Agriculture & Natural Resources …Irrigation Management for Trees and Vines Louise Ferguson...
Transcript of Agriculture & Natural Resources …Irrigation Management for Trees and Vines Louise Ferguson...
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Irrigation Management for Trees and Vines
Louise Ferguson [email protected]
Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis
Agriculture & Natural Resources
University of California Cooperative Extension
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Irrigation Management for Trees and Vines
• Consists of two major parts:
• I: Factors affecting irrigation efficiency
• II: Irrigation Scheduling
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Irrigation Management for Trees and Vines
• I: Factors affecting irrigation efficiency
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Flooding Basins or Furrows
Drip
Microsprinklers
Irrigation Systems
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Irrigation Management for Trees and Vines
• Factors affecting irrigation efficiency
– Climate
– Crop
– Soil characteristics
– Water quality
– Irrigation System
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Factors Affecting Irrigation Efficiency:
• Climate: determines evapotranspiration • Humidity
• Average wind speed
• Temperature
• Solar radiation
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Factors Affecting Irrigation Efficiency:
• Crop Type: • Crop Architecture
• Rooting depth
•% coverage
• Season length
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Factors Affecting Irrigation Efficiency :
• Water Quality: affects infiltration • Salinity
• Ca:Na ratio
• Specific ion concentration
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Factors Affecting Irrigation Efficiency :
• Irrigation System: water availability – Interacting with rooting depth and cover
• Flood
• Furrow
• Basin
•Wetting patterns
• Costs – capital
– energy
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Irrigation Management for Trees and Vines
• Consists of two major parts:
• I: Factors affecting irrigation efficiency
• II: Irrigation scheduling
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Major Principal of
Irrigation Management
Evapotranspiration
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Evapotranspiration
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1st Principle of Irrigation Management
• Evapotranspiration = Crop Water Use = Yield
• Evapotranspiration = Yields maximum
• Poorly Irrigated Well Irrigated
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2nd Principle of Irrigation Management
• Insufficient soil moisture Evapotranspiration
– Insufficient soil moisture is almost always the reason for poor or decreased evapotranspiration
• Function of irrigation is to:
– Maintain optimal evapotranspiration
• The method is irrigation scheduling
– delivering water when needed
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate
• How much to irrigate
• How to monitor soil moisture
• When to adjust
• Determining total amount applied
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Flooding Basins or Furrows
Furrow Irrigation Systems
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Water Budget Method
• When to irrigate
• How much to irrigate
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate:
– Determine available soil moisture for soil type
• From reference tables
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Available Soil Moisture (cm/m) for Various Soil Textures
Soil Texture Field Capacity
15 Bars Available Soil Moisture
Sand 1.2 0.5 0.7
Loamy Sand
1.9 0.8 1.1
Sandy Loam
2.5 1.1 1.4
Loam 3.2 1.4 1.8
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate:
– Determine available soil moisture for soil type
– Determine crop rooting depth
•Direct measurement or reference tables
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Dig below tree to see rooting depth
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Crop Rooting Depth
Crop Rooting Depth
Apple 1.25 m
Citrus 1.5 m
Grapes 0.75 m
Olives 1.25 m
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate:
– Determine available soil moisture for soil type
– Determine crop rooting depth
– Calculate total available soil moisture (AM)
• AM = (available soil moisture) X (root depth)
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Calculate Total Available Moisture
Total Available Soil Moisture (AM) =
Available Soil Moisture per cm/m X root depth (m)
1.1 cm/m X 1.25 m = 1.375 cm
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate:
– Determine available soil moisture for soil type
– Determine crop rooting depth
– Calculate available soil moisture (AM)
• AM = (available soil moisture) X (root depth)
– Calculate allowable depletion = AD
• AD = (AM) X (% allowable depletion/100)
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% Allowable Depletion
Crop % Allowable Depletion
Citrus 50%
Dates 50%
Grapes 35%
Olives 65%
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Calculating % Allowable Depletion
AD = Allowable Depletion (cm)
AM = Total Available Soil Moisture (cm)
AD = (AM) X (% allowable depletion/100)
AD = (1.375 cm) X (65/100)
AD = .89 cm
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate:
– Determine available soil moisture for soil type
– Determine crop rooting depth
– Calculate available soil moisture (AM)
– Calculate allowable depletion = AD
– Determine evapotranspiration from your weather station: ETo
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ET in cm/day
2.10/10 = .30
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate:
– Determine available soil moisture for soil type
– Determine crop rooting depth
– Calculate available soil moisture (AM)
– Calculate allowable depletion = AD
– Obtain weather station evapotranspiration
– Calculate daily crop evapotranspiration
• ETc = (ETo) X (Kc)
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Calculate Daily Crop Evapotranspiration
ETc = (Kc)* X (ETo) ETc = (.75) X (.30 cm/day) ETc = .225 cm/day * Experimentally determined
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Irrigation Scheduling
• Now you know water in root zone initially
– 1.375 CM
• How fast you are losing it
– .225 cm/day
• How much loss before tree is harmed
– .89 cm
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Irrigation Scheduling
• So – when do you irrigate?
• And how much do you apply?
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate:
– Determine available soil moisture for soil type
– Determine crop rooting depth
– Calculate available soil moisture (AM)
– Calculate allowable depletion = AD
– Obtain weather station evapotranspiration
– Calculate daily crop evapotranspiration
– Calculate the interval between irrigations
• IN (days) = AD (cm) / ETc (cm/day)
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Calculate the Interval Between Irrigations
IN = interval between irrigations (days) AD = allowable depletion (cm) ETc = daily crop evapotranspiration (cm/day)
IN (days) = AD (cm) /ETc (cm/day) IN (days) = (.89 cm)/.225 cm/day
4 days
4 days between irrigations
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate?
– after four days (under these conditions)
• How much water to apply?
• Replace .89 cm lost to ETc
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate
• How much to irrigate
• How to monitor soil moisture
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate
• How much to irrigate
• How to monitor soil moisture
• When to adjust
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Irrigation Scheduling
• When to irrigate
• How much to irrigate
• How to monitor soil moisture
• When to adjust
• Determining total amount applied
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Irrigation Management for Trees and Vines
Post Lecture Questions
Agriculture & Natural Resources
University of California Cooperative Extension
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Irrigation Management for Trees and Vines
• Name five factors affecting irrigation efficiency:
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Irrigation Management for Trees and Vines
• Factors affecting irrigation efficiency
– Climate
– Crop
– Soil characteristics
– Water quality
– Irrigation System
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What is
Evapotranspiration
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Major Principal of
Irrigation Management
Evapotranspiration
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What is primary factor that decreases evaptranspiration and what is the best
way to prevent it.
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2nd Principle of Irrigation Management
• Insufficient soil moisture Evapotranspiration
• Function of irrigation is to:
– Maintain optimal evapotranspiration
• The method is irrigation scheduling
– delivering water when needed
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Name a method of irrigation
scheduling and name two ways it directs irrigation
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Irrigation Scheduling
• Water Budget Method
– When to irrigate
– How much to irrigate