural forces selected the most able members, producing an improved species.

SOCIAL DARWINISM1. Later thinkers used Darwin’s ideas to develop a

theory known as Social Darwinism.2. According to this theory, successful businesspeople

were successful because they were naturally more “fit” to succeed than others.

3. War allowed stronger nations to weed out weaker ones.

4. Social Darwinism played a part in racism, the belief that one race is superior to another.

5. It also contributed to the rise in imperialism.

SOCIAL REFORMISM1. Many types of social reformism arose.2. Jeremy Bentham stated that the goal of society

should be the happiness of its people.3. John Stuart Mill believed that government should

improve the lives of the poor.4. Reform movements attempted to correct the abuses

of child labor.5. Trade unions grew in power among the working

class and also worked for social reform.

Jeremy Beltham had his body forever preserved upon his death in 1832. It rests in a glass chamber at University College in London with a nice wax head replacing his actual head.

SOCIALISM1. Socialism concentrated less on the interests and

rights of individuals and more on the interests of society.

2. Industrial capitalism, the socialists claimed, had created a large gap between rich and poor.

3. Under socialism, farms and businesses would belong to all the people, not to individuals.

4. Different types of socialism emerged.

UTOPIAN SOCIALISM1. Early socialists called Utopians sought to

create self-sufficient communities, where all property and work would be shared.

2. Since all would have equal wealth, Utopians believed that fighting would end.

3. In Scotland, Robert Owen set up a Utopian factory community.

Robert Owen’s Utopian Society

MARXIST SOCIALISM1. German philosopher Karl

Marx promoted a more radical theory, “scientific socialism.”

2. In 1848, Marx and German economist Friedrich Engels explained their ideas in The Communist Manifesto.

MARX’S IDEAS1. History was a class struggle between wealthy

capitalists and the working class, or proletariat.2. In order to make profits, the capitalists took

advantage of the proletariat.3. The proletariat would eventually rise up and

overthrow the capitalist system, creating their own society.

4. The proletariat society would take control of the means of production and establish a classless, communist society, in which wealth and power would be equally shared.

SOVIET UNIONIn the Soviet Union in the 1900s, Marx’s

ideas would lead to a communist dictatorship and a command economy, in which

government officials made all economic decisions.