AHSGE REVIEW STANDARD ONE, OBJECTIVE 1. What time period does this describe? Wars to free the Holy...

AHSGE REVIEW

STANDARD ONE, OBJECTIVE 1

What time period does this describe?

• Wars to free the Holy Land.• Sparked an increase in trade in Europe

and weakened the power of the Kings.

• The Crusades

What time period does this describe?

• Defined as a rebirth of knowledge.• Prompted people to seek glory through

adventure, discovery, and conquest.

• Renaissance

What time period is this?

• Divided Christianity into Catholics and Protestants

• Deepened rivalries between countries• Protestants seek freedom of religion in the

New World

• Protestant Reformation

What does this describe?

• Transfer of things between the Old (Europe) and New Worlds (Americas).

• Caused death of the Native American population.

• Columbian Exchange

Who is this slide describing?

• Spanish explorers and conquerors.• Looking for God, Gold, and Glory• Destroyed the Aztecs

• Conquistadors

Name these two settlements.

• First Spanish settlement in Florida

• St. Augustine

• First successful English settlement in the New World.

• Jamestown

Standard I, Objective 1

• What was the first representative body in the New World (North America)

• Virginia House of Burgesses

What group is described below?

• Split from Church of England• Began Massachusetts Bay Colony• Wrote Mayflower Compact

• Puritans


• What does the following define?

• Parliament did not control colonies tightly.• A cause of the Revolutionary War

• Salutary Neglect


• Name this war.

• War between Britain and France for control of North America. France lost.

• French and Indian War


• How did Great Britain finance debts from the French and Indian War?

• Townsend Acts – tax on imports• Navigation Acts: must trade at English port• Stamp Act – tax on paper products


• Colonists hated the Stamp Act!


• What event is this? (Answer on next slide.)

• 5 Americans shot by British soldiers, including Crispus Attucks.

• Used by Sam Adams as propaganda to make colonists hate the British crown


The Boston Massacre

What event is this?

(Answer on next slide)

• Colonists dump 15,000 pounds of tea into Boston Harbor.

• The British respond with the Intolerable Acts, shutting down Boston Harbor and putting Boston under martial law.


• The Boston Tea Party


• What started the Revolutionary War on April 19, 1775? (See next slide)

• Hint: called “shot heard ‘round the world’• Famous ride of Paul Revere to warn the

farmers.


• Shots are fired at Lexington and Concord between British soldiers and Minutemen (Massachusetts farmers)

AHSGE

• STANDARD TWO, OBJECTIVE 1

What document is this?

• Signed by King John in 1215• Gave nobility rights• Limited the power of the king• Means Great Charter

• Magna Carta

Who is this man?

• Introduced idea of human rights such as life, liberty, and property.

• Said people have a right to overthrow abusive governments.

• Jefferson borrowed his ideas for the Declaration of Independence.

• (See Next Slide)

Standard 2, Objective 1

• This is John Locke

Who is this man?

• Said powers of government should be separated into the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

• This is known as Separation of Powers.

• Montesquieu

What period of time is this?

• Locke and Montesquieu wrote during this period.

• Focused on reason to study the world.

• Enlightenment

What government organization is this?

• set up the Continental Army• signed the Declaration of Independence• Acted as the government of the thirteen

colonies during the Revolutionary War.• Second Continental Congress

The Declaration of Independence

• Who wrote it?• Thomas Jefferson

• When?• 1776

List the weaknesses of theArticles of Confederation

• A unicameral legislature but no executive or judicial branch

• No power to tax

• No power to control interstate or foreign trade

Name this Compromise

• Created a House of Representatives based on population

• Created a Senate where each state had two senators

• Great Compromise

Name this compromise.

• Counted Three-Fifths of a state’s slave population for both tax and representation purposes.

• Three-Fifths Compromise

The Constitutional Convention

• Formed a federal republic. • Federal means?• Power is split between a national and a

state government.

• Republic means?• The people elect their representatives.

Name these two groups.

• Supported the Constitution and pushed for its ratification.

• Federalists

• Opposed the Constitution until the Bill of Rights was added.

• Antifederalists

Name these documents.

• A group of newspaper articles written by the Federalists supporting the Constitution.

• Written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay

• The Federalist Papers

Name the first two political parties.

• Federalists - educated elite, businessmen, liked strong federal government, led by Hamilton

• Democratic-Republicans – farmers, common workers, supported state government, led by Jefferson

Name the most important Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

• John Marshall

• Presided over important court cases that set the standard of law for our country.

• These include:• Marbury vs. Madison• Gibbons vs. Ogden

Marbury v. Madison

• Why was it important?

• Gave the Supreme Court the power of JUDICIAL REVIEW

• Judicial review means?• Declare a law unconstitutional.

Gibbons v. Ogden

• Why was it important?

• Gave Congress the power to control INTERSTATE COMMERCE which means any goods that cross state lines.

AHSGE

STANDARD III, OBJECTIVE 1

Causes of Revolutionary War

• Navigation Acts – restricted trade to British ports only.

• Boston Massacre - British soldiers killed five civilians including Crispus Attacks

• Boston Tea Party – colonists dumped British tea in the harbor.

Patrick Henry

• Member of the Virginia Assembly• Pushed hard for separation from England• Famous Speech

– “Give me liberty or Give me death”

Leaders of the Revolution

• George Washington – leader of Continental Army and First President


• Samuel Adams - founded Sons of Liberty and involved in Boston Tea Party and other actions against the British.


• Paul Revere - Boston Silversmith who rode to warn the countryside of the British approach.


• Thomas Paine – wrote Common Sense – a pamphlet explaining why the colonies should separate from Britain.


• Marquis de Lafayette - French aristocrat who helped Washington win the war.

Two Sides of War

• Patriots – colonists who wanted to separate from Britain

• Loyalists – colonists who supported the king

Military Campaign

• Valley Forge : Washington’s winter camp.

• Victory at Trenton saved the army from disbanding

Military Campaigns

• Saratoga – turning point of the war. Brought French assistance to help win the war.

Military Campaigns

• Yorktown – Patriots defeat the British army in Virginia in 1781.

Consequences of the War

• Treaty of Paris ended war.– Set boundaries at Mississippi River– Left British forts in wilderness which led to the

War of 1812

AHSGE

STANDARD THREE, OBJECTIVE II

Expansion Westward Under Articles of Confederation

• Land Ordinance of 1785– Plans for surveying western lands

Expansion Westward Under Articles of Confederation

• Northwest Ordinance– Divided area into territories– Set rules for becoming a state

Louisiana Purchase

- Thomas Jefferson bought the land from Napoleon for 15 million dollars.

- Doubled the size of the United States.

Lewis and Clark

• Sent by President Jefferson to survey what he bought.

• Sent back scientific samples.• Made it to the Pacific Ocean after 4 years.

Sacajawea

• Served as guide and interpreter for Lewis and Clark

• Only 17 with a baby.

Era of Good Feelings

• Period where the Republican Party was the only party.

• Politicians under President James Monroe got along.

The American System

• Proposed by Henry Clay– Set up a transportation system – the National

Road and the Erie Canal. These were needed to expand economically,

The American System

• Set up the Second National Bank of the United States to manage the economy.

• Put protective tariffs (tax on imports) to protect American businesses.

Alabama Statehood

• Alabama became a state in 1819.– Formed out of the Mississippi Territory

Missouri Compromise - 1820

• Tried to solve the clash over slavery– Purpose was to balance power in the Senate

between free and slave states.– Eleven states each as Maine came in as a

free state and Missouri came in as slave state– 36’ 30 North latitude set as northern boundary

for slavery.

Monroe Doctrine

• Statement by President Monroe– Said U.S. opposed any European interference

in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

• Really meant European states should not mess with Central and South America. Those were U.S. territory.

Indian Removal Act

• Native Americans first moved from Mississippi, Illinois, and Alabama to the west.

• Signed by President Andrew Jackson

Trail of Tears

• Cherokee were forced to walk from Alabama and Georgia to Oklahoma

• Government did this despite a Supreme Court ruling to the contrary.

Manifest Destiny

• Belief it was God’s destiny that the U.S. would expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

• People moved to get cheap land and start new lives.

Trails West

• Santa Fe Trail – from Missouri to Santa Fe

Trails West

• Oregon Trail – from Independence Missouri to Portland Oregon

Trails West

• Mormon Trail – from Illinois to Salt lake City, Utah

– Mormons moved to avoid harassment

Gold Rush - 1849

• People rushed to California after gold found at Sutter’s Mill.– Doubled size of California’s population– California applies for entry into U.S. as a free

state

Texas Independence

• Texas fought Mexico and became independent in 1836.– Defeated Santa Anna after he massacred

Americans at the Alamo.

Mexican – American War

• U.S. defeated Santa Anna in 1948, signing the Treaty of Guadalupe – Hildago.– Border set at Rio Grande– California gains independence– U.S. gains southwestern territory (New

Mexico, Arizona, etc.)

War of 1812

• Causes– Treaty of Paris– Blockade of Europe by Jefferson to punish

British and French– British impressed sailors into British Navy

Battles of War of 1812

• Invasion of Canada a failure.

• British burned Capitol and the White House.

Alabama Battle

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend– Andrew Jackson slaughtered Creeks who

were aiding the British Army

Star Spangled Banner

• Francis Scott Key wrote the banner as he was imprisoned on a British ship.– He was watching the Battle of Fort McHenry

when British invaded Baltimore.

Battle of New Orleans

• Andrew Jackson fought this two weeks after war ended.

• Made him famous and helped him become President.

Consequences of War of 1812

• People now looked as themselves as Americans, not state citizens

• Nationalism Grew

• More people moved West

Marshall Court

• Supreme Court Justice John Marshall’s decisions settled Constitutional issues.

Marbury vs. Madison

• Gave the court judicial review.• Judicial review means the court can

declare a law unconstitutional.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

• Set the rule that Congress controls interstate commerce.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

• Said states couldn’t tax federal government.

• Confirmed implied powers of Congress.

Jacksonian Democracy

• President Jackson appealed to the common man.– Used Spoils System – put his friends in

office.– Used pet banks – put the country’s money in

his friends banks– Allowed all white males to vote – no property

ownership

Nullification Crisis

• Nullification means not paying attention to a law

South Carolina under John Calhoun refused to follow a tariff law passed by Congress.

Jackson threatened to invade South Carolina

Preview of the Civil War

AHSGE

Standard IV

Objective 1

Leading to the Civil War

• Compromise of 1850

– California admitted as a slave state.– Fugitive Slave Law: statement of slave owner

was all that was needed to return runaway slaves.

Leading to the Civil War

• Kansas-Nebraska Act

– Repealed Missouri Compromise– Created Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory– Territories could vote on slavery issue (popular

sovereignty)– Led to “Bloody Kansas” as people rushed into

territories to vote. Many died as they fought over slavery.

The Civil War

• Dred Scott Decision– Dred Scott was a slave taken to a free state

and returned to a slave state– Challenged return in a lawsuit to the Supreme

Court, saying he was free– Supreme Court ruled he was not a citizen, but

property– This angered abolitionists

The Civil War

• Lincoln was elected President in 1860– Democrats split vote between North and

South and Lincoln elected as member of the new antislavery Republican Party.

– Southerners felt they had no voice in government under Lincoln and seceded.

– Feb. 4, 1861, the Confederate States of America was formed. First capital city was Montgomery, Alabama.

The Civil War

• Jefferson Davis was elected President of the Confederacy.

• Davis ordered an attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina .

• This started the Civil War.• 11 Southern states seceded.

The Civil War

• Six western counties of Virginia seceded from Virginia and became West Virginia.

• Winston County in Alabama voted on seceding from Alabama. Measure failed to pass by one vote.

The Civil War

• Northern Goals– Called the Anaconda Plan because North

wanted to squeeze the South– Three part plan

• Blockade the Southern Ports• Capture capital of Richmond (moved to Richmond

from Montgomery)• Control Mississippi River to split Confederacy

The Civil War

• Southern Goals– Short War– Defend property– Attack the North if opportunity allows

The Civil War

• North had an enormous advantage in resources. More men, railroads, guns, etc.

• Draft riots in the North as poor were drafted for the war.

• Copperheads in North opposed the war.

The Civil War

• Emancipation Proclamation: 1863

– Lincoln announced slaves in rebelling states were free.

– Announced war was being fought over slavery and slavery would end if North won.

The Civil War

• During the war, life in the Western territories continued.– Homestead Act (1862): provided 160 acres

and a mule to any male who would settle on free government land in the west.

– Morrill Land Grant Act: created agricultural colleges in each state

Battles of the Civil War

• Battle of Bull Run: first battle, Confederacy won

• Battle of Shiloh: First Bloody Battle of the War (23,000 dead)

• Battle of Antietam: Bloodiest Day of the War (24,000 dead)


• Turning Points (War turned to North’s favor)– Battle of Gettysburg – 3 day battle in

Pennsylvania. Lee lost so many men he couldn’t go on the offensive.

– Battle of Vicksburg: General Grant took the city, giving him control of the city and the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in two.


• March to the Sea– William Tecumseh Sherman marched through

Georgia to the ocean destroying civilian crops, farms etc.

– Purpose was to get civilians to push for an end to the war.

End of the Civil War

• General Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomatox Courthouse in1865.

– Southern soldiers allowed to go home– Jefferson Davis imprisoned

Standard IV: Reconstruction

• Lincoln wanted to allow Southern states back in the union if 10% of the people swore allegiance to the Union.

• Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C.

Reconstruction - continued

• Congress reacted to assassination with Radical Reconstruction– Five military districts created out of Southern

states. South under military occupation.– To get back in the Union, southern states had

to give African-Americans the right to vote.– Radicals introduced the 14th and 15th

Amendments

Reconstruction

• 14th Amendment: all people born in the U.S. are citizens and gave all citizens due process

• 15th Amendment: can not deny the right to vote based on race (African-Americans can vote)

Life After the Civil War

• Scalawags- White Southerners who joined Republican Party

• Carpetbaggers- Northerners who moved South to take advantage of war ravaged Southerners

• Jim Crow Laws: laws segregating blacks and whites in the South

Life After the Civil War

• 13th Amendment: Ended Slavery

– Sharecropping: landowners gave workers tools and seed in return for a portion of harvested crop

– Tenant farming: farmers supplied own tools and seed but rented land from landowners

Standard IV: Continued

• General Grant is elected president.– Scandals rock his presidency

• His officials were accepting bribes

End of Reconstruction

• Compromise of 1877– Rutherford B. Hayes makes a deal with

Southern Democrats in order to become President.

• Withdraws rest of federal troops from the South• Provides money to build railroad, bridges, etc.• Appoints a Southerner to his cabinet.

AHSGE

STANDARD V, OBJECTIVE 1

Define the following words

• Great Plains• Vast grassland throughout central U.S.

• Soddies• Homes on the Great Plains built of grass

Define the Following Words

• Longhorns• Sturdy breed of cattle raised in Southwest

• Homestead Act• Provided 160 acres of free land if you stayed on

land 5 years

Morrill Land Grant Act – sets up agricultural colleges such as Auburn

Native Americans

• Sitting Bull kills Custer’s 7th Cavalry at Battle of Little Big Horn

• 7th Cavalry massacres 300 Sioux at Battle of Wounded Knee.

• Chief Joseph leads Nez Pierce to escape soldiers

Native American Society

• Dawes Act broke up reservation. Individual land to Indians to make them farmers.

• Assimilation – Native American children sent to school and taught to be European

Life in the West

• What animal was killed almost to extinction, destroying Native Americans source of food, clothes, and shelter?

• buffalo

Transcontinental Railroad

• Completed May 1869 in Utah with a golden spike

• Connected country; farmers could now ship goods across country

Farmers vs. Railroad

• Grange – educational organization set up to help farmers combat railroad monopoly

• Created Populist Party – farmers and workers united to elect congressmen and senators

Farmers in Alabama

• Boll weevil destroys cotton.

• Farmers grow peanuts instead.

• George Washington Carver – Tuskegee –invented ways to use peanuts

AHSGE

• STANDARD V, OBJECTIVE 2

IMPORTANT INVENTIONS

• Barbed Wire – closed the west

• Revolver – made people equal – used for protection

• Windmill – allowed farmers to settle away from rivers in the middle of the Great Plains

IMPORTANT INVENTIONS

• Samuel Morse – the telegraph – allowed for quick communication

• Alexander Graham Bell – the telephone

• Thomas Edison – electricity; the light bulb

• Transatlantic cable – quick communication between Europe and America

INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Andrew Carnegie – monopolized steel industry

• John Rockefeller - monopolized oil industry

INDUSTRY IN ALABAMA

• Bessemer Process – made steel cheap to produce

• Birmingham – steel capital; major Alabama industry

• Fishing – major industry in Mobile

WORDS TO KNOW

• Social Darwinism – most fit in business and society will survive

• Gospel of Wealth - rich people are supposed to use money for social good – example is Carnegie and his libraries

MUCKRAKERS

• These were journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business

• Ida Tarbell – wrote about Standard Oil

• Upton Sinclair – wrote The Jungle, a book about the meatpacking industry

IMMIGRATION

• European immigrants came into the country through Ellis Island

• Chinese Exclusion Act – banned Chinese immigration

• Gentlemen’s Agreement – limited Japanese immigrants

NEW LAWS TO SUPPRESS AFRICAN-AMERICANS

• Jim Crow Laws – allow desegregation and poll taxes ( a tax on voting)

• Plessy v. Ferguson – the Supreme Court says segregation is legal based on “separate but equal”

• Alabama Constitution written in 1901 limits rights

PROGRESSIVISM

• Middle class movement to protect social welfare and provide moral and economic reform

• 18th Amendment - prohibition (alcohol illegal).

• 19th Amendment – women have right to vote (women’s suffrage)

PROGRESSIVISM

• Theodore Roosevelt passes Square Deal

– Passes Sherman Antitrust Act to limit monopolies

– Newlands Act protects wilderness

– Interstate Commerce Commission – limit the power of the railroad

PROGRESSIVISM

• Woodrow Wilson passes reforms.

– Clayton Antitrust Act limits monopolies more.

– Federal Trade Commission limits unfair business practices.

– Federal Reserve System become bank’s bank.

AHSGE

• STANDARD VI, OBJECTIVE 1

U.S. IMPERIALISM

• Imperialism means strong countries colonize or control weak countries.

• Countries want raw materials and new markets.

• Allows U.S. to expand military around the world.

U.S. IMPERIALISM

Hawaii – Queen Liliuokalani overthrown; U.S. annexes Hawaii.

Spanish – American War - U.S. gets Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines and Cuba- Warship Maine blows up in Havana Harbor – Yellow Journalists exaggerate it, saying Spain blew it up – led to war

U.S. IMPERIALISM

• Open Door Policy – U. S. meddles in Chinese affairs

• Builds Panama Canal after helping Panamanians revolt against Columbia.

• Monroe Doctrine – warned Europe to stay out of Latin America

• Roosevelt Corollary-gave U.S. police power (U.S. troops interfere in Latin America

WORLD WAR I

• Long Term Causes:• Militarism: nations build large militaries to

protect their interests• Alliances: nations agree to help each

other – one goes to war, all go to war Imperialism: nations fight over colonies

• Nationalism: national interests above all

WORLD WAR I

• Short term cause

• Archduke Francis-Ferdinand assassinated

• Heir to throne of Austria-Hungary - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

• Alliances kick in - WWI starts

WORLD WAR I

Central Power (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire) vs.

Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia and Italy)

Trench Warfare - stalemate in trenches, poison gas, tanks, machine guns

U.S. ENTERS THE WAR German U-Boat sinks Lusitania killing 128 Americans.

• Zimmerman note – Germany tries to get Mexico to invade U.S.

• After Russian Revolution, Russia pull out of war. U.S. enters in 1917.

U.S. POLICIES AT HOME

• Selective Service Act – passed by Congress to draft soldiers

• Food rationed and victory gardens

• Great Migration – African-Americans move north for jobs in war industries

U.S. POLICIES AT HOME

• Women work in factories.

• Rationing takes place, victory gardens grown

• Espionage and Sedition Acts - limit opposition at home – violates 1st Amendment

WOODROW WILSON WORKS FOR PEACE

• Creates Fourteen Points – a plan for world peace

• One point is League of Nations – an organization for world peace. Senate refuses to ratify treaty.

WAR ENDS

• Lasted from 1914 to 1918

• Treaty of Versailles signed– Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary broken

up.– Germany blamed for war; must pay millions in

reparations– Gives rise to Hitler which causes WWII

AHSGE

• STANDARD VI, OBJECTIVE 2

ROARING TWENTIES

• Red Scare – people scared of Communism and communist party

• Sacco and Vanzetti – accused Communists set up for stealing a payroll and sentenced to death

• Emergency Quota Act – limits immigration

ROARING TWENTIES

• Time of prohibition

– Speakeasies: clubs where liquor is sold illegally

– Bootleggers; smuggle liquor

PEOPLE TO KNOW

• F. Scott Fitzgerald – famous writer; lives in Montgomery with wife Zelda

• Ernest Hemmingway – writes A Farewell To Arms

• Margaret Sanger – nurse who pushed for legalized birth control

HARLEM RENAISSANCE

• Literary and artistic movement in the 20s celebrating African-American culture

• Langston Hughes – a black poet

• Zora Neale Hurston – a black author

AHSGE

• STANDARD VII, OBJECTIVE 1

Great Depression

• Farmers can’t sell surplus food.• Can’t pay loans – banks begin to fail

• Stock Market crashes in October 1929.

• Soup kitchens and bread lines form.

• Dust Bowl (drought) strikes Great Plains

GREAT DEPRESSION

• President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) passes New Deal. Talks on radio to comfort Americans – Fireside Chats

– Tennessee Valley Authority – electricity comes to Tennessee Valley

– Social Security Act passed– Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation –

insurance on bank accounts

AHSGE

• STANDARD VII, OBJECTIVE 2

Causes of World War II

• Treaty of Versailles brings Hitler to power.

• Appeasement: France and Britain led Hitler invade lands.

• Munich Conference: Britain and France let Hitler have Czechoslovakia

Immediate Cause of WWII

• Hitler invades Poland in 1939

• WWII is blitzkreig war – lightning war which means fast tanks and airplanes

U.S. ENTERS WAR

• U.S. opposes Japanese invasion of Manchuria in China.

• Japanese attacks Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941

Political Leaders

• FDR – U.S. President

• Winston Churchill – Prime Minister of great Britain

• Hitler – leader of Germany

POLITICAL LEADERS

• Benito Mussolini – leader of Italy

• Joseph Stalin – leader of Communist Russia

• Allies – U.S., Great Britain, Russia, France, and China

• Axis – Germany, Italy, Japan

Military Leaders

• General Dwight D. Eisenhower – Supreme Allied Commander

• General Douglas MacArthur – leader of troops in the Pacific

Turning Points of the War

• Stalingrad – Russians stop German invasion after siege of Stalingrad

• Battle of Midway: U.S. destroys Japanese planes and ships; begins island hopping towards Japan

• D-Day – June 6, 1944. Allies invade Normandy, France and head towards Germany

END OF WWII

• May 1945 – Hitler kills himself as Allies invade Berlin

• U.S. drops nuclear bombs on Japan – Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Aug 1945

AHSGE REVIEW STANDARD ONE, OBJECTIVE 1. What time period does this describe? Wars to free the Holy...

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