Agromet Advisory

Services in India

Dr. L.S.Rathore

ESSO-India Meteorological Department

ls.rathore@imd.gov.in

lrathore@gmail.com

Achievements

Brief

Genesis of

the

Services

Presentation Overview

New Initiative

to Strengthen

the Services

The Challenge of Sustainable Agriculture:

ENV ECON

SOCIAL

Optimize natural resource management

Protect the environment and biodiversity

Produce sufficient, affordable, safe, high quality

food, feed and fiber for all without compromising

health of the natural resources

Maintain & enhance economic viability of farming

Produce more food economically

Contribute to well-being of local communities

Protect health of

consumers & farm workers

Brief genesis of AAS in India

In 1976, IMD started AAS from its State Meteorological Centers, in collaboration with Agriculture

Departments of the respective State Governments.

From 1991 NCMRWF started to prepare quantitative weather forecast in the medium range (3

days) forecast for a total of 5 AMFUs ( Resolution - 250 Km).

1993 : Finer model resolution- 150 Km.

1999 : Another model with improved resolution - 75 Km.

2006 : Temporal resolution was extended to 5 days at zonal level (ACZ).

2007 : Both the system converge into a single window with AMFUs network grew from 5 units in

1991 to 130 to cover all ACZs. NCEP T254L64 model (Resolution - 48 km) joined the suite. Multi-

ensemble weather forecast ( ECMRWF, NCEP,JMA, NCMRWF, UKMO) at district level (50 km) IMD

has started issuing quantitative district level weather forecast, based on multi model-ensemble

techniques upto 5 days from 1st June, 2008.

2009 : T574 (Resolution: 22 km) was introduced.

At present efforts are being made to issue weather forecast at block level.

Economic Assessment by NCAP on IAAS estimated

10-25% economic benefit obtained by the farmers.

Potential economic benefit estimated by NCAER,

Rs.50,000 crores per year (used by 24% farmers).

Extrapolation can rise to Rs.211,000 crores if the entire

farming community were to apply Agromet information

to their agricultural activity.

In line with recommendations of PMO w.r.t the demands

raised by Bharat Krishak Samaj and MPs for expansion

of the service to village level.

Economic Impact of IAAS

Weather forecasting in India

Forecast Tool • NWP: GFS/CFS/WRF

• Multi-Model Ensemble (MME)

• Ensemble Prediction System

•

MME based on NWP Models • ECMWF

• JMA

• NCEP GFS

• IMD/NCMRWF GFS

• UKMO

Surface Observations-

Manned/ Automatic

Upper-Air

Observations

Satellite Observations

Aircraft Reports

Ship Reports

Ocean Buoys data

Global Data

Data-flow on real-

time mode

Regional Telecom

Hub/ Regional

AMSS

IMD’s Observational & Forecasting System

Data ported to NCMRWF

IMD, Delhi

Northern Hemispheric Analysis Centre

Generation of Daily

Forecasts/warnings IMD, Pune

Weather Central

Southern Hemispheric Analysis Centre

Regional Forecasts

IMD, Chennai

IMD, Guwahati

IMD, Kolkata

IMD, Mumbai

IMD, Nagpur

IMD, Delhi

Area Cyclone Warning Centres

Specialized products

State Level

Met. Centres/ Offices/ Airport

Met. Offices

Radar

Network

Distric

t Mete

oro

logic

al In

form

atio

n C

ente

rs

IMD, Delhi

LAFS NWP forecasts

Multi-model Ensemble technique

Phase 1: Training Period – utilizes

multimodel and observed fields to derive

statistics

Phase 2: Final Forecast – utilizes multimodel

forecast and model statistics to derive final

super ensemble forecast

Weight for each grid of each Model (W)

Observed Gridded Field

NCEP

Multimodel Ensemble Technique: Rainfall

Step-1 Generation of Multi-Analysis Weights

JMA ECMWF IMD/NCMRWF UKMO

Step-2 Generation of Multi-model Forecasts

Forecast (F)= WiFi

NCEP JMA ECMWF IMD/NCMRWF UKMO

kjiW ,,

5

1

,,

,,

k

kji

kji

C

C

, i = 1, 2, ….., 161; j = 1,2,....,161

Forecaster’s

Analysis for

Decision making

NWP

Satellite RADAR Synoptic Persistency Climatology

Synoptic & Statistical

Evaluation

Final

Forecast

New Activities

Meso-scale data assimilation: WRF 9 km

> DWR

> SAPHIR (Radiance)

> Kalpana 1 (Radiance)

Block level Forecast System

> Pre-pilot phase started

> Work plan prepared in a joint brain- storming meeting (IMD, IITM

and NCMRWF)

Development of neural network technique to generate bias free block level 3 days forecasts from WRF outputs

Implementation of ENKF GSI with GFS T 574

Assimilation of New Observations

Parameters:

Rainfall

Max and Min temperature

Total cloud cover

Surface Relative humidity

Surface Wind

http://www.imd.gov.in

Implemented from 1 June 2008

Rainfall: MME based

Members: ECMWF, UKMO, JMA,

NCEP &IMD/NCMRWF GFS T574

District Level Five days Forecasts

Verification of District Level

Weather Forecast

Qualitative Analysis of Rainfall for South West Monsoon 2013

Probability of Detection of rainfall

in Orissa

Skill Score of

Rainfall Jharkhand

DAY WISE SKILL SCORE VALUE FOR OBS VS VAL ADDED R/F

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

PATNA MUZZAFFARPUR PURNEA

SK

ILL

SC

OR

E I

N P

ER

CE

NT

AG

E

DAY1

DAY2

DAY3

DAY4

DAY5

Quantitative Analysis of Maximum Temperature for South West Monsoon

2013

Karnataka Madhya Pradesh

Gujarat Kerala

Quantitative Analysis of Minimum Temperature for South West Monsoon

2013

Andhra Pradesh

Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh

Kerala

Preparation of value

added medium range

forecast at district level Tuesday

Friday

NWP products

State Met Centre (SAMC)

Issuing State Level Composite Bulletin

Value addition

Agromet Field Units (AMFUs)

Dissemination of Agromet Advisory through Multi-Channel

Dissemination System

Parameters

Rainfall, Wind speed and direction, Maximum temperature, Relative humidity, Minimum temperature, Cloud cover

Agromet

Advisory

5 million

farmers

Receiving

SMS

• Conducting State Level Meeting

• Issue District Level Bulletin

• 600 bulletins in 13 languages

• Up-loaded in the websites

• Conduct Farmer Awareness

Program

Also Brochures

for Awareness

were

completed for

14 languages

From Composite State

Level Bulletin, Agrimet

Division, IMD preparing

National AAS bulletin

Organised different

training programmes.

Established feedback

mechanism

Economic benefits

from savings in

farm inputs.

Increased farm

productivity

Dissemination of Agromet Advisory

1. Mass Mode

All India radio, Television, Print Media

2. Outreach at Village level

Ministry of IT Internet based Village Connectivity

Web Pages: IMD, SAUs, ICAR Web Pages

Mobile Phones (SMS & IVRS) through Public & private agencies

“Kisan SMS”, a portal for farmers under www.farmer.gov.in

5 million farmers

Kisan Call Centres

3. Human face for advisory dissemination

KVK (ICAR): Training + interaction

DAO (SDA): Coordinate Farm inputs with Line Dept. in rhythm of

weather forecast

NGOs & other intermediary groups, Awareness Programme

S. No. State No. of

districts S. No. State

No. of districts

1 Andhra Pradesh 22 15 Manipur 9

2 Assam 26 16 Meghalaya 7

3 Arunachal Pradesh 14 17 Mizoram 8

4 Bihar 38 18 Nagaland 11

5 Chhattisgarh 20 19 Orissa 29

6 Gujarat 26 20 Punjab 16

7 Haryana 21 21 Rajasthan 33

8 Himachal Pradesh 12 22 Tamil Nadu 34

9 Jammu & Kashmir 17 23 Tripura 8

10 Jharkhand 24 24 Uttar Pradesh 71

11 Karnataka 30 25 Uttarakhand 6

12 Kerala 14 26 West Bengal 18

13 Madhya Pradesh 50 27 New Delhi 1

14 Maharashtra 32 28 Andaman & Nicobar 1

Total no. of bulletins issued: 600

Agromet Advisory Service (AAS) Bulletins (Statewise)

Farmer’s Awareness

Programme

on

Weather, Climate and

Farmers

To make farmers become more self-reliant in dealing with weather and climate issues that

affect agricultural production on their farms .

To increase the interaction between the farmers and the Agrometeorological Service providing

agencies i.e. IMD, SAUs, ICAR etc.

The overall goal is "to secure farmer self reliance, through helping them better informed about

effective weather and climate risk management by sustainable use of natural resources for

agricultural production“.

Participated in five National level Kisan Mela Pune.

Agrimet Division, IMD, Pune participated in the Kisan

Mela. Farmers were apprised of the different services

rendered to the farming community through displaying

of exhibits and also by interactive mode

Mechanism of Feedback Information on AAS

Training on weather based agromet advisory for Livestock from 18th - 23rd February 2013 for AMFUs

Training programmes on “Operationalisation of e Agromet software’’

Training programme on crop growth simulation model

Agromet Observers’ Course 28th May to 7th June And 10th to 20th June

Two weeks foreign training for personnel from Africa and Asia organized from 28th January to 9th February 2013

Training Course on ‘Agrometeorology towards better advisories for serving end users requirement’ for AMFU scientists of 3 weeks

Trainings

International Training on “Operational Agrometeorology for

serving end users requirement”

ESSO-IMD in collaboration with the World

Meteorological Organization (WMO) organised

training programme from 28th January to 9th

February 2013 on “Operational

Agrometeorology for serving end users

requirement” for capacity building in the

agriculture sector of the Global Framework for

Climate Services (GFCS).

The training was specially designed for 16

professionals in East African (Burundi, Ethiopia,

Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania) and Asian

participants (Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,

and Thailand).

A

G

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M

E

T

B

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O

C

H

U

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Agro-Met Brochure for Awareness of AAS(14 Languages)

Recent

Initiatives

Gramin Krishi Mausm Seva

Though district level medium range forecast is

generated, there is an urgent need to develop and

issue high resolution accurate weather forecast at

sub-district level to prepare crop & location specific

advisory.

Expansion and strengthening of existing set up at

ACZ level needs to graduate at district level.

Need to strengthen Observation, Manpower, Real

Time Information Flow, Research and Development

(R&D), Dissemination, in order to generate Accurate

Weather Forecast for the benefit of the end user

Farmer.

Objectives of GKMS

To improve the existing District level Agromet Advisory Services

(AAS) to the sub district level and in pilot mode at block level.

To establish District AgroMet Units (DAMU) in 240 selected

districts, in addition to already operating 130 AMFUs /DAMUs, in

order to meet the said expansion.

To expand the existing channels of communication of weather

based agromet advisory to the farmers through on line mode.

To establish Agromet Data Centre, as part of the National Data

Centre of IMD, for archiving and reaping maximum benefits out of

agro meteorological information.

Creation of Cell for Research and Excellence in Agrometeorology

(CREAM) in IMD New Delhi, for converging the R&D needs for

operational Agromet services.

Launch of eMausam Web Portal for Haryana

State

eMausam web

portal(http://emausamhau.gov.in) was

launched by Chief Minister of Haryana Mr.

Bhupinder Singh Hooda on 18th

December 2013 at Chandigarh.

Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India has launched “Kisan SMS”, a portal for

farmers under www.farmer.gov.in during July 2013. Agromet advisories are

disseminated in both regional and English languages through SMS through this portal to

help the farming community. At present 1483907 farmers as on 31st December 2013

are benefitted by this service.

COLLABORATION BETWEEN IMD & NABARD ON

DISSEMINATION OF AGROMET ADVISORY

Under this collaboration dissemination of weather related

information and advisory to the 50,000 farmers through

Farmers Clubs of Nation-al Bank for Agricultural and Rural

Development (NABARD) has been started.

As on date, all the 10 KVKs in Maharashtra are linked with

the AMFUs for preparing and sending the SMS. KVKs send

feedback on the advisory to AMFUs.

Details regarding major crops, stage of crops, major pests,

diseases, etc. are being shared by KVKs with AMFUs.

This has enable AMFUs to know the ground realities and

help them to customize the crop advisories as per the

requirement of farmers.

Dissemination projects in pipeline for 2013-14

Dissemination through Mobile

Mahindra and

Mahindra

Goel Commodity Mercantile

Pvt. Ltd.

e Choupal

CABI

Central Silk Board

Reliance Foundation

FM Radio

FM radio transmission is a small-

scale affair.

Radio sets are inexpensive, portable

and run on batteries.

FM radio is becoming popular

because information is mixed with

entertainment.

300 FM radio stations are either

already operating or planned across

the country.

eAgromet

IMD in collaboration with IIIT, Hyderabad is generating a software for

automation of preparation of advisory bulletin under the scheme “eAgromet

software for automated AAS bulletin preparation” to prepare district level AAS

bulletins.

Number of AMFU scientists has already been trained and remaining AMFU

scientists will be trained in utilization of the software and it will be

implemented in GKMS.

Soil moisture retrieval

IMD is developing the softwares “Operationalization of Satellite Data Based

Soil Moisture Monitoring System in India” in collaboration with IIT, Roorkee

and “Determination of Soil Moisture over India using Space Borne Passive

Microwave Sensors on board SMOS” in collaboration with ICRS, Jodhpur.

Soil moisture data generated using these softwares will be used in water

balance, irrigation scheduling and determination of sowing dates etc. for AAS.

Research and Development

AAS Bulletin based on Monthly Weather Forecast

SERVICE TO CROP GROWERS

ASSOCIATIONS

Sericulture in coordination with the Central Silk Board,

Bangaluru.

Grape Associations

Tea Growers

Coffee Cultivators

To gather information about

Crop Micro-climate (Canopy information)

Soil (moisture, temperature)

Vegetation/Crops (Vigor, Stress Type)

Pest & Diseases (Outbreak, Infestation Level-density & spread, Migration)

Water

Information compatibility to ICT, GIS and GPS

Use of RS in Agro-Met Services

• Soil (Moisture, temp., Nutrient, Erosion)

• Crop (Coverage, vigor, yield assessment)

• Crop sowing/Harvesting Time

• Forest Status Monitoring & Forest Fire

• Bio-diversity Assessment

• Mapping Of Ag. & Land Resources

• Biotic & Abiotic Stresses On Crops

• Pest Disease Surveillance

Developing RS based products which can assist in selecting sowing/harvesting time,

scheduling irrigation, nutrient management, P&D management, intercultural operations,

beside defining the initial condition of the atmosphere for NWP models.

Area of RS Applications in AgroMet

Crop condition based on INSAT 3A CCD NDVI

IMD in collaboration with SAC, Ahmedabad statrted generating and using the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), derived from INSAT 3A CCD data, during Monsoon 2013 for agromet advisories.

Generation of different products for AAS

Soil

Moisture

maps

INSAT 3 D NDVI maps Standardised Precipitation

Index maps

Aridity anomaly maps

Crop Yield Forecasting • Forecasting Agricultural Output using Space, Agrometeorology

and Land based observations (FASAL) involves developing

econometric, remote sensing and agromet based model to

generate multiple crop yield forecasts at national, state and

district level starting with crop sowing to end of season for 11

major Kharif and Rabi crops viz: Rice, Jowar , Maize, Bajra,

Jute, Ragi, Cotton, Sugarcane, Groundnut, Rapeseed & Mustard

and Wheat.

• IMD is implementing Agromet component of the scheme in

coordination with 23 State Agromet Centres (SAMCs), 46

principal Agro-Met Field Units (AMFUs) and IASRI in the country

to develop agromet models and issue in-season crop yield

forecast based on statistical and crop simulation models.

Rice

Wheat

Maize

Jowar

Bajra

Ragi

Groundnut

Sugarcane

Rape seed &Mustard

Cotton

Jute

Crops taken up under FASAL

Experimental Block level weather forecast

• On pilot mode, block level weather forecast is issued for 342 blocks

in the country considering one district per state.

• As such, this forecast has been started for 37 selected districts (2

each from UP and Haryana) in the country.

• By the end of XIIth FYP, block level forecast along with advisories

will be scaled to cover the maximum districts in the country.

• The block level forecast is issued for the parameters like –

• Rainfall

• Maximum temperature

• Minimum temperature

• Cloud amount

• Maximum relative humidity

• Minimum relative humidity

• Wind speed

• Wind direction

Blocks covered under Pilot Mode State District Block State District Block

Andaman and Nicobar N&M Andaman 3 Andhra Pradesh Karimnagar 57

Arunachal Pradesh West Siang 18 Assam Jorhat 8

Bihar Samstipur 20 Chandigarh Chandigarh 1

Chattisgarh Raipur 4 Dadra & Nagar Haveli Silvasa 1

Daman-Diu Diu 1 Delhi West Delhi 1

Goa North-Goa 6 Gujrat Anand 8

Haryana Ambala

Hissar

6

9

Himachal Pradesh Shimla 10

Jammu and Kashmir Jammu 8 Jharkhand Dhanbad 8

Karnataka Dharwad 5 Kerala Trissur 16

Lakshadweep Lakshadweep 9 Madhya Pradesh Seoni 8

Maharashtra Satara 11 Manipur Imphal-East 3

Meghalaya Ri-bhoi 3 Mizoram Kolasib 2

Nagaland Dimapur 4 Odisha Khordha 10

Pondicherry Pondicherry 6 Punjab Kapurthala 5

Rajasthan Jaipur 13 Sikkim East-District 9

TamilNadu Dindigul 14 Tripura West-Tripura 6

Uttar Pradesh Meerut 12 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi 8

Uttrakhand Udamsingh Nagar 7 West-Bengal Bankura 22

Watershed Organization Trust-

A pilot study for block level forecast and advisory

• IMD has started providing local

specific short range weather

predictions for Sangamner and

Akole clusters (WOTR’s operational

area) of Ahmednagar district from

April 2012.

• The weather predictions are used by

WOTR to prepare agro advisories.

WOTR’s agriculture team prepares

agro advisory according to the

conditions of the major crops

standing in the field. The advisory is

in the form of wall paper. WOTR’s

field agronomists share it with the

farming community at 5-6 locations

in every village.

Station N DAY1 DAY2 DAY3

04-03-2012 04-04-2012 04-05-2012

R/F Max. Min. R/F Max. Min. R/F Max. Min.

Akole 0.3 37.6 22.3 0.6 37.7 21.3 0.0 37.7 19.3

Sangamner 0.1 38.2 21.9 0.5 38.6 21.6 0.0 38.8 20.2

ESTABLISHING CLIMATE SMART VILLAGES IN PILOT DISTRICTS OF

PUNJAB AND BIHAR

There is a growing concern from policy makers/ planners/ users to expand the

services at block level to address the farmers need with the aim of increasing climate

resilience of farming systems.

Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) has agreed to start block level AAS in pilot mode in

selected districts in collaboration with Consultative Group on International Agricultural

Research (CGIAR) and IKSL to evaluate its effectiveness.

In its initial phase villages selected for the project in two states are:

Bihar - Vaishali dist.

1. Raja Pakar, Block Raja Pakar

2. Bali Bathna, Block Mahua

3. Lal Pokhar, Block Hazipur

Punjab – Sangrur dist.

1. Kheri, Block Sangrur

2. Gaggarpur, Block Sangrur

3. Chaneri, Block Bhawanigarh

Establishment of DAMU

Under the existing IAAS in the country AMFUs have already been

established in different agroclimatic zones in collaboration with State

Agricultural Universities (SAUs), Indian Council of Agricultural Research

(ICAR) and Indian Institute of Technologies (IITs). As it will not be possible

for these centres alone to address the objectives of the project at block

level, there is a need to set up District Agromet Units (DAMUs) in the

country in KVK.

DAMUs under KVK AAS Units AMFU

Six tier

Development and establishment of DAMUs

DAMUs under KVK

240 District

Agromet Units

(DAMUs) at KVKs

Weather based agromet advisory

on line to the farmers in block/

taluka/village level

• To receive and disseminate

meteorological information

and forecasts for the

concerned Districts.

• To serve as an effective link

between IMD and the District

authorities and the general

public in matters concerning

weather forecasts, early

warnings and climatological

information pertaining to the

relevant District.

• Identify climatic risk for the

specified locations based on

past weather data.

• Review the feedback from

the stakeholders.

Functions

of DAMUs

MoU will be made shortly between IMD and ICAR for

establishment of DAMUs

• Irrigation should be applied to protect the standing crops from frost as adequate soil moisture keep the soil comparatively warm and save it from frost.

• Arrangement of smoke may also be made around the fields to save the crops from ground frost.

Punjab

• Frost alarm

• Frost protection

Zonation of frost areas for prevention of the crop injury

Grapes could suffer cracks due to the extreme cold conditions in the traditional belt of the crop in Nasik region where mercury dropped to 4.40C, the lowest in the state, in Pune recording minimum temperature of 5.80C and also next to Nasik where an average minimum temperature of 5 to 60C was recorded.

Nashik

Pune

4.40C

5.80C

Arrange for smoking around the field and apply light irrigation to the crop. Spray fresh water to the bunches.

Cold injury on grapes

• Cold injury alarm

• Crop protection

Advisories for new sectors

• Suitable agro-met advisory may be evolved to protect the crop from the inclement weather after the harvest of the crops.

•To involve a number of crop grower associations dealing in crops like tea, coffee, apple, mango, sugarcane, cotton, grapes etc. to develop suitable products and mechanism to disseminate the information to the targeted grow

•By linking the programme with the existing projects of the Ministry of Rural Development and Ministry of Environment & Forest advisory will be prepared.

• Understanding the weather sensitivity of animal shelter, health, feed and productivity and to prepare the advisory.

Livestock Horticulture

crops

Post Harvest and Storage

Wasteland and forest

fires

Comprehensive Awareness

Programme Farmer Awareness Programs

Climate Field School

Farmer Field School

Field Demonstration

Demonstration in Farmer’s Club

Field visit by experts with farmers

Linkages with Initiatives for women farmer empowerments

Awareness Programme for poultry and dairy farmers and

fisheries

Technology Development for AAS

Modernization of Central Agromet Observatory

Soil moisture estimation using satellite data

Automation of advisory bulletin preparation

Development of crop simulation model

Pest and disease forewarning model

Modeling on livestock and climate relationship

Use of GIS, remote sensing for agromet applications.

Economic assessment

Range of climate risk management services for smallholders –tools, technologies

Integrated water resource management

Integrated networks & services

Early warning and disaster risk management

Climate modeling, weather information and environmental monitoring

It is proposed to establish Cell for Research and Excellence in Agricultural Meteorology

(CREAM) to address these issues

Key Gaps in Agriculture Climate Services

To explore, create and develop knowledge through applied and conceptual

research in agricultural meteorology including agricultural technology and

management areas.

To promote research and applications in frontier areas in Agricultural

Meteorology which can be directly used in operational agrometeorology

To foster strong collaboration with agricultural research and extension

services nationally and internationally in order to ensure that the most

basic challenges faced by the farming communities are effectively

addressed and appropriate solutions are offered.

To build the much needed capacity, especially in the developing countries,

to promote food and water security.

To cater capacity building needs of the agrometeorological advisory

service and also make world class training facilities in operational

agrometeorology affordable to other organizations/ individuals.

It is planned to integrate CREAM India with the Global Centers of Excellence

in Agricultural Meteorology (GCREAMs) to be constituted by another 9

Countries ( USA, Australia, Italy, China, Japan, Russia, Africa, Korea,

Brazil)

Mission of CREAM

Establish CREAM within IMD to converge R&D needs of GKMS.

CREAM will work to channelize R&D products and tools for their

applications in AGROMET sectors in areas:

• Integration of R&D work on climate forecast development.

• Help channelize farm inputs from different line function

departments.

• Help farmers cope with climate risks and uncertainties.

• Help reduce the vulnerability of agroecosystems to climate

variability and change.

• Help achieve greater efficiency in natural resource use in

agriculture.

• Establish a World Class Training Programme in Agricultural

Meteorology.

Cell for Research and Excellence in Agricultural

Meteorology (CREAM)

Total budgetary support for “Gramin Krishi Mausam

Sewa” for the XIIth Five Year Plan (2012-2017) : Rs.

160 crores.

Head 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Total

Agromet

service at Block

level

10.49 34.88 29.37 34.07 44.31 153.12

CREAM 0.000 5.27 3.14 1.96 2.07 12.43

Total (in crores) 10.49 40.15 32.41 36.03 46.38 165.55

Thanks and hope for

the new beginning…..

Thank You

Joining hands to better serve the

farmers………..