Aim : What are cancer cells?
description
Transcript of Aim : What are cancer cells?
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AIM: WHAT ARE CANCER CELLS?
Do Now: Complete the fill in the blank work sheet on “Mitosis and Cell Division”
Monday, February 11th, 2013
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A little review…. A gamete is a sex cell.
Sperm and ova.
• A Somatic cell is a body cell. skin cell, cardiac cell, liver cell, etc.
Haploid or Diploid?
Haploid or Diploid?
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Meiosis Only occurs in “gonads” (ovaries or testes) Only produces “germ” cells (reproductive cells) Involves 2 divisions 1cell2 cells4 cells Cuts the # of chromosomes per cell in half Daughter cells receive a variety of different
genetic combinations These cells are genetically SIMILAR but NOT
genetically IDENTICAL to the Parent cells. * They share the genes from “mom and dad”
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Mitosis “Body Cells”- Occurs all over the body Produces all “somatic” (non-reproductive) cells. Completed in 1 division 1 cell 2 cells maintains the same # of chromosomes per cell Daughter cells are genetically IDENTICAL to the
original. Think about it:
If you need to make more skin cells, you want them to be just like your original skin cells. The somatic cells made need to be IDENTICAL.
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MitosisInterphase: chromosomes replicate
Prophase: spindles and centrioles form
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the Middle.
Anaphase: sister chromatids start to move to opposite poles.Telophase: nuclear membrane reforms
Cytokinesis: 2 daughter cells are made, identical to the original parent cell.
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Mitosis
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Mitosis vs. Meiosis
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• Caused by uncontrolled cell division
• Cancer cells don’t function normally, invade other tissues, monopolize nutrients, and replace normal cells
• Metastasis: the spread of cancer cells to other areas of the body
Cancer cells often spread through : lymphatic system or
bloodstream
Cancer
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All cancers result from genetic changes (mutations) in the genes which regulate cell division.
Oncogenes: are genes that, when mutated or expressed at high levels, helps turn a normal cell into a tumor
cell.
What are Oncogenes?
• Tumor: solid mass of cells
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1. Chromosome replication errors
Causes of Oncogenes being turned on:
2. Viruses
3. Carcinogens (Mutagens)
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Risk factors for cancer:- Family History
- - you can inherit cancer genes- Aging
- - increases chance of random errors and cell damage
- Impaired Immune System- a healthy system may destroy cancer cells, so
stay healthy!- stress and disease can impair immune responses
- Exposure to Carcinogens- 85-90% of cancers are caused by
carcinogens- UV radiation
- Lifestyle - smoking, diet, etc.
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Smoking• Increases risk of cancer in:
lung, throat, mouth, bladder,& liver(also a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases )
• Chances of living to 80 in USA: non-smokers 57%; smokers 30%
• Difference in life expectancy: 15 years less for smokers
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DietThere are many things that increase the risk for cancer:1. Food additives
(preservatives, pesticides, dyes and sweeteners)2. High fat diets (obesity)3. Low fiber diets and low anti-oxidant diets can increase the risk of cancer, including colon cancer.
- - fruits, grains and vegetables are high in fiber and anti-oxidants
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Assessment:
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Tuesday, February 12th, 2013Aim:
What are the differences
between asexual and sexual
reproduction?Do Now:
Answer this….How does a healthy cell become a cancer cell? (Use your notes from
yesterday)
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Clone: A genetically identical cell
What is a clone?
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How to clone an adult mammal:o Take an embryonic “stem” cell, remove the nucleus then add a nucleus from adult
o Implant new cell into female for developmentHow to clone a plant:
o Split up cells from existing plant
o Use “tissue culture” to grow complete plants from each cell
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• Clones are produced naturally by mitosis
But HOW are clones produced?
• Clones can be produced by genetic engineering
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Sheep
Pigs
Rat
Rabbit
Horse
Water Buffalo
Wolf
Cloning for food
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• Remove the haploid nucleus from an ova & the diploid nucleus from a somatic cell
Genetically Engineered Cloning
• Insert the diploid nucleus into the donor ova
•Now we have a diploid ova
(zygote)Rapid mitosis will occur!!
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What is Asexual Reproduction?
• Only one parent is needed to reproduce
asexually.
A new organism (sometimes more than one new organism) is produced from one
organism.
• In most cases: Mitosis is the only type of cell division involved
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The new organism will have hereditary material identical to the hereditary material of
the parent organism.
With Asexual Reproduction…..
Offspring are genetically identical to parent
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Asexual Reproduction:• Reproducing without the
interaction of 2 sexes, one parent needed.
• The make up of offspring is genetically IDENTICAL to the parent.
• Cell division process: MITOSIS
So, what is the difference between asexual and sexual
reproduction?Sexual Reproduction:• Fusion of 2 gametes
(sperm and egg).• The make up of offspring
is genetically similar, different genes though.
• Cell division process: MEIOSIS
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Assessment:
Read textbook page 250-252.
Complete “Reading Check” on page 251 &
252
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What are the 6 different types of Asexual Reproduction?1.Binary Fission
2.Budding3.Sporulation4.Regeneration5.Rhizomes6.Tubers
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1. Binary Fission
• Organism splits into two equal halves
• Most common method of reproduction in unicellular organisms (BACTERIA)
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• offspring grows from a “bud” on surface of larger parent
• will eventually break off and live independently
• occurs in: yeast, hydra (small animal) and many plants
• Budding vs. Binary Fission?
• budding divides living material unevenly
2. Budding
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- spores are released in large numbers and are carried by wind or water
- can survive conditions that kill off parent
- produced by many plants and fungi (molds & mushrooms)
3. Sporulation
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- ability to replace missing body parts
- occurs in all organisms to some degree
- can only produce new organisms in simpler species
4. Regeneration
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- underground stems produced by plants
- As these stems grow through the soil, they produce more roots
which develop into plants
5. Rhizomes
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- Modified rhizomes- Start out as a bud or eye on potatoes- Develop into root and then adultExamples: potatoe
6. Tubers
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Asexual Reproductio
n
Sexual Reproductio
nCell Division
Offspring
# of parents
Genetic make-up (Heredity)
Type of Organisms to Undergo This
Type of Reproduction
Name: ______________________________ Class Period: ____ Date: ___________
Asexual Reproduction vs. Sexual ReproductionLet’s record the differences between these 2 types of reproduction: