A.I.D. Wetlands Activities Report to Congresspdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnady732.pdf · A.I.D. Wetlands...

ill ',:'

A.I.D. Wetlands Activities

Report to Congress

Not for External Distribution

i ?

A.I.D. Wetlands Activities

Report to Congress

Not for External Distribution

Karen LeAnn McKay Random DuBois Lois Hughes

April 1991

OAT 7250 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 200, Bethesda, Maryland 20814

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

SECTION ONE

INTRODUCTION

SECTION TWO

WETLANDS CONSERVATION AND ITS IMPUCATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT ASSISfANCE

SECI10N THREE

MEl'HOOOLOGY FOR DATA COLLECTION

SECTION FOUR

A.I.D. ACTIVITIES AND WETLANDS

PROJECTS WITH DIRECT AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS Conservation in Wetland Areas as the Central Goal Conservation of Wetlands Areas as an Important Component

PROJECTS WITH INDIRECT AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS PROJECTS WITH DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUESTIONABLE EFFECTS A.I.D. ACTIVITIES THAT WERE NOT ANALYZED A.I.D. RESOURCES FOR WETLANDS CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS

ANNEX A: RAMSAR A.I.D. ACTIVITY DATASHEETS

ANNEX B: SCOPE OF WORK

ANNEX C: ASCI CODES

v

1

3

5

7

7 7 8 8 9

10 10 11 12

A-I

B-1

C-I

iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Development Activity by Geographic Region

Table 2: Nature of Project Effect on Wetlands

Table 3: Type of Wetlands Affected by Development Activity

13

14

16

v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Wetlands serve a variety of environmental functions critical to development activities. They are breeding grounds for fish, and an important source of protein and of numerous wild plants and animals. Wetlands regulate and buffer droughts and floods and act as important water purifiers. The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (known as the Ramsar Convention) was drawn up in 1971 in recognition of the importance of wetlands and of the alarming rate of their destruction. The United States, a signatory to the Ramsar Convention, has asked A.I.D., through Congress, to analyze A.I.D.'s activities in relation to the Ramsar Convention and to wetlands in general. This report responds to that request.

The review team conducted a systematic review of A.I.D. project information systems and document sources. Because of the nature of these systems, time constraints, and Congressional interest in upcoming activity, the operations identified in this report cannot be viewed as comprising a complete and comprehensive list of all ongoing and planned A.I.D. activity that may affect wetlands. With this proviso, the team made several findings.

Of the 1,108 projects in the A.I.D. system that listed an obligation end date of 1991 or later, 58 projects or 5.2 percent were determined to have some effect on wetlands. Of these 58 projects, 25 had some sort of direct beneficial effect, 15 could be classified as having a largely indirect beneficial effect, and the remaining 18 projects would fall into the category of having a questionable or negative effect on wetlands.

Although the review team found that several large natural resources management projects are just now being initiated, wetlands is usually only a small component of these projects. Nonetheless, such initiatives will undoubtedly have a beneficial impact on wetlands conservation and use.

Projects that seemed to have negative effects on wetlands were often agricultural, and sometimes involved infrastructure activities such as road building. The initial environmental examinations or environmental assessments often focused on pesticide use or erosion. These issues are important; however, larger issues of ecological change, habitat loss, and effects on species were usually not considered.

Finally, more than half of the projects identified in this report as having effects on wetlands were not identified as such by the Agency. This indicates a need for education and a more thorough understanding of wetland issues throughout the Agency so that these issues are properly identified and addressed.

1

SECTION ONE

INTRODUCTION

The Convention on Wetlands of Intemational Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (known as the Ramsar Convention) was signed on February 2, 1971 in the Iranian town of Ramsar and came into effect on December 21, 1975.1 The purpose of the Ramsar Convention as defined in the preamble is:

To stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future.

The Convention defines wetlands broadly. Wetlands are identified as:

Areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres.

Moreover, the definition of wetlands' boundaries as called for in the Convention could include:

Riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six meters at low tide lying within the wetlands, especially where these have importance as waterfowl habitat.

The responsibilities of the signatory parties to the Ramsar Convention are to:

• Designate suitable wetlands within [their] territory for inclusion in a List of Wetlands of International Importance;

• Formulate and implement their planning to promote the conservation of the wetlands included in the List;

• Arrange to be informed .. . if the ecological character of any wetland . . . has changed, is changing or is likely to change as the result of ... human interference [and] information on such changes ... be passed to [the responsible government institution];

• Promote the conservation of wetlands and waterfowl by establishing nature reserves on wetlands;

• Compensate for any loss of wetland resources, and . . . create additional nature reserves;

• Encourage research and the exchange of data and pUblications;

1 The Ramsar Convention was subsequently amended by the Paris Protocol of March 1982 with modifications that addressed procedural matters primarily associated with becoming a contracting party to and amending of the Convention.

2

• Endeavor through management to increase waterfowl populations on appropriate wetlands; and

• Promote the training of personnel . . . in the fields of wetland research, management, and wardening.

Since coming into effect, 54 countries have become signatories and over 500 wetland sites have been designated and placed on the List. 2

2 As of the fourth meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties held in June and July of 1990.

3

SECTION TWO

WETLANDS CONSERVATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE

The United States became a signatory to the Ramsar Convention in 1986. In the fourth meeting of the parties to the Ramsar Convention held in June and July of 1990, the United States introduced a resolution, subsequently adopted, which directed development assistance agencies of signatory countries to use their expertise and resources to protect wetlands and mitigate any adverse effects associated with assistance activities in the recipient countries.1 In response to this resolution, the U.S. Agency for International Development (A.I.D.) was requested by the Senate Appropriations Committee to report to the Committee no later than April 15, 1991 on its activities and progress to conserve wetlands. This report serves as the response to that request.

The objective of the U.S.-sponsored resolution should be viewed as compatible with the mission of the development assistance community. The Ramsar Convention not only notes the need to protect wetlands for waterfowl, but explicitly states that wetlands constitute a resource of great economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value. Economic benefits of particular importance in a developing country context include:

• Wastewater treatment. Wetlands serve as major repositories for wastewater generated from rural, urban, and industrial sources. Where effluents are biodegradable and do not exceed the absorptive capacity of the wetlands, this function provides a cost-free means of water treatment;

• Flood and drought regulation. Wetland areas serve as a buffer between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. They serve as storage areas for water and thus mitigate the adverse effects associated with the natural hazards of flood and drought;

• Primary production. Few ecosystems in the world exceed the natural production of wetland areas. The large and high rate of basic carbon production in these areas provides the basis for the large and high biodiversity that characterizes these habitats;

• High biodiversity. The high level of primary production together with rich habitat mix that characterizes most wetland areas support some of the world's highest levels of biodiversity, which in tum signify valuable, and largely untapped, gene repositories; and

• FIShery production. Wetlands serve as critical habitat for a host of commercially important fish species that provide a source of protein and income to a large number of the world's fishermen, and support fish popUlations by providing breeding and spawning grounds, habitat, and sources of food.

Assistance agencies affect the ecology of wetlands of developing countries through the support of a range of direct and indirect activities. An example of an obvious direct beneficial activity is the

1 1991 Memorandum from Nora Berwick (AID/S&TIFENR) on Report to Congress on Wetlands.

4

support of a multiple-use natural resource management plan for a wetland area. A positive indirect activity may entail supporting the training of scientists or planners in wetlands management. Conversely, negative impacts can be both direct and indirect. Direct negative impacts would include such activities as the draining of wetlands for resettlement schemes or wetland conversion for rice production. An indirect negative impact conceivably could involve the downstream effects associated with the contaminated runoff from farms receiving fertilizer subsidies through an assistance program.

It is obvious, then, that the development assistance community should view these highly productive ecosystems and the goods and services they produce as assets to be developed and used in achieving sound, environmentally sustainable, economic development in recipient countries.

5

SECTION THREE

METHODOLOGY FOR DATA COLLECTION

In light of the detailed information requested by the Appropriations Committee, the large number of diverse activities funded by the Agency, and limited time constraints, a rapid but efficient screening process was required to identify relevant projects. A three-phased sequential approach was developed characterized by an initial screening of A.I.D. activities, a more detailed analysis of those relevant activities identified in the initial screening, followed by personal interviews with A.I.D. personnel to obtain additional information and to confirm the accuracy of the previously reviewed documents and databases. The following section outlines the specific methodology used to review current and planned A.I.D. projects and assess their effect on wetlands.

The entry point for the search was A.I.D.'s Bureau for Program and Policy Coordination (pPC) database, the Program Budget Data System, which tracks all Agency projects. The PPC has a complete listing of project information for the entire Agency. There are 1,108 ongoing projects in the system.1

These listings can be searched by a variety of fields. Of specific relevance to the present report are the special interest codes that provide the percentage of project resources allocated by interest category of which one is wetlands.

The review started with the premise that it would only examine ongoing and, to the extent possible, planned activities (see Annex B, Scope of Work). The review team was provided with a list of all active projects in the PPC database that were coded as having some percentage of project resources devoted to wetlands. This produced a list of 21 projects. Subsequent discussions with Agency staff revealed that many projects that fit the Ramsar definition of wetlands had not been coded as wetlands (for example, several had been coded as coastal zones and islands).2 Therefore, a second search was requested using this additional code, producing another 22 projects for a total of 43.

In addition to these initial 43 projects (which were later reviewed for relevance to the objectives of this study) it was felt that a more fine-grained search of a dedicated database should be initiated to capture activities that may affect wetlands but had not been coded as such. This was conducted through the Environmental and Natural Resources Projects Database managed under the Forest Resources Management Project (FRM) (see Annex C for a list of the codes represented in this database). The information in the FRM database produced over 200 ongoing projects.

The cumulative list of 243 projects provided the basis for a more detailed document review using A.I.D. library resources and the Center for Development Information and Evaluation (COlE) project description database. Project abstracts were ordered for the initial 43 projects identified in the PPC database search. Abstracts were reviewed for the remaining projects identified from the FRM database. Based on the review of some 200 abstracts, 40 projects merited further investigation.

1 The review team defined "ongoing" as having a final obligation date of 1991 or later.

2 PPC defines coastal zones and islands as, "coastal areas, off-shore resources such as seagrasses and coral reefs, oceanic islands, and oceans (excludes estuaries - see WTL- Wetlands)."

6

Project documents (primarily project papers) were reviewed to get more details on project activities and specifically to look into the environmental analysis, initial environmental examinations, and other related issues.

The final step in this process involved follow-up conversations with project and Agency staff. These conversations were used to elaborate and correct project information gathered in the above process and to add any projects not captured through a search of the Agency's databases.

Budget information was taken from the 1992 Congressional Presentation. Information included total life of project authorized funding and the planned 1991 and estimated 1992 obligations. Financial resources allocated to wetlands and coastal zones come directly from the PPC database. These were the only projects for which this information was available. Projects that had a wetland designation of 2 percent or less were considered as insignificant, based on project documents and conversations with Agency personnel, and were not included. Detailed methodology for arriving at total A.I.D. resources devoted to projects affecting wetlands is discussed in Section Four.

The preceding methodology was developed in response to time and information constraints. It was designed to be as thorough as possible in capturing not only the most obvious projects (such as the ones coded as wetlands by A.I.D.) but also the less obvious projects that may have significant positive or negative effects on wetlands. Because of the review team's time limits and the ambitious nature of the task, the list of projects identified should be viewed as a thorough, but not complete, representation of the Agency's relevant, ongoing projects.

7

SECTION FOUR

A.I.D. ACTIVITIES AND WETLANDS

The review described above revealed 58 projects that seemed relevant and appropriate to describe in response to the Congressional request. 1 Several projects initially identified, when further investigated proved irrelevant to the purposes of this review. This section summarizes the information in the 58 project datasheets and analyzes projects by region, type of effect (direct, indirect, positive, questionable, and so on). Certain projects are described in more detail because they are illustrative of the type of project being discussed.

Many projects combine direct and indirect effects and some may have both beneficial and questionable effects on wetlands. The projects discussed below are illustrative of the projects found in Annex A.

PROJECI'S WITH DIRECT AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS

As the environmental movement has gained momentum in foreign aid, more money has gone into supporting conservation projects. Projects that directly support wetlands conservation as a major part of their mandate are few. However, several projects support wetlands conservation as part of a much larger natural resources management objective. These latter projects often include both direct intervention and indirect activity such as environmental education or policy reform.

Conservation in Wetland Areas as the Central Goal

The review team identified only 10 projects that could be classified as baving significant, direct, positive effects on wetlands. The projects that specifically focus on conservation in wetlands areas are primarily in Central America: Protected Areas Resources Conservation in Jamaica, the Maya Biosphere Reserve Project in Guatemala, and the Comprehensive Conservation and Development Plan for Tortuguero in Costa Rica. There is one project (that was not coded as either wetlands or coastal zone) in Madagascar - The Masoala Conservation and Development Project.

The Tortuguero Project in Costa Rica is fairly typical of these types of projects - albeit on a small scale. The project involves a grant to a non-profit group to promote conservation and tourism in the Tortuguero region of Costa Rica's northern coast through environmental education, sea turtle researcb, and the creation of a conservation corridor between Tortuguero National Park and Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge.

1 The 58 projects are outlined in datasheets in Annex A. Tables 1-3, found at the end of this section, summarize the types of development activity by region, the effects on wetlands, and types of wetlands affected.

8

Conservation or Wetlands Areas as an Important Component

There are 15 projects in which conservation is or will be a significant component of a larger project. These occur in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Philippines, and Rwanda. Upcoming natural resources management projects in Uganda, Guinea, Belize, Nicaragua, and The Gambia currently are being designed and are likely to contain important conservation elements around wetlands or coastal areas. In addition to these country-level projects, there are regional-level projects with similar elements: one in Southern Africa and two in Central America.

Although nearly all of these projects are only beginning, and several have yet to be contracted, the Rwanda Natural Resources Management project is not atypical of the general approach. The Rwanda project has goals of achieving sustainable agricultural production through reduced erosion on Rwanda's steep slopes, sustainable use of the country's wetlands (the project was not coded as a wetlands project, however), protection of its natural forests, and policy and governmental coordination activities. The project operates at several levels and with a variety of institutions - from a policy advisor in the Ministry of Plan, to grants to private voluntary organizations (PVOs) to carry out forestry activities, to university research on wetlands utilization. In its diversity, the Rwanda project is similar to other natural resources management projects that conserve and seek to use wetlands as part of a larger project.

Finally, in this category, are several projects that operate on a regional level and that have both direct and indirect effects on wetlands conservation and management. The LAC Bureau's Environmental Support Project (a follow-on to the Development of Environmental Management Systems Project) provides grants for a variety of conservation activities - many of which are in wetlands or coastal areas. The DEMS project provided support to the Tortuguero Conservation activities in Costa Rica that are now being funded as a project by the A.I.D. mission there. In Les Arcidnes Marine reserve in Haiti, the project funded the development and implementation of a management plan.

The Natural Resources Management Support (NRMS) Project for Africa has also provided grants for conservation activities, although few of these are in wetlands or coastal areas because the Africa Bureau's natural resources strategy specifically excludes an emphasis on these areas.

PROJECTS WITH INDIRECT AND BENEFICIAL EFFECTS

The review yielded 15 projects as having primarily indirect and beneficial effects. Two types of projects with beneficial but indirect effects were identified: field projects and centrally funded research, policy, and planning projects.

Field projects such as watershed management and soil conservation activities are included in the first category. Projects of this type were found in Cape Verde, Haiti, Costa Rica and Nepal (there could be many others). Although these projects are not directly concerned with wetlands, they are intended to have a beneficial impact on the watersheds important for downstream wetlands and coastal areas.

In addition to those projects that support long-term, field activities, there are a few A.I.D.-funded projects that support conservation and sustainable natural resources management in an indirect fashion. These projects, funded by regional bureaus and by the Bureau for Science and Technology, fund diverse types of activities.

9

The Biodiversity Support Program and the Environmental Planning and Management Program are examples of projects-that conduct studies, carry out research, and provide support to USAID Missions and host country governments in environmental and biological diversity issues. Occasionally these projects will be involved in wetlands issues. For example, the Biodiversity Project has funded teams to design park planning and buffer zone development around Kiang West National Park (on the Gambia River), completed a priority ecosystem inventory in the South Pacific, and funds a rapid ecological assessment in the Pantenal in Brazil.

The Coastal Resources Management Project has some direct impact in wetlands management, such as in Ecuador where there have been small-scale activities in mangrove planting and more generally in mangrove management plans. However, a good part of the project involves indirect, beneficial activities such as research and education as well as policy analyses, development, and reform and implementation.

PROJECTS WITH DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUFSI'IONABLE EFFECTS

Researching conservation projects with direct and beneficial impact on wetlands is a relatively straightforward task. Most are coded as having some percentage of project resources devoted to wetlands or coastal zone management. Most discuss wetlands in the project documents. What is more difficult is to investigate the number of projects that effect wetlands in a negative or questionable fashion. The second, even more difficult, step is to determine whether or not the recommendations or mitigative measures set out in the environmental assessments (EAs) have actually been implemented. Based on the information available, the review team identified 18 projects as having direct or indirect negative effects on wetlands.

For the most part, these projects involve agricultural development or water management projects (a few projects involve road construction) that mayor may not have been identified by missions as having an impact on wetlands. It is also here where the broad Ramsar definition of wetlands and A.I.D. 's more narrow definition come into particular conflict. Ramsar specifically includes man-made wetlands including major irrigation works; the A.I.D. definition is not so broad.

The following discussion analyzes a few projects as representative of activities that have an effect on wetlands that mayor may not be negative. Some of these projects have received extensive environmental review, others have not. Often these reviews focused on issues other than wetlands conservation. The exception to this is the attention to the use of pesticides, which is perhaps the most common environmental assessment issue in agricultural development projects.

The Chad pva co-financing project was not coded as a wetlands project, yet almost all of its activities, primarily small-scale agricultural production activities, involve manipulation of wetlands -lakes, rivers, ouoddis and oases. An environmental assessment was done that emphasized potential soil salinity problems and required private voluntary organizations to state that they were not using pesticides, but made no mention of overall ecological impact of the project on these fragile areas.

The Eastern Waters Initiative of the ISPAN project provides an environmental element to a large, water management project in Bangladesh that would have enormous effects on the entire hydrological system of the country.

10

In the Eastern Caribbean region, the Infrastructure Expansion and Maintenance Systems Project finances the construction of roads and other infrastructure, often in wetlands and coastal areas. The environmental assessment laid out extensive general guidelines in the project paper on how to develop environmental examinations (lEEs) and EAs for each subproject. The major problem identified was soil erosion.

In Guinea, a road construction and rehabilitation project along the coast identified a number of critical environmental concerns associated with road improvement. The original project, however, stated that tree planting (being planned by another donor) would make up for problems of increased in-migration into coastal areas, increased economic activity, and other problems. The only environmental guidelines referred to barrow bits. The follow-on project, currently being designed, is scheduled to have a much more intensive environmental assessment that should address all the important issues.

There are several water management projects designed to increase agricultural production in or near wetlands. One such project is the Southern Zone Water Management (SZWM) Project in Senegal. Like other projects of this nature, the SZWM project sees itself as improving the environment by improving water management and sustainable agriculture techniques. Environmental assessment concerns often focus on soil salinity and other issues important to agricultural production, but leave the more fundamental ecological questions largely unanswered. The Senegal project called for a large environmental monitoring program to keep track of ecological changes as a result of the project.

A.I.D. ACTIVITIES mAT WERE NOT ANALYZED

A.I.D. funds activities in developing countries through a variety of mechanisms - the project being just one. P.L. 480 and local currency funds; the large buy-in projects and general program support projects that have a number of short- and long-term activities; university research grants; and other mechanisms are all part of the A.I.D. portfolio but are not tracked in detail in project databases. It is quite likely that some of these activities affect wetlands in both positive and negative ways. It is unlikely that these activities would add up to significant negative impacts on wetlands and tip the balance of this review in that direction. The difficulty of obtaining information on this facet of A.I.D. programming is such that a much longer time frame, including visits to the field, would be required for an accurate analysis.

Another activity that came up coded as wetlands and coastal zones were several Cooperative Research Support Programs (CRSP) in fisheries. It is quite possible that at some point these research activities could lead to findings important for coastal zone management. For example, the specialized species studies carried out under several of these CRSPs may lead to recommendations for management plans for estuary areas to protect breeding sites. At the moment, however, these projects do not focus on significant wetlands habitat issues.

A.I.D. RESOURCES FOR WETLANDS

As discussed above, this review started with listings from the PPC database of projects that were coded with percentages of project resources devoted to either wetlands or coastal zones and islands. Of this initial list of 43 projects, the review team was able to identify 2S projects that had some sort of

11

significant effect, either positive or negative, on wetlands conservation. Several of the projects coded as wetlands or coastal ZOnes were not relevant to the definitions and intentions of this review.

To calculate total A.I.D. resources devoted to projects affecting wetlands, the percentages of either wetlands or coastal zones were calculated from the total life of project authorized funding. These figures were then added together to come up with a total. In the case of a project having both wetlands and coastal codes, the larger percentage of the two was used, because special interest codes can be mutually inclusive. According to the fiscal year 1992 Congressional Presentation, the total devoted to wetlands and coastal zones for these 25 projects was $94,884,860.

It is important to note several things:

• The figure above represents life-of-project amounts, not current-year amounts. Projects may extend over two to five or even 10 years.

• Total A.LD. resources devoted to projects affecting wetlands does not mean total resources devoted to projects conserving wetlands. Several of the projects, such as road projects, had distinctly questionable effects on wetlands. It is impossible to estimate just what magnitude of resources are devoted to mitigation of potential negative effects.

• The final important fact to remember is that the 2S projects that have either coastal or wetlands codes are only a minority of those projects that could affect wetlands. Some projects were not coded accurately. Other projects are in the planning stages or are so recent they have not yet been coded at all. This is particularly true of some of the natural resources projects due to begin in fiscal years 1991 and 1992.

CONCLUSIONS

The above should help to give a picture of what compliance with the Ramsar Convention entails for a given country. In general terms, compliance centers on arresting the degradation and loss of wetlands and promoting their wise use.

1. The current rash of relatively large natural resources management projects worldwide seems to be an interesting trend on the part of A.I.D. to pay more attention to the environment and the management of natural resources as part of development. These projects often contain components that deal with wetlands or, more often, coastal zones. However, wetlands in and of themselves are certainly not an Agency priority. Out of a current portfolio of 1,108 projects recorded as having obligation end dates of fiscal year 1991 or later, only 40 projects or 3.6 percent were identified as having some sort of beneficial effect on wetlands. Of these, only 25, or 2.2 percent, could be said to have any sort of direct effect.2

2. The multifaceted natural resources management projects coming up in all the regions have the potential to contribute to wetlands conservation and management even though this is not their primary goal.

2 The total number of ongoing projects comes from the PPC database.

12

3. It is clear that the A.I.D. information system does not fully capture all projects that affect wetlands. A number-of projects were found that had significant impacts - both positive and negative, direct and indirect - on wetlands. The PPC database relies on Mission and Bureau coding of their projects. Therefore, it is at this level that the problem of inaccurate or incomplete coding must be addressed.

4. A major constraint to increased activity in wetlands conservation is probably the lack of qualified personnel at the Mission and regional level. This also affects the accuracy with which projects are coded in terms of wetlands.

s. Small grants to pyas are often not coded correctly or not coded at all with respect to wetlands. These grants seem to be poorly recorded in the A.I.D. system, yet in the area of the environment, they may involve significant, if localized, activities.

6. Initial environmental examinations were done on many of the projects analyzed by the review team. Often these examinations were cursory and either made a negative determination or provided a limited scope for an environmental assessment. Often, the assessments in the project paper did not address the ecological and biological impact of projects, except in the case of pesticide use, which often seemed to be the only concern of the lEE. Alterations in ecological characteristics of wetlands or coastal zones were rarely, if ever, mentioned.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. A.I.D. has neither the staff nor the resources to engage in an extensive effort to monitor wetlands conservation. However, it seems clear that a greater understanding on the part of Mission, regional, and central bureau staff would facilitate more accurate identification and monitoring of activities that could affect wetlands.

2. One approach to this problem might be to work with Missions (either through a project or through some other form of assistance) to identify significant wetlands and wetland issues in certain key countries. The Ramsar list of signatories would be a starting point (22 A.I.D. countries are signatories to Ramsar). In addition to these countries, knowledgeable experts could work with the World Conservation Union to determine other wetlands of importance and develop a strategy for assisting Missions in these countries.

Such an approach would be of value because, once identified, the natural wetlands would not change (although their condition might) and a listing of man-made wetlands could be updated on a periodic basis. This approach would also be of value to future activities like this report by facilitating searches. The drawback would be in determining where to draw the line between significant wetlands and insignificant wetlands (every country has a river or lake) and how to guide Missions in determining valid, indirect impacts from watershed protection to fertilizer subsidies.

3. At a more immediate level, A.I.D. might consider having contractors and grantees (particularly PYOs) make an initial attempt at coding their own, A.I.D.-funded activities. A.I.D. project officers could then review the coding sheets before sending the data to PPC.

EovironmcDl,

I Nat. Rca., Wetlanda Conaervation

i .~

1~ n ! • :s

Geographic Region ]1 l 1S § ~ If .ai a t .. -g

~ ~~ ;E 0 0 u z u

Africa 3 7 a 6 5 (14 projecla)

Asia 3 6 2 9 3 4 (12 projecla)

Europe and the Near Eall 1 3 2 (5 projects)

Latin America and the a 12 1 IS 4 10 Caribbean (20 projecla)

Worldwide 1 5 1 5 1 5 (7 projecla)

I TOIaI IS 31 4 40 16 24

(sa projecla)

Table 1

Development Activity

t 1S

J e ~ .e :s I 0

! t :2 e 1 ~ ! .. ~ I -g 1 .. ·c u 0 s .. i .~ if 0 ~ ~ z < Ii;

9 3 1 2 1 1

a 3 1 3 1 1

5 1

10 6 2 3 2

2 1 2 2

34 13 7 a 6 2

1S I

t :2

X .9 ·c

! ~ e 0 • .,:1 ·c 1 :. ~ :5 rI)

1 1 3

1 1

4

3 1

4 2 9

I d

c: i 0 .,:1 0

~ j i 0 u 'a

8 " d: III:

1 1

1

1

2 2

1S I 8-

Q

! ]

f

1

1

f-l ~

- ---- ---------- ----

Primary D Project Focus

iI oi iI oi

Nature of Effect I~ D~

Ji 'ill og z

~1 DIRECl' POsrrIVE

Protected ArealMulliple-Uae Management

Africa 1

Asia 3

Europe and Ihe Near East

Lalin America and Ihe Caribbean 1 7

Science and Technology I

Total 2 11

lNDIRECl' POSrrIVE

Technical Auillince. Reacarch. Educalion and Training

Africa 3

Alia 2 3

Europe and Ihe Near Eall 1

Lalin America and Ihe Caribbean 1 9

Science and Technology 1 4

Total 4 20

Biophy.ical Downatrcam

Africa I

Alia

Europe and Ihe Ncar Eall

Latin America and Ihe Caribbean

Science and Technology

Tolil I

Table 2

Wetlands

- -

iI e '1 D a

f -; it u ! °tia

< "" ~::E

1 1 2

2

2

I I 6

---- --- ---- ---

Wetlands as a Project Component

S- a °C eo .... 5 '005 j Ai

oJ 11 1~ a Ii:~ lIC D ... II)

---

- -- -- -

.. s ~iI 8 o D ~ OJ 0::1 r. fJ ~8

lil ::E .. -I 4:>

---

iI

]1 11

1

I

I-' ~

Primary D Project Focus

is :i I~ Nature of Effect I: j jl .g z ..

.11 ~ EFFECT UNKNOWN

Africa

Alia I

Europc and Ihc Near Eal'

Laun America and Ihc Caribbean S

Scicocc and Technology 2

Total 2 6

WETLAND AND/OR COASTAL ZONE CODE

Africa 2 I

Alia 2 2 I

Europe and Ihe Near Eal'

Laun America and Ihe Caribbean I 7 3

Scieocc and Technology I 3

Total 4 14 S

NO CODE

Africa I

Alia 2

Europe and Ihc Near Eall

Latin America and Ihc Caribbean 2 2

Scieocc and Technology I

Total 6 2

1 aOle .I., CUnllnUea

Wetlands as a Project Component

f-s a ·c

a e eo 1l I aft IIi ~1 i Ii l' .!! '3

~ .§ ! ·c i e ~J ) I ~ If Itt (I)

1

I 2 I

2 2 2

1 2

4 7 I 2

1 I 1

I 2 1

2 I 2 2

1

S 4 3 I 2

1

I 1

1

2

3 3

.. ! ~15 o I

• .:2 ro fJ

3

I

3

I

8

2

2

I

I

3

1

6

r:I 0 • .:2 ..

]J I

I

-2

1

I

2

i§ 2s !~

is II Jl oS.!

I

I

...... U1

III

• h :I Development

.,

I 51 1 Activity ~U) 2

Environment and Natural 3 4 2 Resources

Agriculture

Forellty

Watenbed Management 2 6

Fimeriea! Aquaculture

Rural DevelopmenllHeallh

Tourism 1

Small Enterprise

IrrigationIWater 4 Management

Road Conatruction

Pelt ManagemenllVector Control

Integrated Development 1

Table 3

Type of Wetlands Affected

I .; )1 )1 }! 1 •

! ~ Ii:

1 1 3 1

1

1 2 I

! -i 1 II ~ i .,

~e.

2 4

e

1

Ii uB 11

1

2

J :J

3

9

S

2

S

2

...... 0\

A-I

ANNEXA

RAMSAR A.I.D. ACTIVITY DATASHEETS

A-3

RAMSAR A.I.D. ACTIVITY DATASHEET

Activity/Project TItle: Alexandria Wastewater Systems Expansion

Project Number: 263-0100

A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/Cairo

Funding Level: (x (00)

LOP Authorized: $ 328,460 Wetlands Specific: -NA-

Period of Funding: OBL. Start Date: OBL. End Date:

FY79 FY91

Type of Activity: Infrastructure Development

Project Desaiption:

Country: Egypt

Expenditures fi..2.l EY..2Z 51,180 50,712

Coastal Specific: -NA-

The project's purpose as noted in the 1987 PP amendment #'2 is to expand the existing Alexandria wastewater system with construction interventions that will focus on the construction of sludge management facilities, a pump station, and the construction of wastewater collector tunnels; provide water and wastewater infrastructure in the three Canal Cities of Port Said, Ismailia, and Suez to include treatment facilities in each city; expand the raw water supply for Port Said; and strengthen institutions.

Wetlands Type Affected: Lake Maryout

Nature of Effect:

Direct. The major environmental issue raised in the early project design was whether disposal of wastewater should be land based or sea based. This remains an issue and Lake Maryout was identified as the area of disposal of wastewater effluent as an interim solution untU a decision is finalized. Additional environmental issues raised by the original EIS related to effects on wetlands were level of treatment required, management of industrial and toxic wastes, solid waste management, pollution of groundwater and surface waters by sludge bed, excessive heavy metals in composted sludge, and the encroachment into Lake Maryout to accommodate the proposed sludge pipeline.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (it applicable):

A series of actions was proposed. These included funding portions of the project compatible with both a sea- and land-based disposal site, providing pretreatment facilities for industries through a second project, and proposing a series of actions to minimize the effects of the sludge pipeline and facilities on the immediate environment. The Mission environmental officer gave clearance recognizing that disposal in Lake Maryout was only an interim solution.

A-4

RAMSAR A.I.D. ACTIVITY OAT ASHEET

Activity/Project ntle: Cairo Sewerage n


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAID/Cairo

Funding Level: (x 000)


Period or Funding:

OBL. Start Date: OBL. End Date:

FY84 FY95

Type or Activity: Infrastructure Development

Project Description:

Country: Egypt

Expenditures EY..2l. EX...2Z 101,700 116,500


The project's purpose is to implement a water and wastewater sector program designed to improve, expand, and assure proper management of the wastewater collection and treatment systems on Cairo's West Bank. The project will provide core funding for construction, design, and construction management; and system operations, maintenance, management, and training activities on the West Bank. Project interventions include the construction of culverts, pump stations, and wastewater treatment plants and sewers in the Giza, Pyramids, and the Embaba areas.

Wetlands Type Aff~ed: Deltaic floodplain

Nature or Effect:

Direct and indirect. The proposed disposal of the sewage effluent will be in the Rosetta Brancb of the Nile and to land reclamation projects, after treatment at Abu Rawasb or Zenein. Positive impacts identified in project design were improved bealth bazard, improved environmental esthetics, and expansion of potable water supplies. The discharge of untreated effluent (until the Abu Treatment Plant is built) into the Nile was of concern but cbaracterized as an acceptable interim solution due to low levels of current discbarge into the Rosetta brancb.

A-5


ActivitylProject Title: Canal Cities Water & Wastewater Phase n


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/Cairo



Period of Funding:


FY87 FY95


Project Dfscription:

Country: Egypt

Expenditures EX..2l fX..2Z 4,500 75,500


The project's purpose is to provide water and wastewater infrastructure in the three Canal Cities of Port Said, Ismailia, and Suez to include treatment facilities in each city, expansion of the raw water supply for Port Said, and institution strengthening.

Wetlands Type Affected: Man-made waterway

Nature of Errect:

Direct and indirect. Environmental issues raised that were likely to affect wetlands were increased water supply/consumption provided by the project that will result in increased wastewater flows, need for sludge handling facilities, potential for wastewater or chlorine-treated waters affecting Lake ManzaJa, and likely salinity intrusion affecting the levels of wastewater reuse.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (1f appUcable):

Site-specific EAs were proposed for each of the four major construction activities in accordance with A.lD. environmental procedures. The approval and signing of the PP and PROAG occurred prior to the completion of the EA.

A-6

RAMSAR A.I.D. ACTIVITY DAT ASHEET

ActivitylProject 'ntle: Cairo Water ill


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAID/Cairo



Period or Funding:


FY 88 FY91



Country: Egypt

Expenditures fX..21 EY.2l 16,835 47,540


The project's purpose is to improve sanitation and health conditions for the people living in metropolitan Cairo through the rehabilitation and expansion of the central city's water transmission and distribution facilities and the strengthening of the institutional capacity to operate and maintain the city water supply system. Infrastructure interventions are installation or rehabilitation of new transmission and distribution pipelines and the erection of new storage reservoirs.

Wetlands Type Affected: Deltaic floodplain

Nature or Effect:

Direct and indirect.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (if appUcable):

A formal environmental assessment was required and submitted to ANE environmental officer for approval. Issues identified were increased waste water treatment demands and increased leakage.

A-7

RAMSAR A.I.D. ACTIVITY DATASIIEET

ActivitylProJect Title: Rapti Development Project


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAlDlKatmandu



Period of Funding:


FY87 FY93

Type of Activity: Agricultural and Forestry Project

Project Desaiption:

Country: Nepal

Expenditures EY.H fI...2Z 3000 3500


The project's purpose is to increase agricultural and forestry production through local capacity building focusing on a geographic approach to increase agricultural, livestock, and forestry production through improved GON and private input and service delivery systems and strengthened local group and district institutions. The conservation and stabilization program will expand nursery production to stabilize roads, trails, and canals to protect and improve some 1,200 ha of watershed and establish physical and biological efforts to control approximately 28 eroded gullies.

Wetlands Type Affected: Streams/rivers

Nature of Errect:

Indirect. Water quality and quantity is likely to be improved under the proposed soil conservation and stabilization measures.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (if applicable):

-NA-

A-8


ActivitylProject Title: Mahaweli Agriculture and Rural Development


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAID/Sri Lanka



Period of Funding:

OBL. Start Date: OBL End Date:

FY 87 FY89

Type of Activity: Agricultural Development


Country: Sri Lanka

Expenditures D:.21. fX..2Z 3,300 2,740


Project goal is to increase income of farmers on the left bank of system B of the Accelerated Mahaweli Program by diversifying their agricultural production. Project activities include research and extension on nontraditional crops and the provision of agricultural inputs, marketing services, and credit. Project has also worked in the area of farmer-level water management.

Wetlands Type Affected: River floodplain, canals, and irrigation works

Nature of Effect:

Indirect. Major effect on wetlands in this area occurred before this project with the damming of the Madura Oya and the installation of the primary and secondary irrigation works. Hydrology of the area changed before MARD project began. Problems involve water management, raised water tables, and altered river flooding patterns.


Cultivated area is being expanded as a result of government, not project, decisions. Unclear as to how much the project is doing or can do about irrigation operations and maintenance and drainage issues that are important water management issues.

A-9


ActivitylProject Title: Mahaweli Downstream Support


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/Sri Lanka



Period of Funding:


FY 87 FY89

Type of Activity: Irrigation System Support


Country: Sri Lanka

Expenditures EX..21 EX...2Z 1,506 2,350

Coastal Specific: - NA-

Project to help the Government of Sri Lanka complete the construction of tertiary irrigation systems, roads, and settlements on the left bank of System B of the Accelerated Mahaweli Program.

Wetlands Type Affected: River flood plain, irrigation canals

Nature of Effect:

Direct. Project is expanding the system of tertiary canals, thereby opening up, and actually clearing, more land for irrigated agriculture. The main effect on wetlands in this area happened before this project with the damming of the Madura Oya. High water tables and insufficient drainage are two problems brought about by increased irrigation and also result in insufficient drainage infrastructure in the initial dam construction.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (if app6cable):

An environmental assessment was conducted.

A-I0


ActivitylProject ntle: Natural Resources and Environmental Policy


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/Colombo


LOP Authorized: $ 12,000 Wetlands Specific: 30%

Period of Funding:


FY90 FY93

Country: Sri Lanka

Expenditures fX.2l. ~ 1075 2250

Coastal Specific: 25 %

Type of Activity: Natural Resources Management/Policy


The project's purpose is to assist the GOSL to improve public and private institutional performance in formulating and implementing effective environmental policies and developing sustainable and environmentally sound development programs. This will be done through enhancing natural resource planning and management capabilities in core environmental agencies. The project will also support special projects defined by public-private partnerships that can contribute to more effective NRM at local or regional levels, impact assessment and management training, and public education and participation.

Wetlands Type Affected: Coastal lagoons and coral reefs/grassbeds

Nature of Effect:

Indirect and direct. The projects's first two years will focus on provision of training, TA, and commodity support for the CeD and NARA, to implement the existing coastal resources management plan and monitor its progress. TA will be provided in planning and implementation, pollution monitoring and control, habitat evaluation, and impact assessment. Special area management projects will be identified and management plans developed and completed for lagoons, estuaries, watersheds, and so forth.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (if appUcable): -NA-

A-ll


Activity/Project ntle: Fertilizer Distribution Improvement n


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAIDlBangladesh


LOP Authorized: $65,000 Wetlands Specific: -NA-

Period 01 Funding:


FY 84 FY93

Type 01 Activity: CreditIT A/training


Country: Bangladesh

Expenditures Elll E.I..2Z 15,271 6,031


The purpose of the project is to increase agricultural production by increasing fertilizer consumption through more responsive and cost-effective distribution of adequate supplies of fertilizer. This will be accomplished through increasing private sector participation, establishing a wholesaler and retailer credit program, T A, training, and infrastructure improvements to ease physical transport constraints.

Wetlands Type Affected: Streams, rivers, floodplains

Nature 01 Errect:

Indirect. Procurement and distribution of fertilizers could signify potential adverse effects to aquatic ecosystems in the absence of sound application practices.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (il applicable):

None

A-12

RAMSAR A.I.D. ACTIVITY OAT ASIIEET

-ActivitylProject TItle: ASEAN Coastal Resources Management


A.I.D. omce Funding Project: US AID/ ASEAN


LOP Authorized: $ 5,800 Wetlands Specific: 0

Period of Funding:


FY 85 FY92

Country: Southeast Asia Regional

Expenditures fY..2.l fY..2Z 866 191

Coastal Specific: 80%

Type of Activity: Assessmentsrr A/training/information dissemination


The purpose of the project is to strengthen the capability of ASEAN countries to develop their renewable coastal resources on a sustainable basis through support to develop improved technical and institutional approaches for managing living coastal resource systems in the ASEAN countries.

Wetlands Type Affected: Swamps, estuaries, and near-shore marine ecosystems

Nature of Effect:

Indirect and direct. The development of site-specific management plans to ensure the environmentally sound sustained development of ASEAN country coastal sites should enhance coastal environments.


Not Applicable.

A-l3


Activity/ProJect Tatle: Natural Resources Management Program

Project Number: 492~

A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/Manila



Period or Funding:


FY90 FY95

Type or Activity: NRM program

Project Desaiption:

Country: Philippines

Expenditures Elll fY.2Z 19,615 25,000


The NRM program is designed to assist the GOP to implement policy reforms that are expected to arrest the rapid degradation of forest resources through improved management practices, conservation of biological resources, and improved efficiency of the country's wood processing industry. The program consists of four components: policy reforms, resource protection for the conservation of biological diversity and sustainable management of natural resources through a debt-for-environment swap; provision of T A in support of policy studies and reforms; and monitoring and evaluation.

Wetlands Type Affected: Cannot be determined at this time.

Natore or Effect:

Direct and indirect. Effects of wetlands identified for conservation/preservation status purchased under the debt-for-environment swap are likely to be direct and beneficial. Issues/plans identified under the policy studies component that, if effectively addressed through project-supported policy reforms, are likely to prove beneficial to wetlands conservation are land/resource tenure and the technology development and transfer plan. Activities supported under the support services component likely to prove beneficial are the development of conservation/management plans and increased aerial surveillance for residual and old growth forests, respectively; support of community-based forestry management; and communication, information, training, and education.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (ir applicable): - NA-

A-14


ActivitylProject Title: Management of Natural Resources and Environment (all A.I.D. projects to Thailand suspended)


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAIDflbailand



Period of Funding:


FY 88 FY95

Country: Thailand

Expenditures fY..2.1. EX..2Z 5000 4800


Type of Activity: Policy reform, research, training, environmental awareness


There are seven subprojects: coastal resources management, industrial environmental management, rural resources management, biological resources management, human resources development, environmental awareness and education, policy analysis, and development.

Wetlands Type Affected: Coastal

Nature of Effect:

Direct and indirect. Subprojects in coastal resources management, industrial environmental management, rural resources, and biological resources management will affect the resource base directly in what should be a positive way. Activities in human resources development, environmental awareness, and education and policy analysis and development should also have beneficial, though indirect, effects.


The environmental analysis states that the project will support the development of improved environment and natural resources management practices and is subject to a "categorical exclusion. "

A-IS


Activity/Project Title: Natural Resources Management Project


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: US AID/Jakarta



Period or Funding:


FY90 FY96

Type 01 Activity: Policy Project


Country: Indonesia

Expenditures Elll fi.2I 500 3,500


The project's purpose is to assist the GOI to sustain the nation's economic growth through improving management capabilities of the COUDtry'S natural resources. The focus will be on assisting the GOI to identify NRM policies and practices that constrain sustainable economic growth, and to design and implement improved policies and practices to address these constraints. The project is divided between policy analyses and the development of pilot management plans/activities for natural production forests and protected areas. Proposed activities are TA, policy studies, public awareness and training, applied research, and plan development.

Wetlands Type Affected: Coastal marine (seagrass beds/coral reefs).

Nature or Effect:

Indirect. The development of a multiple-use management plan for a coastal site in North Sulawesi (BUDt Baka marine reserve) has been identified as a pilot activity to be funded under the project. Effect should be beneficial as the plan's objective is to reduce resource conflicts affecting the sustainable economic development of the area's natural resources.

Mitigative Measure Adopted (5) Adopted (il applicable):

A full environmental assessment of all management plans developed and implemented under the project was recommended during the lEE.

A-16


ActivitylProject TItle: ASEAN Living Coastal Resources Management


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: AIDI ASEAN regional



Period of Funding:


FY85 FY88

Type of Activity: Research, Technical Assistance, Training


Country: Asia Regional

Expenditures EX..2l FY 92 359


Goal of the project is to strengthen the capability of ASEAN countries to develop their renewable coastal resources on a sustainable basis, and to develop improved technology and institutional approaches to coastal management including information exchange and policy and institutional arrangements. There are two components: (1) resource assessments, planning, and management, and «2) training and information dissemination.


Nature of Effect:

Indirect. The two components of the project aim to improve management of renewable coastal resources; however, there are no on-the-ground activities.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (if app6cable): -NA-

A-17


ActivitylProject Title: Belize Commercialization of Alternative Crops Project


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAIDlBelize



Period of Funding:


FY8S FY91

Type of Activity: Agricultural development


Country: Belize

Expenditures EY:ll fX..2Z 1508 677


The project will assist the agricultural sector (public and private) to diversify away from sugar production to mixed farms producing vegetables, oUseeds, and grains. Project will address issues of agricultural markets and marketing, infrastructure, and research. Many of these crops will be nontraditional, marketoriented (and export-oriented) crops.


Nature of Errect:

Direct and indirect. Project paper focuses on the use of pesticides but also acknowledges that many potential problems cannot be identified until sites and techniques are identified. It also acknowledges that there is the potential for more significant long-term and indirect effects on the environment if the project is successful, because these techniques will be spread over a much larger area than envisioned during the life of the project.


An environmental assessment was conducted during the PP, which concluded that the effects of the project are likely to be minimal because of the limited land intervention and scope of activities. The PP elaborates guidelines to be followed during the implementation of the project, particularly with regard to crop protection activities.

A-18


Actlvity/Project 'ntle: Natural Resource Management and Protection


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAIDlBelize


LOP Authorized: $ 8,500 Wetlands Specific: -NA

Period of Funding:


FY91 FY95

Country: Belize

Expenditures fi.2.l ~ 100 800


Type of Activity: Natural resources management, agriculture, and forestry production


Project focuses on increasing sustainable agriculture, fisheries, and forestry production through land use plans and increased private sector activities, especially in marketing. Project also envisions strengthening the government sector in environmental protection and conservation policies.

Wetlands Type Affected: All, especially coastal

Nature of Effect:

Direct and indirect. Effects will depend on production activities and success of environmental and conservation components designed to be beneficial.


""'"

A-19

RAMSAR USA.I.D. ACTIVITY DATASHEET

ActivitylProJect 11t1e: Tourism Management Project


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAIDlBelize


LOP Authorized: $ 3,000 (planned) Wetlands Specific: 0

Period or Funding:


FY91 FY9S

Type or Activity: T Arrraining/institution building


Country: Belize

Expenditures EY...2l fY..2Z 50 200


The purpose of the project is to increase the capacity of Belize to plan and manage tourism growth that is both economically sound and environmentally sustainable through the provision of T A, training, and provision of commodities. Training and education and STT A activities will be provided to both the public and private sectors, helping the relevant entities to identify and analyze policy options and to implement and enforce policies and regulations relating to tourism growth and associated environmental concerns. Equipment and training will help the GOB to collect and manage data to be used in the tourism/environment decision-making process.

Wetlands Type AfTected: All types

Nature of Errect:

Indirect. Issues will vary depending on how tourism resources are to be developed.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (if appllcable):

STT A and training will be provided the GOB to develop its capacity to plan, analyze, manage, regulate, and monitor tourism development to minimize any negative environmental impact. The draft lEE recommended a negative environmental threshold decision noting that activities that mainly involved studies, projects, and so on that develop the capability of recipient countries to engage in development planning quality for said determination.

A-20


ActivitylProject TItle: Community Watershed Management


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: US AID/Costa Rica



Period of Funding:


FY91 FY93

Type of Activity: T A/training/institution strengthening


Country: Costa Rica

Expenditures fX...2l FY 92 1300 1250


The purpose of the project is to develop an optimal watershed management program in Costa Rica through increasing environmental awareness and involvement of local communities in planning, decision making, and implementation of activities to protect and enhance management of local watersheds. The project will support municipal efforts to conduct activities such as development of watershed management plans, construction of water control structures, land purchase, water quality monitoring, and promotion of sound land use and water policies.

Wetlands Type Affected: Riverine

Nature of Effect:

Indirect. Successful achievement of the project's objective will result in environment-enhancing activities that will improve water quality and quantity through reduction in deforestation, revegetation, control of soil erosion and sedimentation, reduction in water consumption, and increased environmental awareness in local communities.


The preliminary design document (PID) specifically noted that soil conservation measures favored vegetative solution (rather than terrace construction) and the promotion of low-input agriculture designed to reduce use of pesticides. The recommended environmental threshold decision was negative.

A-21


Activity/Project TItle: Comprehensive Conservation and Development Plan for Tortuguero, Costa Rica


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/San Jose


LOP Authorized: $ 550 Wetlands Specific: 30%

Period of Funding:


FY 89 FY91

Country: Costa Rica

Expenditures fr..2l ~

200 176

Coastal Specific:

Type of Activity: Wildlife Conservation and Park Management


70%

The purpose of the project is to preserve the wildlands and the wildlife of the Tortuguero region of the northern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica through control of the development brought by electrification, tourism, and improvements of local infrastructure. The objectives are to develop the region into a major natural history tourism attraction, to ensure the perpetuity of the sea turtle rookery, and to support management in the protected areas. Specific activities include (1) creation of a corridor extension between the Tortuguero National Park and Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge, (2) development of an environmental education program and center for both the buffer zone and the middle watershed area affecting Tortuguero, (3) support of research on conservation and green sea turtle including expansion of the research station, and «4) development of land use plans for the areas involved.

Wetlands Type Affected: Estuaries and coastal

Nature of ElTect:

Direct. Project should help to protect the wetlands areas and endangered species involved by creating regulatory plans, managing tourism, increasing research, and developing wildlife corridors.


A-22


-Activity/Project Title: Sustainable Uses for Biological Resources


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAIDlEcuador



Period of Funding:


FY91 FY97

Country: Ecuador

Expenditures EUl EX..2Z o 800

Coastal Specific: - NA-

Type of Activity: Economic development, conservation, research, policy, training


Project seeks to develop, test, and implement economic activities, policies, and institutional arrangements that will lead to improved conservation of Ecuador's biodiversity and associated natural resources. Activities will include (1) identifying sustainable economic opportunities for local groups living in or near fragile areas; (2) conducting research on the country's flora and fauna to establish a knowledge base on, and investigate potential economic uses of, biological resources; (3) supporting public and private organizations in their policy analysis and dialogue activities with the Ecuadorean government; and (4) providing both short-term in-country and long-term participant training for Ecuadorean scientists, managers, and community leaders in natural resource management.

Wetlands Type AfTected: Unknown at this time

Nature of Effect:

Direct and indirect. Project will support indirect mechanisms such as policy dialogue and direct mechanisms such as on-the-ground projects in conservation and development.


-NA-

A-23


Activity/Project Title: Sustainable Agricultural Production


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAIDIEI Salvador


LOP Authorized: $ Wetlands Specific: -NA-

Period or Funding:


FY91 FY96

Type or Activity: Agricultural development


Country: EI Salvador

Expenditures EY..2l fi.2l


Project to improve small farmer agricultural production and productivity on a sustainable basis in EI Salvador and improve the natural resource framework within the country. Project will concentrate on two components: macro natural resource activities and sustainable agricultural systems. The natural resource activities will include awareness raising, estuarian ecosystem protection, and biodiveristy maintenance. Outputs will include an improved estuarine system.

Wetlands Type Affected: Estuaries

Nature or Effect:

Direct and indirect. Project will seek to protect estuaries and improve their planning and use.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (ir applicable): Unknown

A-24


ActivitylProject ntle: Highlands Agricultural Development n


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: US AID/Guatemala


LOP Authorized: $37,600 Wetlands Speciftc: -NA-

Period of Funding:


FY 83 FY92

Type of Activity: Agricultural Development Project


Country: Guatemala

Expenditures EX..2l. ~ 6,979 8,074


The project's purpose is to increase rural agricultural productivity and profitability through development of diversified commercial agriculture, an expanded emphasis on irrigated farm systems, and the transfer of production technology and marketing services to small farmers. Specific components are land and water use, agricultural research and extension, marketing, credit services, and support services.

Wetlands Type Affected: Streams/river courses

Nature of Errect:

Direct. Specific interventions that could have wetlands' implications are the construction of small-scale irrigation systems, introduction of nontraditional crops, required pest management activities, and watershed management.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (If appHcable):

-Not Available-

-

A-25


ActivitylProject 'ntle: Maya Biosphere Reserve Project


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/Guatemala

Funding Level: (x OOO)

LOP Authorized: $ 10,500 Wetlands Specific: 5"

Period or Funding:


FY91 FY95

Country: Guatemala

Expenditures EX..21 ~ 400 1600


Type or Activity: Conservation of biological diversity and tropical forests


Assistance to Government of Guatemala through the National Council for Protected Areas to improve the management of renewable natural resources and protection of biological diversity and tropical forest in the Maya Biosphere Reserve. Implemented by government and NGOs. Components include biosphere administration; project management and evaluation; and NGO components (environmental education and sustainable resource management, plus four subcomponents - forest management extractive reserves, tourism, and small-scale commercial activities).

Wetlands Type Affected: Rivers, swamp

Nature or Effect:

Direct. Protection of the area will help to protect and manage wetlands in the area.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (1f app6cable):

-NA-

A-26


ActivitylProject Title: Targeted Watershed Management


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAlDlHaiti



Period of Funding:


FY 86 FY 91

Type of Activity: Natural resources management/policy


Country: Haiti

Expenditures: EX..2l. fX.2Z 4,000 3,000


The project's purpose is to extend soil conservation and fertility-augmenting land management practices in the Pic Macaya watersheds and to apply lessons learned from this effort to national hillside management planning. The project will focus on improving agricultural productivity from a 1,000 km2 area of hill and mountainside in seven river basins flowing south from Pic Macaya. Project components are applied technical packages, motivational strategies, and institutional resource-flow channels.


Nature of Effect:

Indirect. The projects's use of pesticides in the technical packages was identified as a source of concern. The rehabilitation of the watersheds is expected to improve downstream water quality and quantity.


Eight months of ST training in Integrated Pest Management (lPM) and ST technical assistance programs were recommended to reduce the negative impacts of crop protection activities.

A-27


ActivitylProject Title: Upper Huallaga Agricultural Development


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAIDlLima



Period of Funding:


FY 81 FY91

Type of Activity: Coca substitution, agricultural development


Country: Peru

Expenditures EX.2l ~ 2310 2000


Through the introduction of alternative crops and fanning systems in the upper Huallaga region, the project aims to eradicate coca production (eradication program being conducted concurrently but separately). Components include agricultural research and extension, institutional strengthening, training, credit, land registration, road maintenance, and provision of potable water and environmental sanitation.


Nature of Effect:

Indirect. A one-page environmental analysis appears in the Project Paper (Annex m, Exhibit C, which contained a fuller analysis was not available). The EA pointed out problems of high rainfall, poorly drained and easily compactable soils, and large areas of steeply sloped forest lands subject to high erosion. It stated that because of these problems, "an aggressive program of intensification of row crops and livestock production, given proven agricultural technologies and current local practices, (was) ecologically inappropriate."

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (if appUeable):

To address the above, the design proposes research appropriate to the ecological conditions, training of extension agents, institution building, and production of a natural resource database.

A-28

RAMSAR A.I.D. ACTIVITY OAT ASIIEET

Activity/Project Title: CARE OPG, Food-Assisted Integrated Development

Project Number: S27~330

A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAIDlLima


LOP Authorized: $ 66S Wetlands Specific: -NA-

Period of Funding:


FY 88 FY92

Type of Activity: Integrated development


Country: Peru

Expenditures EX..2l EY.2Z 113 112


Implement integrated development activities in the peri-urban areas of Peru, using P .L. 480 Title n food support. Project will organize low-income women into community organizations centered around community eating centers, construct effective river defenses in marginal slum areas located on river banks, protect slum areas on river banks through increased forestation, increase family incomes through job creation and job reinforcement, improve women's access to credit for small-scale enterprises, institutionalize a rapid response capability for disaster and emergency relief, and strengthen community organizations.

Wetlands Type Affected: Riverine, river flood plains

Nature of Effect:

Direct. This project should have a positive effect on the rivers in the project area by stabilizing their banks through the use of gabions, dikes, and hillside rehabilitation including a wider reforestation effort.


Environmental effects of the project are not discussed, nor is an lEE mentioned in the A.I.D. contract/grant agreement.

A-29


ActivitylProject TItle: Protected Areas Resources Conservation


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/Jamaica



Period of Funding:


FY89 FY96

Country: Jamaica

Expenditures fX..2.l ~ 500 1000


Type of Activity: Management of protected areas; conservation of biological diversity


Purpose is to lay the foundation for a new national park and protected area system (institutional and legislative) and to plan and implement two pilot parks. Pilot parks_ will be established in the Blue Mountain/John Crow Mountain and Montego Bay areas. Activities will include management plans, training, environmental education, formation of local management committees, demarcation of park boundaries, and park protection.

Wetlands Type Affected: Coastal (Montego Bay Park)

Nature of Effect:

Direct. Project should have a beneficial effect on the coastal area within the Montego Bay park by protecting the area. .

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (If appncable):

An Environmental Threshold decision determined a negative determination (phase I and a deferred determination (Phase ll).

A-30


Activity/Project TItle: Infrastructure Expansion and Maintenance Systems

Project Number: 538-0138 Country: Eastern Caribbean Reg.

A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: Regional Development Office/Caribbean



Period of Funding:


FY86 FY94

Expenditures EY!ll EX..2Z 5544 3364


Type of Activity: Infrastructure development, road construction


Project to construct roads and other infrastructure activities in the countries in the region.

Wetlands Type Affected: Coastal, possibly others

Nature of Effect:

Direct. High erosion potential from some road construction.


An Environmental Assessment was funded by USAID in 1986. Extensive general guidelines were laid out in the PP for the development of lEE and EA for each subproject. SoU erosion was identified as a particular potential problem resulting from road construction and language was included to direct contractors and governments to address this problem.

A-31


Amvity/Project Title: Environmental and Coastal Resources


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project:



Period of Funding:


FY91 FY95

Country: Eastern Caribbean Reg.

Expenditures EX.2l EY..2Z 540 2703

Coastal Specific: 100"

Type of Activity: Environmental conservation, education, policy


This project seeks to improve environmental quality in the region through community participation in planning and management of coastal and natural resources. Project will include activities in environmental awareness and training, environmental monitoring and policy, and specific direct interventions in several proposed sites.

Wetlands Type Affected: Coastal, possibly others

Nature of Effect:

Direct and indirect. Project should be beneficial for wetlands and coastal zones because it seeks to improve their management through a variety of mechanisms.


The Project Paper Initial Environmental Examination gave a deferred determination until the exact pilot sites were identified.

A-32


Activity/Project Title: Regional Tourism Management


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAIDlBelize



Period of Funding:


FY91 FY95

Type of Activity: T A/training/institution building


Country: Eastern Caribbean Regional

Expenditures EY...2l. EY..2Z


The purpose of the project is to increase the capability of Eastern Caribbean public and private sectors to manage development of the tourism industry for maximum sustainable economic and social benefit through promoting the creation of a policy environment in which private sector initiatives can develop; strengthening regional hotel associations; developing rural artisans and small business owners, to benefit from a growing tourist industry; and developing a reliable database for public and private sector managers to improve decision making.

Wetlands Type Affected: Estuaries, swamps, and near-shore marine ecosystems

Nature of Effect:

Indirect. Issues will vary depending on how tourism resources are to be developed.


-Not Available-

A-33


ACtivitylProJect ntle: Regional Environmental and Natural Resources Management Project


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: ROCAP


LOP Authorized: $ 40,000 Wetlands Specillc:: 12%

Period of Funding:


FY89 FY95

Country: CA Regional

Expenditures D:.2l fY..2l 8500 8300

Coastal Specific:: NA

Type of Activity: Policy studies, environmental education/research, agriculture and forestry .

Project Dfscription:

Three components: NR policy initiatives, environmental awareness, education and biodiversity, and sustainable agriculture and forestry. These areas will receive technical assistance, support commodities, institution building, and training.

Wetlands Type Affected: Various.

Nature of Effect:

Direct. Protection and development of wetlands areas.


The lEE recommended a positive determination. An Environmental Assessment was carried out. It is expected that, overall, RENARM will have a significant positive impact on the human and natural environment. The lEE specifically referred to the following activities that needed to be addressed in the EA: procurement and use of pesticides; farm-grown trees (introduction of exotic species); improved wood use (in small processing and sawmilling activities); watershed management; natural forest production and management; and wildland, park, and reserve management and reforestation.

A-34


ActivitylProJect Title: Development of Environmental Management Systems


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project:



Period or Funding:


FY78 FY89

Type of Activity: Grants for conservation activities


Country: LA Regional

Expenditures D:..2l EY...2Z 900 143


There have been many supported under this project. One is the St. Lucia project (598-0605.17). Another activity of interest to wetlands ($100,000) is a grant to the World Wildlife Fund and the Peruvian Foundation for the Conservation of Nature to establish a Center for Applied and Experimental Research in the Manu Biosphere Reserve of Peru. This involved development of technologies for the sustainable use of aquatic and terrestrial biotic resources of the Amazon region including endangered species, forest managemen~ and fisheries. Other activities included support to Tortuguero park in Costa Rica, Hoi Chan Marine Reserve in Belize, and Les Arcidnes Marine Reserve in Haiti.

Wetlands Type Affected: All

Nature or Effect:

Direct. Re-establishment of endangered species (black caiman) and management of forest and other biological resources.


-NA-

A-35


ActivitylProject Title: St. Lucia Systems Plan for Parks and Protected Areas (SPPPA)

Project Number: 598-0605.17

A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID


LOP Authorized: -NAWetlands Specific: -NA-

Period of Funding:


FY 88 FY90

Type of Activity: Protected areas management


Country: St. Lucia

Expenditures EX..2l. ~


Objective is to contribute to the conservation of St. Lucian biological diversity by development and initial implementation of a systems plan to establish and manage parks and protected areas. Project will include development of management plans (including inventories and mapping), institutional strengthening, environmental awareness programs, and tourism promotion.

Wetlands Type Affected: Coastal and marine, mangroves, bays

Nature of Effect:

Direct. Protection of concerned coastal areas through establishment and management of protected areas (Maria Islands, Frigate Islands, Marigot Bay Nature Reserve, Dennery Knob, La Sorcia-e, and Grand Anse)


-NA-

A-36


Activity/Project 'ntle: Environmental Support


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAIDILAC (buy-ins)



Period of Funding:


FY90 FY95

Country: LAC Regional

Expenditures fX..2.l ~ 1300 1600


Type of Activity: Environmental planning/management, biodiversity grants


Project is a follow on to Development of Environmental Management Systems (598-060(5). The project's purpose is to promote and support the improved management and conservation of natural resources in LAC countries. Means include provision of technical expertise and support studies to LAC countries to assess the environmental effect of proposed economic development programs, design environmentally sound programs, and implement A.I.D.'s Global Warming Initiative. The project will have three major components: long-term TA; pilot projects and studies involving maintenance of biological diversity; and regional pilot projects and special studies and training activities in global warming, environment, and NRM.

Wetlands Type Afl'ected: Various/all

Nature of Errect:

Direct. Specific project activities are not known but likely to be beneficial in effects on wetlands.


A categorical exclusion was approved to preclude further environmental review.

A-37


Activity/Project 'ntle: Anjouan Sustainable Agriculture Project


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: US AID/Comoros



Period of Funding:


FY89 FY94

Type of Activity: Agricultural Development Project


Country: Comoros

Expenditures: EY.21 ~ 700 700


The project's purpose is to improve the productive capacity of farmland and crop diversification. This will be achieved through interventions addressing reduction in soil erosion and degradation, increasing soil fertility, increased crop diversification, and education and training.


Nature of Effect:

Indirect. Specific interventions that could have beneficial implications for wetlands are contour line plantings and the construction of terraces designed to reduce soil erosion and build up soil fertility. No issue was identified with respect to crop diversification and chemical amendments.


Technical interventions in support of crop diversification were to be designed in such a way that no outside input Oike fertilizers, insecticides, or pesticides) are needed.

A-38


Actlvity/Project ntle: Natural Resources Management


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAIDlKenya



Period of Funding:

OBL. Start Date: FY 91 OBL. End Date: FY 93

Type of Activity: Institution building, conservation


Country: Kenya

Expenditures EX..2l fI...2Z 750 1,100


Project is in the planning stage. Project's main goal is to provide organizational and management support to Kenya Wildlife Services, specifically in the establishment and development of community-oriented programs and projects. Direct support will be provided to selected field activities with an emphasis on conservation education and extension. Pilot projects to develop community-based income-generating activities related to wildlife will be supported.

Wetlands Type Affected: Unknown at this time

Nature of Effect:

Direct and indirect. Indirect effects through improved ability of Kenya Wildlife Services to protect and manage wetlands protected areas, and direct if wetlands are included in pilot activities.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (If applicable):

-NA-

A-39


ActivitylProject ntle: Soil and Water Management Unit


A.I.D. OMce Funding Project: USAlDrIbe Gambia


LOP Authorized: $ 5,170 Wetlands Specific: 36%

Period of Funding:


FY77 FY91

Type of Activity: Soil and water management, irrigation


Country: The Gambia

Expenditurfs fX..2l EY.2Z 825


Establish a soil and water management unit within the government. Develop technologies for improved agricultural/pastoral methods, and train Gambian scientists in soil and water management.

A new program (nonproject assistance) is currently being designed that will focus much more closely on environmental conservation and conservation of biological diversity.

Wetlands Type Affected: Riverine, coastal

Nature of Effect:

Direct and indirect. Project directly manages water resources through salt intrusion barriers, irrigation structures, and so forth.


An lEE was undertaken and A.I.D.IW granted a negative determination on 12/20176. The environmental assessment in the PP says that this decision recognized that the essence of this project is to preserve the environment for the Gambian farmer and to avoid soil and water degradation resulting from the continuation of current practices. No further environmental assessments were deemed necessary.

A-40


Activity/ProJect 'nt&e: Watershed Development Project


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAlD/Cape Verde


LOP Authorized: $ 24,041 (includes 16,430 PL480) Wetlands Specific: -NA-

Period of Funding:


FY84 FY91

Type of Activity: Watershed Development, soil conservation


Country: Cape Verde

Expenditures EY...2l. ~ 1121


Aims to strengthen the agricultural production potential of Santiago Island (and Santo Antao) through labor-intensive construction of soil and water conservation structures. The project provides technical assistance and institutional support, and local employment in this area. Project uses physical and biological soil conservation techniques. Mission foresees future activities including more natural resources management, biological soil conservation techniques, and flood control.

Wetlands Type Affected: Unknown

Nature of Effect:

Indirect. By protecting watersheds, project should positively impact downstream and coastal areas of the watersheds concerned. Evaluation mentions problems of sediment-laden water causing downstream damage and irrigation in the lowlands, which has contributed to saltwater intrusion.


Unknown whether or not an lEE was done for the original project. The 1988 PP amendment does not contain an lEE and does not refer to one.

A41


ActivitylProject ntle: Agricultural Marketing Development


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAID/Zaire


WP Authorized: $13,000 Wetlands Specific: -NA-

Period of Funding:


FY84 FY91

Type of Activity: Agricultural development project


Country: Zaire

Expenditures: EX..2l ~ 3879 1614


The project's purpose is to reduce the economic distance between the food crop producers in central Bandundu and their commercial markets. This will be done through providing assistance to river transportation in the form of T A and training in river marking and maintenance and provision of hydrographic equipment, and assistance to road transportation. This will entail the provision or improvement of waterway crossing across the project area and stabilization of hillside slopes (using a mixture of soil and cement), which can affect road travel during the rainy season.

Wetlands Type Arrected: Streams/river courses

Nature of Erred:

Direct. Infrastructure required to support river crossing may have local effects on river banks. Extensive use of a soil-cement mixture to stabilize hillsides may accelerate runoff contributing to decline in local river quality and quantity.


A test program was proposed for examining the effectiveness of various types and mixtures of soilcement.

A-42


Activity/Project TItle: Agricultural Infrastructure Development


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/Guinea



Period of Funding:


FY 88 FY92

Type of Activity: Road construction


Country: Guinea

Expenditures EX..2l EX..21 6200 6200


Rehabilitation and construction of a l04-kilometer segment of the Dubreka-Kolaboui road.

Wetlands Type Affected: Coastal, mangroves

Nature of Errect:

Direct and indirect. The environmental assessment of the Project Paper noted that the road (which will closely parallel and upgrade an existing roadbed) will go through alluvial river valleys, sandy coastal plains, and foothills. The coastal plain is interspersed with mangrove swamps. Some areas are already degraded around fishing areas and the assessment concluded that this degradation will probably increase and be accelerated by the increased economic activity the road hopes to bring to the region.


The overall environmental assessment was negative (which the team believes was probably wrong). The assessment said that potential problems could be addressed by replanting fast-growing fuelwood trees. It said that proposals for reforesting the area were in the final design stages with CCCE (French). The one--page environmental assessment recommended that the project funds be allocated to monitor the area. It is not clear that this was included in the budget. The only environmental monitoring required in the grant agreement refers to health hazards from borrow pits and quarry sites.

A-43


ActivitylProject ntle: Chad - PVO Development Initiatives


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAID/Chad


LOP Authorized: $ 25,000 Wetlands Spedftc: -NA-

Period of Funding:


FY 8S FY94

Country: Chad

Expenditures fY..2.l EY.2Z 3015 1800

Coastal Speciftc: -NA-

Type of Activity: Rural development, agricultural production, private sector


Purpose is to assist small-fanner food production and supportive private sector activities having demonstration and institutional development effects. Project consists of several subprojects implemented through U.S. PVOS. Food for work is used. In the area of irrigation and water management, CARE and AFRICARE interventions will be carried out in recessional agricultural development (Lake Chad), polder development, wadi and oasis irrigation, power pump irrigation (along the Chari River), and water harvesting (small dams).

Wetlands Type Affected: Riverine, river flood plains, lake basins, wadis, and oases

Nature of Effect:

Direct. Activities are generally small scale; however, the use of pumps, embankments, earthworks, small wells, and other infrastructure may have an effect on the fragile ecosystems of Lake Chad, wadis, oases, and the Chari River.


lEE was conducted in 1987 and required monitoring and mitigation measures. The Cooperative Agreement required the recipient to adhere to all monitoring, mitigation, and related provisions of the lEE. The special evaluation of 1988 found that some effort was made to monitor soil salinization in the wadis but that it needed improvement. No wider environmental monitoring was requested.

A-44


ActivitylProject Title: Senegal Southern Zone Water Management Project


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAID/Senegal


LOP Authorized: $ 18,000 Wetlands Specific: 46 %

Period of Funding:


FY 88 FY96

Type of Activity: Irrigation, agricultural development


Country: Senegal

Expenditures EY...2l ~ 1500 1490

Coastal Specific -NA-

To increase cereal production in southern Senegal by improving farmer recovery of land and use of water. Project will construct water retention and anti-salt structures, develop management plans for small watershed areas with villagers, conduct research on technical and social issues, systematize environmental monitoring of the effect of project activities, and complete environmental studies.


Nature of Effect:

Direct. Different levels of stream interception will affect flora, fauna, soil and water quality, and estuaries of Casamance river. Salt intrusion barriers, flushing, and other activities will all have to be measured. The area has already been ecologically altered because of drought, so project effect bas to be viewed in this light.


Original lEE recommended categorical exclusions for the T A, training, studies, and commodities components and these were approved. It also recommended deferral for infrastructural interventions. A.I.D. /W requested additional information on several environmental issues and these were addressed. lEE recommended a negative determination, which was approved. Project is required to carry out several environmental studies in 2-5 years.

A-45


ActivitylProject TItle: Masoala Conservation Development


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: REDSOIESA


LOP Authorized: $ 450 Wetlands Speciftc: -NA-

Period of Funding:


FY89 FY92

Type of Activity: Conservation


Country: Madagascar

Expenditures EI..2l EY.22. 225 100


To establish and implement a rural development program and national park on the Masoala Peninsula to protect at least 3,000 square kilometers of remaining primary forests. Training of students and professionals, rural development activities, and development of tourism are also part of the project.


Nature of Effect:

Direct. This project will help protect the less-densely-populated and more isolated areas along the west and southeastern coasts, which contain large amounts of high-quality forest. Tourism may also be developed in these areas.


-NA-

A-46

RAMSAR USA.I.D. ACTIVITY DATASHEET

ActivitylProject ntle: Sustainable Approaches to Viable Environmental Management (SA VEM)


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/Madagascar



Period of Funding:


FY90 FY96

Country: Madagascar

Expenditures EX..2l EY.2Z 4000 4000


Type of Activity: Conservation, rural development, institution building


The purpose of SA VEM is to identify and initiate systems (including institutions, methods, and behaviors) for the management of protected areas of Madagascar and the peripheral zones adjoining those areas on a sustainable basis. Project has three components: Grant Management Unit to distribute grants to PVOs and NGOs for development and conservation activities, ANGAP strengthening to reinforce this institution in its efforts to coordinate protected areas activities, and Biodiversity Planning Service to coordinate and generate data and information on biodiversity and protected areas.

Wetlands Type Affected: Unknown at this time.

Nature of Effect:

Indirect. Project will be involved in soil conservation and irrigated rice production. It may also provide grants to protected areas near coastal areas (Masoala Peninsula).


Subgrants to PVOs are required to undergo lEEs. It is unclear who will carry out these lEEs. This will be especially critical because of the proximity of activities to protected areas and, in some cases, the focus on development and the inexperience of project implementors with the complexity of environmental issues.

A-47


ActivitylProject ntle: Natural Resources Management

Project Number: 690-0251 Country: Southern Africa Region

A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia, OSARAC


LOP Authorized $ 19,531 Wetlands Specific: 15%

Period of Funding:


FY 89 FY95

Type of Activity: Wildlife conservation/utilization


Expenditures ~ EY.2Z. 4000 5000


Project provides assistance to Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi (Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources as SADCC sector coordinator for Forestry, Fisheries, Wildlife). Project seeks to establish sustainable community-based wildlife conservation and utilization programs and improve capacity of SADCC coordinator in this area. Activities include environmental education, information exchange, community organization, increase in local employment and income, planning and applied research, and conservation.

Wetlands Type Affected: Inland river delta (Okavango Delta)

Nature of Effect:

Indirect. Management of wildlife and human activities in wetlands areas. Environmental education, tourism promotion, and wildlife processing facilities. Primarily positive as the project seeks to conserve and help local people benefit from wildlife. Habitat conservation will be part of this.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (if appHcable):

lEE was included in the PP. Primarily discussed activities that are not, nor likely to become, the project focus. The environmental assessment does list a series of issues to be monitored.

A-48


ActivitylProject ntle: Natural Resources Management Project

Project Number: 6~129

A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAIDlKigali


LOP Authorized: 7,700

Wetlands Speciftc: 16cx,

Period of Funding:


FY 89 FY94

Type of Activity: NRM project


Country: Rwanda

Expenditures fUl FX92 5,000 2,500

Coastal Spedftc: -NA-

The goal of the NRM project is to achieve sustained, long-term agricultural production through reduced erosion on Rwanda's hillsides, sustainable use of the country's wetlands, protection of its natural forests, and increased coordination by the GOR of activities affecting natural resources management.

Wetlands Type Affected: Flooded highland river valleys

Nature of Effect:

The wetlands component focuses on the managed production of small, high-valley wetland areas termed marais. Specifically this includes training, research, and pilot activities designed to promote marais development and management and the support of integrated aquaculture in these wetland areas. Indirect benefits are associated with the upland agroforestry and soil conservation and natural forest management components of the project.


The lEE had a negative determination but noted that subactivities related to construction of fish ponds should depend on a favorable EA. Adverse issues associated with integrated fish culture were to be addressed through the development of appropriate engineering design criteria.

A-49


ActivitylProject ntle: Natural Resources Management Support Project

Project Number: 698-0467 Country: Africa Regional

A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: Africa Bureau AFRJTR/ ANR



Period of Funding:


FY87 FY97

Type of Activity: Planning, studies, information support


Expenditures fX..2l EX..2Z 5589 3500

Coastal Spedftc: -NA-

The NRMS project was designed to implement A.I.D. Africa Bureau's Plan for Supporting Natural Resources Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (PNRM). The project provides support to USA.I.D. Missions and PVOs in natural resources management projects and programming. The PNRM calls for a focus on three issue areas: vegetative cover, soil fertility and erosion, and biological diversity. Priority ecological zones are the semi-arid zones and the tropical highlands. Water resources and wetlands are specifically excluded from this focus; however, watersheds and habitat for biological diversity have involved studies in wetlands areas such as Lake Malawi, the Okavanga Delta, and the Niger River Inner Delta.

Wetlands Type Affected: Lake, riverine, inner delta

Nature of Effect:

Indirect. The project provides minor support to field-level projects, primarily supporting PVOs in biological diversity. Studies and recommendations from those studies, assistance with project designs, and other activities would be the principal output of the project. The focus of the work is on sustainable natural resources management; therefore, such assistance should have a positive, though very indirect, effect on wetlands in countries where they exist.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (if app6cable): -NA-

A-50


ActivitylProject Title: African Emergency/Locust Grasshopper

Project Number: 698-0517 Country: African Regional

A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAID/African Bureau



Period of Funding:


FY 87 FY 91

Type of Activity: Pest management and control


Expendituns EX..i! EL2Z 2545 1500


The project's purpose is to reduce the threat of locust- and grasshopper-plague-induced famine through recovery activities and providing improved management and control actives in preparation for future outbreaks. Specific activities funded under the project include support for field operations, a programmatic environmental assessment, a pesticide testing program, development of a campaign strategy, institutional support, research, and satellite mapping.

Wetlands Type AfTected: Various (all)

Nature of Errect:

Indirect and direct. Declines in water quality and adverse impacts to wetland flora and fauna are likely with large-scale use of pesticides. Many of these were identified in the environmental assessment.


A programmatic environmental assessment was required for pesticide procurement and related activities funded under the project. It described the effect of current control programs, evaluates alternatives measures and actions, and provided recommendations for future actions. In addition, the Africa Bureau and Missions have been active in specifying where pesticides can and cannot be applied, taking into account environmental considerations.

A-51


ActivitylProject TItle: South Pacific Regional Multi-Project Support

Project Number: 879-0006 Country: Regional, South Pacific

A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: Southern Pacific Regional Development Office

Funding Level: (x OOO)

LOP Authorized $ 2,200 Wetlands Specific: -NA-

Period of Funding:

OBL. Start Date: FY OBL. End Date: FY unclear

Type of Activity: General Development


Expenditures fi..2l EY.2Z


To fund subprojects in agriculture and marine resource development, health, development administration, and education. Facilitate commercial exploitation of marine resources, and improve health, health education, and general education (especially of women). Increase protein by increasing fisheries.


Nature or Effect:

Direct and indirect. Subprojects are implemented through pvas and Peace Corps. Exploitation of marine resources (improved fisheries) may affect the coastal zone. Improved sanitation may improve water qUality.


lEE gave a negative determination. PP stated that all future components funded under the project will be reviewed and cleared by the SPRDO environmental officer. Environmental appraisals should be part of proposals for funding; however, none of this is referred to in the body of the report.

A-52


Activity/ProJect TItle: Pacific Islands Marine Resource Project


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: US AID/Suva



Period of Funding:


FY90 FY95

Type of Activity: NRM project


Country: Regional (Cook Islands, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Kiribati)

Expenditures fX..21 fX..2Z 2200 2600


The project's purpose is to provide assistance for the development of small-scale marine resource activities in the South Pacific through enhancing the conservation and management of natural resources. Major emphasis is on developing, demonstrating, and making available for replication innovative technologies that will increase the benefits to Pacific Island communities derived from sustainable, smallscale, private sector uses of marine resources. One component, the Kiribati-I activity, entails the development of a lagoon resources management plan that will address conflicts affecting the sustainable management of lagoon fish and shellfish in Tarawa Lagoon.

Wetlands Type Affected: Coastal marine (atoll lagoon, seagrass beds/coral reefs).

. Nature of Effect:

The development of a multiple-use management plan for a Pacific Island atoll should be beneficial in reducing conflicts in the form of declining water quality associated with urban discharge which is adversely affecting the sustainable development of Tarawa's living marine resources.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (if appUcable): NA

A-53


Activity/Project ntle: Profit and Environmental Protection


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAIDlFiji


LOP Authorized: $ 2,500 (planned) Wetlands Specific: -NA-

Period of Funding:


FY91 FY95

Type of Activity: T A/training/studies

Project Descriptlon:

Country: South Pacific Regional

Expenditures fY..21 EX..2Z 120 540


The purpose of the project is to develop profitable enterprises, and conditions conducive to their growth, that protect vital ecosystems and are replicable regionally (such as tropical fish collection, giant clam culture, and butterflies). The project will accomplish this through assisting the development of business approaches and technologies, promoting private sector investment, result assessment, and dissemination of approaches and information. Other identified activities include critical ecosystem mapping, assistance to government organizations and NGOs to promote policy initiatives in support of enterprise development, and information dissemination both within the region and beyond.

Wetlands Type Affected: All t}yes

Nature of Effect:

Direct and indirect. Issues will vary depending on type and approach of the enterprise(s) developed.


Likely enterprise development models will be examined during follow-up project design (PP) with the assistance of USAID environmental experts for environmental sustainability, and environmental guidel ines will be developed for use in project development and monitoring. These procedures will be incorporated in the project's implementation and monitoring evaluation plans.

A-54


ActivitylProject ntle: IPM and Environmental Protection


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: USAID/S&T/AGR


LOP Authorized: $ 5,800 Wetlands Specific: -NA

Period of Funding:


FY 85 FY 91

Type of Activity: Research


Country: World-wide

Expenditures FY 91 D:.2Z

988


The purpose of the project is to assist developing countries improve their capabilities to increase incomes and employment in the fisheries sector, improve management strategies to conserve national resources and optimize sustained yields, and improve fish distribution and marketing system. This will be accomplished through applied and developmental research, technology transfer, training. and international networks.

Wetlands Type Affected: All types

Nature of Effect:

Indirect and direct. Issues will vary depending on type of intervention recommended. One activity with positive implications for wetlands identified under the aquatic ecology element of the applied and developmental research component is improved management of aquatic ecosystems to protect natural resources from degradation. Several activities under the aquaculture element could prove adverse in the absence of adequate safeguards (such as exotic species introduction).


The lEE noted that possible outputs of the project may require an EE in which case it would be the responsibility of the contractor (Auburn University) to notify USAID that an EE was required and that appropriate U.S. government procedures were followed.

A-55


Activity/Project TItle: Aquaculture Research and Support


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/S&T/AGR


LOP Authorized: $ 1,275 Wetlands Speciftc: '"

Period of Funding:


FY88 FY92

Type of Activity: Research


Country: World-wide

Expenditures fY.21 EX..2l 299 2SS

Coastal Specific: 0

The purpose of the project is to assist developing countries improve their capabilities to increase incomes and employment in the fisheries sector, improve management strategies to conserve national resources and optimize sustained yields, and improve fish distribution and marketing system. This will be accomplished through applied and developmental research, technology transfer, training, and international networks.


Nature of Effect:

Direct and indirect. Issues will vary depending on type of intervention recommended. One activity with positive implications for wetlands identified under the aquatic ecology element of the applied and developmental research component is improved management of aquatic ecosystems to protect natural resources from degradation. Several activities under the aquaculture element could prove adverse in the absence of adequate safeguards (such as exotic species introduction).


The lEE noted that possible outputs of the project may require an EE in which case it would be the responsibility of the contractor (Auburn University) to notify USAID that an EE was required and that appropriate U.S. government procedures were followed.

A-56


ActivitylProJect Titie: Environmental Planning and Management


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: S&TIFENR



Period of Funding:


FY 82 FY92

Country: worldwide

Expenditures fX..21 ~ 4,237 3,117


Type of Activity: Environmental planning and policy analysis


The purpose of the project is to help strengthen the capabilities of public and private institutions in developing countries to better manage and conserve their natural resources for long-term sustainable development. Project has four components: (1) natural resources management assessments and analyses, (2) natural resources data and planning technologies, (3) NGO support, and (4) sustainable agricultural development (through policy analysis and other indirect mechanisms).

Wetlands Type Affected: all

Nature of Effect:

Indirect. Project has no on-the-ground activities.


-NA-

A-57

RAMSAR A.I.D. ACTIVITY DAT ASIIEET

ActivitylProject Title: Coastal Resources Management


A.I.D. Office Funding Project: S&TIFENR



Period or Funding:


FY 83 FY90

Country: worldwide

Expenditures fi.21 EY..2Z 1500 1200


Type or Activity: Research, technical assistance, policy reform, training


Purpose is to strengthen developing country institutions to develop an integrated (cross-sectoral) system for managing coastal resources. Support to USAID missions and developing country governments in coastal resources management planning and issues. General assistance and three pilot programs in Sri Lanka, Ecuador, and Thailand. Assistance consists of short-term technical assistance, research, training, outreach and networking, information sharing, and the pilot programs.


Nature or Effect:

Indirect and direct. In Ecuador and Thailand there have been some on-the-ground activities in mangrove rehabilitation, installing buoys, and other activities. For the most part, however, the project is involved in policy dialogue, planning, training, and other similar activities.

Mitigative Measure(s) Adopted (ir applicable):

The Project Paper states that no environmental assessment is required as the project consists of advisory services and analyses.

A-58


-Activity/ProJect ntle: Conservation of Biological Diversity





Period of Funding:


FY 88 FY97

Country: worldwide

Expenditures fX..2.1 fX..2Z 3,500 3,459


Type of Activity: Research, technical assistance, training


Project goal is to promote sustainable economic growth in selected developing countries through improved conservation and use of biological resources. Project has five major components: (1) technical assistance for A.I.D. missions, host country institutions, local NGOs and Peace Corps; (2) small research grants; (3) training to improve the identification and implementation of sound conservation practices; (4) information and evaluation network on A.lD.'s conservation activities; and (5) pilot demonstration projects through buy-ins. To date the project has participated in research, project design and planning activities concerning wetlands in Africa, South and Central America, and the South Pacific. Most activities range from $15,000 to $100,000.

Wetlands Type AfTected: All

Nature of Errect:

Primarily indirect. Project is concerned with temporary technical assistance, reports, and research. More direct activities may result from these initial activities.


-NA-

A-59


ActivitylProject Title: Forest Resources Management (ll)




LOP Authorized: $ 25,000 Wetlands Specific: 3"

Period of Funding:


FY91 FY99

Type of Activity: Technical assistance


Country: Worldwide

Expenditures EY..2l ~ 1500 1500

Coastal Specific: 0

Follow-on to 936-5519 of the same name. Support to USAID missions and developing countries in the forestry sector. Project supports the following programs: Forestry Support Program (FSP), Office of International Cooperation and Development (OICD), and Peace Corps (forestry activities only). Activities include program development, technical support, material support to projects, and training and workshops.

Wetlands Type Affected: All

Nature of Effect:

Indirect. This project will both directly and indirectly lead to A.I.D., PVO, and host country government activities in the forestry sector. Such projects would be subject to environmental assessments in principal. Impact should be positive overall.


lEE conducted - negative determination.

A-60


Activity/Project TItle: Vector Biology and Control


A.I.D. Omce Funding Project: USAID/S&TIHP



Period of Funding:


FY85 FY94

Type of Activity: T A/training/institution building

Project Desaiption:

Country: Worldwide

Expenditures EL2l fY...2Z 2418 2500


The purpose of the project is the improvement of new or existing developing country, vector-borne disease control programs. This will be accomplished through T A, the field testing and evaluation of new and existing control tools, research, and training.


Nature of Errect:

Direct and indirect. Issues will vary depending on type of intervention recommended.


The lEE recommended a negative environmental threshold decision noting that when large-scale interventions appear to be required, the project will stress the need for quality control monitoring of insecticide application and pre-implementation consideration of the effects of any environmental modification activities. Training in the use of chemical agents and their environmental implications was also identified as a mitigative measure supported by the project.

B-1

ANNEXB

SCOPE OF WORK FOR THE REVIEW TEAM

B-3

Attach.~cnt: A

"Scope ot Worx"

A.I.D. Wetlands Report to cdngrcpp

PURPOSE

To provide th~ U.S. Agency tor Internafional Oevelop~ent (A.I.D.) with a report suitable to present 0 the U.S. Conqre== on the agency'~ on-901n9 ~nd pl~nn.d (1992) Activities which ~tt~ct and/or conserve wetland resources in A.l.O.-a~cictca countries.

Tn the r6port ~ccompanyln9 H.R. 5114 <!ore19n Operations, Export Financing, Gnd nelQted Proqrama Appr pr1ations 8ill, 199~), the SenAte Appropriations committee, cha1red bf Sena~or Patriok Leahy, reque~tca that A.I.D. pr.s.n the comm~ttee with Q rtS[)o-rt on 1 ts dctl v 1 tJ... ~nd pro'lr ••• to co,.erve wetl ands' in thoce oountriea where it work~. ~o quote t •• reporta

. .

"The Committ.e believes that oonaerva ion of wetlando shQuld ~ a ~o.l at U.S. d.velopm~nt _ ~latonc~. W~tldnd~ ~erve GG the nurturing 9r0undu for the mAjority of the world's flsherJ.es, providing human. wi tood, tuel and livelihood, oontrollinq flooaG, and pr v1dinq h~bit~t to ~ vast r4n9~ of ~pecl~s. Their contlnuJ. 9 10s8 to encroachment, aqriculture, dralnaqe, c,emlcal pollution, and oeher causes would have grave adverse ions.quanc.s, and ~trong effort~ Ghould beqin immediatel to enaure the lonqterm protection or this invaluable ?lo a1 resource. The Co~~1t~.. no~.s that a~ ~he JUly l;~O meeting of the conterence of Partie= to the RAm~ar Co,vention, the u.s. introduced a resolution, which was adoi~.d' urging that development assistance aqenciea, such 5 the A9cncy tor Intern.tional Development. use their e perti.e ana resources to protec~ wetland~ in aevelopinq coun rica. The Committee requests AID to r.por~ to the CO~1tt.1 no later than April lS, 1991, on its activitie5 and pr09re s to con~arvc \1.tl~nds. 'l'h~1i report should include summary ot AID's octivities to date, as veIl aa the lev 1 of re60urC~5 AID .xpoc~s to deVote ~o such activities 1 fiscal year l~~~.u

TtnHS OP RtFEnEHCE

In liqht: of the detGiled infor~~tion a;sired for the report ~nd the limited ti~e and financial r.8oure.~ available, the p~poccd approach will require a rapid acr •• ninq of project ••

B-4

Thio vill entail ~n A.I.D. in-house compute! searCh ot Froject& uslnc;J ")(~Y word." which dre rel~vclOt to r.:p rt objectives. rrom this seArch, Aotive projects w~ll be igenC1 ied, prOViding the b~si5 tor the n~xt l~vel ot analysis. ~his aecona atep will entail 4 review of project ~eoiqn documents ~nd other relevant materialS, whara dppropriate, tor each ot t _ projecto identitied in tha initlol ~eorch.

DatA vill be collccted and oollated USf"9 ~ standard daca Sheet Which will be d~v.loped for us~ 1n th, data coll=~tion process. frojeot-epec1f~c dat~ which wi!~ ~. collected will cons,i .. t ot:

type ot project; nature of impact on wetlandS;

mlt1Qotivc meocurCG ~~ploy.d, whe e relevant, to reduce adverse project-related impacts Q wetlandsi

t~pe of wetl.nd arr.ct.d by the PiOject;

level of aqqreqate and more detai ed (1t available) tundln,] c\.::-oclated with th¥ li'roj. t; and project durot.on.

Recognizin9 that the aforementiona4 4a liml.twc1 by th. adequ4cy oC tt'$ dAUb.". and p~pero. the contractor will intervicw ~ey A personnel baaed 1n W."hlnqton, D.C., and 41 intervicw~ with pro1eot ~ereonnel in the fi Xnc.rvi_w .. e:. will include:. the r*CJional and environmental officer., 4ircct!y rclevan~ p contract hires who wor~ in th. tachnlcdl it report o»jectiveG.

a searcn process is detall ot the project ency ana contractor o conduct C~l.phonc ld as approprlate. .ntral bure4u O)ect otficers, an4 ld~ r~lev~nt to the

An effort will be made to ascert~1n thf s1qn1rioance ot PL 480 a~1v1cl.s on wetlands, but it is un~.r teo~ that the Mcqnitude, scope, And poor documentGtion of the~e 4ctivitiee preClude. comprehensive treatment.

The quan~1ty and quality ot data collefted will be deterMined by the data available in the dea~9n documentG. Time censtraints prQclUde 1n-aepth an~lysis ot witland areas whlch dr~ not dc~cribed in reAdily ecce.~ible documen d. Where nece.Gary, che contractor will atte.pt Co Obtain data roa outside sources to complete data forms on each of the A.I.D, projects but will not be held responslDle tor daca 1nsutticie~cie~ due to ~ime constrainta.

The contractor vill be limited to analtzinQ on-qoinq and proposed/planned ~992 Aqency projects. PROQUCT

~he contractor will deliver one copy ot the t.lndl repor"t to

B-S

A.I.D. ana-one ~opy to the Biodiv~8ity support Program. The torma1: ot the report .. hall :be:

a one-paqe QXQcu~ive summary; the main body ot th~ r.~orc Which!~~ll not ~~e.d 15 pages ~n4 will represan~ ~hQ cone u&ion& and recor.~cndAticr.~ derived from the aLa coll.cticn and analy.1si and data tablc~ u5ed to support th~ aforementioned an"lysis.

The eon~ractor will also ~ake the repor availaDle on 3 and 1/2 inch CCl1l\p\lter dibK&'; in WordP.:rt.ct 5.1. TtoLl:! rillw d~t~ SheE!tM v11l also ~ ~ade aVailab!e, it d~S~Qd by +.I.D. or BSP. BopelT

OVerall costs to be eharqQ(J in connecnon with activitie£ specitied in this acope of work. ahall not c •• d $11,166, 1nelud1nq 5~att and consultan~ time, beneti s, other direct co~t~ and overbead. A 5uMA4ry bud9ct i5 ~ivcn ~ ow: :;olorie,l)ioge3

Random DW:Ioia 5 daya , 245.19 KiLren HcJ(ay l!) days @ 134.6:l Loia Huqhea ~ c1ayl5 i 98.08

Total Salarie5 and W0ges

Indirect CQotl$

Beneiit5 , 26.S' ot salaries overhead @ 7B.~ ot salar1Qs • Denetits

'l'otal Indirect. Coat.s

Othor pirect Costs

FICA @ i.6S' of "alaric:; COlIIJDuniCdt.iuns (tll!l"'phone, fax) Taxis Phot.ocopying

IdA} Ia.a Ida

Produc~ion 20 page:; f 10/poqe

Total Other Direot Cost~

SUBTOTAL,

1,226 ~,Ol~

490

990 ~ ,685

286 1,000

200 200 200

PEE' 10\ of (Subtotal - (Other Direct co:;t~) + (FICA}) TOT1~ PROJECT COST

3,735

04,6i5

1,08'

10,296

070

1l.lGG

B-6

worY.-rola~od direct CO&t& will be reim co~t bcu;itt tor all rca=tlJncl:llc l:lnd aPvrolJr 10 connection wl~h the proJ~c~ 45 d~&crib8d .b liot.le tor Any other fcc:o or c:Xpc:fI~cti incur *~prQ~cly agr~Qd ln wr1tin9 in .~V6nce by w bcrvi~cu:i and ;tcimlJ~r:>C:IO.c:nt. ot WI.I1.k.-:CelatcQ ~.4~ to!lowin9 the sUD~ission ot an ~nVOlce doc;umcntction in accClrdance ",ith Lhe ochcdu 1:I.10W.

SCH~DUL£ ANP METHOD OF PAYMENT

An advance ot $11,:';1'1 tor prolec£ional reimbursement. of cny wCJdo.-r~14tt:d di.r~ct cO ~o thi~ ~cop~ ot wory. wi!l be made .v.i!a~l upon WWF rea::t:i",t. af Cl tiilJlle~ curat.rcu..:t. Ita., dieDur6ed to th. coneultAn~ upon eUbmiee10n and 6>ulJIJort.infJ cJocul1It=lltct.iun, and fol10lol1ng requlr~ report. and other w~r~ ~roduct. in to A.I.D. and ~SP.

TIME FRAME

uraea on an actual ~ c:.x",enbeb 1n ve. WWF .hall no~ be eu by you ex~~pt d~ .". paymE.n~ tor irec~ CO~tb will ~~ and .,upporting c and t~ru~ ~l~cified

ervioee, an4 tti 11U . .:urr.d pucsuc.nt to the con8uleant

r6:!ll1it i nc1er "" i 11 1I~ or 4 tinal ~nvoicc bubJllh.blon ot dll a form .ati8ta~tory

All activi~ie£ epecified in Attachmen~IA will ~e siltisfl1ctorily conlplE:t.E:d u~[or~ Avril l~, It'tl. Actlvitl~s a.c~ rei~bur •• ~l~ ~9inninq Ma.rch 13, 1901.

C-l

ANNEXC

ACSI CODES USED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES DATABASE OF THE

FOREST RESOURCES MANAGEMENT II PROJECT

C-3

ACSI CODES USED BY TBB ~OREST RESOURCES KANAGEKENT II PROJECT EHVXROHKBHT AND NATURAL RESOURCES DATABASB

Activity Codes

AGLS AGPM AGTD EYMP HEVC HEWH NRFR NRHW NRLD NRMP NRSL NRWQ NRWR

Agricultural Land Use and Settlement Pest Management Agricultural Technology Development and Diffusion Energy Management, Planning, Policy and Production Vector Control water Quality Health Forestry Hazardous Waste Agricultural Land Development Environmental Management, Planning & policy Soils water Quality Improvement water Resources Management

Special Issue Codes

ARC International Agricultural Research Centers REN Environmental Biological Research (non-biomedical) RPS Physical Science Research ALI Livestock AFI Fisheries EEF Energy Efficiency and Conservation EFW Fuelwood ERN Renewable Energy (excluding fuelwood) EFU Fossil Fuels CLZ Coastal Zones and Islands WTL Wetlands GCC Global Climate Change BDV Biological Diversity NRM Natural Resources Management REF Reforestation TRF Tropical Forestry FOR Forestry

A.I.D. Wetlands Activities Report to Congresspdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnady732.pdf · A.I.D. Wetlands...

Documents

Transcript of A.I.D. Wetlands Activities Report to Congresspdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnady732.pdf · A.I.D. Wetlands...