What is agricultural revolution? Why did agricultural revolution appear in

England? Impact of agricultural revolution in

England? What are the effect of agricultural

revolution?

Changes in 16th and 18th century farming as Common land went to farmers and they

got a piece of land Introducing Seed driller and Horse-

drawn cultivator (1700), Cast-iron plow (1797) and Reaper (1799)

Start practice of crop rotation & use of manure (around 1700)

Scientific breeding of animals (1725-1795) like selective breeding of animals

Results of this new technique in England 1700: 80% of population engaged in

farming 1800: 40% of population farmed AND produced a lot more.

Yields improved 300% during 1700-1850 AND Technology expanded over the

world!!!

Population grew – Households income raised more than subsistence

Food cost declined– For more production and higher supply

Labor supply increased- More labor force but needed less in farming

Discretionary spending increased - greater demand for consumer goods

This has stimulated the growth in industrial sector.

Why did industrial revolution take place in England?

The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way.

In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.

Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries

1. The bulk of the population that was in the bottom ladder suffered from severe reduction in standard of living.

2. Though labours spent 10 hours per day, their income rose by 20% to 40%.

3. Their was an increase in child labour as factory demanded more workers.

4. It led to capitalism but not everyone enjoyed high life expectancy and increased income.

IR is a phase of changing work and workers, 1733-1900

During IR, the manufacturing process shifted from small-scale production by hand at home to large-scale production by machine setting in the factory.

Began in England then spread to the Europe and the United States

In 1860, Britain produced 20% of the entire world’s output of industrial goods

IR really spread in America after the Civil War (1860s +)

Britain possessed good natural resources, It used new energy sources such as coal, steam engine, electricity, etc.

Development of transportation including railways, steamship, canals, automobile, etc.

Entrepreneurial Culture of the British Coal mining developed in Britain which

was possible by using steam powered pumps (innovated in Britain) in mining.

Need for clothing development for trade Invention of Flying shuttle (1733); Mule

(1762); Waterframe (1785) in Britain. Colonial Empire - raw materials easily

accessible

IR: W

hy in B

ritain

Britain Invention of new machines for cotton industry, such as spinning jenny, power loom, etc.

Increasing application of science to industry from the innovations of light bulb, radio, telephone, etc.

The factory system entailed increased division of labor and their specialization that increased productivity.

Looms in the Textile factory increased from 2,400 in 1813 to 224,000 in 1850 with one million workers in Britain.

New innovations changed the nature of the industry

Flying shuttle Cotton jenny Water frame Cotton Gin

Processed 8 million pounds raw cotton in 1770s to 250 million pounds in 1830 in Britain

Needed cotton to import

James Watt’s Steam Engine (1790’s)

Steam engine was used as transportation device and used to run entire factories.

Innovation of steam engine

Coal Mining development Early mining operation

Surface seams exhausted Mine shafts

Men loosened coal Women/children hauled it to the shaft

Developed mining operation Horse driven/steam engine

driven pump Increased coal output

dramatically from 3 million tons in 1700; 25 million tons in 1830 in England

New Energy (Coal)

Steam engine used in transportation device.

Railroads was built during the 1830s and 1840s in England Waterway could not ship enough

Experimentation with steam driven carriages 1830: Manchester to Liverpool line Railroad designed to move coal Created an increased demand for iron

and steel and a skilled labor force. But also moved people

Quicker, more comfortable, cheaper 1835: established 750 miles of track 1845: 6000 miles of track sanctioned

Transportation (railroads)

Transcontinental railroad made travel across the countries faster, cheaper and more efficient.

Transportation (railroads)

Canals are manmade waterways dug between 2 large bodies of water.

The Erie Canal was a short cut from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes (1817).

The Panama Canal was a shortcut from the Atlantic to the Pacific (1880).

Transportation (canals)

Thomas Edison invested LIGHT BULB allowed factories to work at night.

Alexander Graham Bell invented TELEPHONE

Scientific Innovations

1750 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900 1913

base

Britain 10 16 25 64 87 100 115

Belgium 9 10 14 28 43 56 88

USA 4 9 14 21 38 69 126

France 9 9 12 20 28 39 59

Germany 8 8 9 15 25 52 85

Austria 7 7 8 11 15 23 32

Italy 8 8 8 10 12 17 26

Russia 6 6 7 8 10 15 20

China 8 6 6 4 4 3 3

India 7 6 6 3 2 1 2

World Industrialization Per Capita

Industrialization of China and India was decreasing in the period before first world war, WHY?

England Per capita income rose 75% (1801-1851) Marriage age lowered For Social Reform movements, Progressives

government passed laws requiring workplace safety Factory Act (1833) Ten Hour Act (1847) Mine Act (1842)

USA Per capita income increased…… Labor unions struggled in the 1800s for

better working conditions and they were successful.

Series of reform came during late 1800 to early 1900s.

The Sixteenth Amendment allows for a progressive income tax that means rich people pay a higher percentage of tax than poor people.

People all over the world consume a lot

Family structure changed: At first, the entire family, including the

children, worked in the domestic factory system, just as they had at home.

Later, family life became fragmented (the father worked in the factory, the mother handled domestic matters, the children went to school).

Busy couple started not to hesitate to live separately

Development at the Cost of(Br Q) Workers:

Higher production came often at the expense of workers.

Raw wool and cotton that fed the British textile mills came from converted from farming to sheep raising, leaving farm workers without jobs

Labor force was abundant who had to work even 10 to 12 hours a day for their subsistence

Sheer number of human beings put pressure on inadequate resources in cities : housing, water, sewers, food supplies, and lighting

Development at the Cost of Environment

Chemicals and poisonous gas produced by factories are harmful to human and environment.

Waste produced by factories continues to be dumped into our rivers, lakes, and streams

All these toxics are slowly killing off human being and everything that is important to survival

Textile1. China

2. USA

3. Italy

4. Japan

5. India

6. Mexico

7. Thailand

8. Indonesia

9. Pakistan

10. Germany

Automobile1. Japan

2. USA

3. China

4. Germany

5. S. Korea

6. France

7. Brazil

8. Spain

9. Canada

10. India

Oil1. Saudi Arabia

2. Russia

3. USA

4. Iran

5. Mexico

6. China

7. Canada

8. UAE

9. Venezuela

10. Norway

Why was the green revolution necessary?

Why did green revolution spread in Asia?

What is the process of agricultural development during green revolution?

How did green revolution contribute to the world food production?

What are the negative impacts of green revolution?

How has agribusiness mode been changed?

IR emphasized on production of industrial products in the developed country

Many developed countries had not to think for shortage of agricultural product who had access to food form developed countries.

the traditional agriculture was unable to meet demand, reflected form the food crisis in early 1940s during and after the second world war

A revolutionary change was necessary in agriculture technology to overcome the food shortage.

Moreover, there was a huge scope of business oriented agriculture production and of creating market for agricultural inputs.

Mexico: Home of the Green Revolution

Green Revolution usually refers to the transformation of agriculture that began in 1945

Norman Borlaug, the biggest contributor to Green Revolution who joined Rockefeller Foundation team in Mexico.

He conducted research on development of wheat variety for higher yield.

1960’s: Improved wheat varieties gave dramatic increase in yield in Mexico

Borlaug won Nobel Peace Prize in 1970

1965: 250 tons to Pakistan;

200 tons to India

1966: 18,000 tons to India

1967: 42,000 tons to Pakistan;

21,000 tons to Turkey

Wheat Seed Shipment to Asia

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) developed a semi-dwarf rice variety in 1966 that could produce more rice with certain fertilizers and irrigation.

1970’s: Rice variety spread to millions of farmers in Asia and third world

1990’s: 40% of all farms in third world 75% Rice farming in Asia 80% Wheat farming in third world

GR improved standard of living for millions people worldwide

Development and Spread of Rice variety

. Cereal

Wheat Rice Irrigation Fertilizer Tractors Prodn million ha million t millions million t

Green Revolution:Changes in Production and Factors of

Production in Developing Countries of Asia

(M ha / % area)

Adoption ofModern varieties

1961 0 / 0% 0 / 0% 87 2 0.2 3091970 14 / 20% 15 / 20% 106 10 0.5 4631980 39 / 49% 55 / 43% 129 29 2.0 6181990 60 / 70% 85 / 65% 15854 3.4 8582000 70 / 84% 100 / 74% 17570 4.8 962

Source: FAOSTAT, July 2002 and author’s estimated on modern variety adoption, based on CIMMYT and IRRI data.

GR technology is Fertilizers - Irrigation - Pesticides based production system

Dependency on expensive inputs: Irrigation devices Fertilizers Pesticides

Increased inequality among countries as profits go to global companies as poor countries import

Farmers becomes gradually become more dependent on Pesticide: Need gradually more Fertilizer: Fertilizer use increases

by huge amount Need more inputs each year for

same production that the poor can’t pay and got less production

Negative Im

pact of GR

: D

ependency & Inequality

Expensive irrigation devices created inequality among farmers: Wealthy invested, became water lord, got richer by selling water

Economic power went to a few large landowners who were bigger growers and the poor was drove out from buying land by large growers

Diversion of benefits of GR technology to Middlemen as farmers to depend for selling Banks as farmers to invest for new technology Chemical companies as farmers to use

Food flows from the poor and hungry nations to the rich and well-fed nations

Production increased AND more food at same time increases inequity

Green Revolution not sustainable destroys resource base like soil and environment

on which agriculture depends

Negative Im

pact of GR

: D

ependency & Inequality

India and Bangladesh Near self-sufficient in

grain production due to Green Revolution

But 1/3 of people poor who cannot afford to BUY enough food

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic excess to sufficient , safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life(FAO,2010).

Hishamunda and Ridler (2006) indicated that at the macro level, food security occur in a country when food demand and food supply would be adequate to cover the national calorie requirement on a continuing and stable basis.

In the concept of food security, the following issues should be considered:

- Macro level availability of food

- Access to income streams -Improved production capacity to acquire food at household level and - Utilization of nutritious food

Rice 1. China

2. India

3. Indonesia

4. Bangladesh

5. Vietnam

6. Thailand

7. Myanmar

8. Philippines

9. Brazil

10. Japan

Wheat 1. China

2. India

3. USA

4. Russia

5. France

6. Canada

7. Australia

8. Germany

9. Pakistan

10. Turkey

Potato 1. China

2. Russia

3. India

4. USA

5. Ukraine

6. Germany

7. Poland

8. Belgium

9. Netherlands

10. France

Jute 1. India

2. Bangladesh

3. China

4. Côte d'Ivoire

5. Thailand

6. Myanmar

7. Brazil

8. Uzbekistan

9. Nepal

10. Vietnam

Tea 1. China

2. India

3. Sri Lanka

4. Kenya

5. Turkey

6. Indonesia

7. Vietnam

8. Japan

9. Argentina

10. Bangladesh

Cotton 1. China

2. USA

3. India

4. Pakistan

5. Brazil

6. Uzbekistan

7. Turkey

8. Australia

9. Greece

10. Syria

Phases: Basic need-based business Colonization

Capitalistic agribusiness Basic Need based business

Agricultural production used to meet the basic needs of the people and industry – spices for foods & cotton for textile

Colonization and demand for raw materials Agriculture was replaced by the

industry during industrial revolution Large scale production seeks a

continuous supply of raw materials at a large level

Colonization’ was a peculiar phenomenon where the developed countries used the underdeveloped countries even through occupancy for production of raw materials

Capitalistic agribusiness Capitalistic agribusiness started to

rise in the mid- twentieth century. Small number of industries

concentrated towards supplies of inputs and also became concentrated in food processing, distribution and retailing.

US food processing firms like ConAgra, Cargill, Tyson-foods, Goldkist, etc. occupy major share in food distribution in the USA and also in the world.

Four large US firms process from 57% to 76% of corn, wheat and soybeans in USA.

Many transnational firms who started as relatively local firms but expanded operations with global integration by building new facilities, acquisitions and mergers with other firms.