AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURE Producing Food for a Growing Population Growing Population Producing Food...

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE


Producing Food for a Producing Food for a Growing PopulationGrowing Population

Producing Food for a Producing Food for a Hungry WorldHungry World

Food – one of the basic Food – one of the basic requirements of liferequirements of life

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE Food – one of the basic Food – one of the basic

requirements of liferequirements of life

Is anyone in the class Is anyone in the class HUNGRYHUNGRY right now ? right now ?

Has anyone in the classHas anyone in the class ever been ever been HUNGRYHUNGRY ? ?

Food and HungerFood and Hunger When we say we are When we say we are HUNGRY HUNGRY

it typically means …it typically means …

• it has been several hours since my last meal

• I skipped a meal

• I am on a diet to lose weight

Most people in MDCs have Most people in MDCs have never experienced the never experienced the HUNGERHUNGER that is common in LDCsthat is common in LDCs

Food and HungerFood and Hunger

HUNGERHUNGER for weeks, months, for weeks, months, and years affects many people and years affects many people in LDCs – in LDCs – CHRONIC HUNGERCHRONIC HUNGER


CHRONIC HUNGERCHRONIC HUNGER

““when there is enough to eat, when there is enough to eat, there are many problems…there are many problems…

when there is not enough to when there is not enough to eat, there is only one problem.”eat, there is only one problem.”

Food and HungerFood and HungerTypes of Types of CHRONIC HUNGERCHRONIC HUNGER under nutritionunder nutrition

malnutritionmalnutrition

failure to ingest sufficient caloriesfailure to ingest sufficient calories

failure to ingest the proper mixture failure to ingest the proper mixture of nutrientsof nutrients

What proportion of the What proportion of the world’s population suffers from world’s population suffers from

chronic hungerchronic hunger ? ?


Estimates vary due to differing Estimates vary due to differing criteria for hunger criteria for hunger

What proportion of the What proportion of the world’s population suffers from world’s population suffers from

chronic hungerchronic hunger ? ?


General agreement that more General agreement that more than than 10 % 10 % of world populationof world population

suffers from hungersuffers from hunger

Food and HungerFood and HungerMore than 10 % 10 % of world population of world population

suffers suffers chronic hungerchronic hunger

10 %10 % XX 77billionbillion == 700 million700 million

Often cited number is Often cited number is 800 million800 million

Currently 800 million peopleCurrently 800 million people

are not adequately nourishedare not adequately nourished


Most of these hungry people Most of these hungry people are in LDCsare in LDCs

Many of these hungry people are children

Hungry people in LDCs are Hungry people in LDCs are overworking the land and overworking the land and clearing forests in efforts to clearing forests in efforts to produce more foodproduce more food


Land degradation results fromLand degradation results from overworking the landoverworking the land

Currently we are adding 73 million Currently we are adding 73 million people per year to world populationpeople per year to world population


Most of this population growth Most of this population growth is in LDCsis in LDCs

Continued population Continued population growth will exacerbate the growth will exacerbate the problems of hunger and land problems of hunger and land degradationdegradation


Chronic hunger has adverse effects upon the individual


The nature of these adverse The nature of these adverse effects depends upon the ageeffects depends upon the age of the individualof the individual

Chronic Hunger during ADULTHOOD

Adverse Effects of Adverse Effects of Chronic HungerChronic Hunger

versus Chronic Hunger during EARLY DEVLOPMENT

Chronic Hunger during ADULTHOODChronic Hunger during ADULTHOOD


• Loss of body massLoss of body mass • Physical lethargyPhysical lethargy

• Mental dullnessMental dullness • Impaired healingImpaired healing

• Impaired immune functionImpaired immune function• Loss of hair, teeth, menstrual cyclesLoss of hair, teeth, menstrual cycles

• Heart damageHeart damage


Chronic Hunger during ADULTHOODChronic Hunger during ADULTHOOD

• Upon restoration of an adequate diet,Upon restoration of an adequate diet, many many (but not all)(but not all) of the adverse effects of the adverse effects are are reversiblereversible

• the person will largely recover


Chronic Hunger during Chronic Hunger during

EARLY DEVELOPMENTEARLY DEVELOPMENT

• Reduced physical growthReduced physical growth • Physical lethargyPhysical lethargy• Reduced mental growthReduced mental growth

• Low body massLow body mass

• Mental dullnessMental dullness• Impaired healingImpaired healing

• Impaired immune functionImpaired immune function




• Upon placement on an adequate diet, many Upon placement on an adequate diet, many of the adverse effects are of the adverse effects are notnot reversiblereversible

• developmental deficits are not regained developmental deficits are not regained after the critical period of development after the critical period of development is overis over




• The adverse effects prevent the individual from realizing their full potential

• The adverse effects result in life-long impairments of the individual

The The GREEN REVOLUTIONGREEN REVOLUTION


During the 1950’s and 60’sDuring the 1950’s and 60’s

Introduction of high-yield hybrid grainsIntroduction of high-yield hybrid grains

Tremendous increases in productivity Tremendous increases in productivity – bushels per acre/hectare– bushels per acre/hectare



During this period – food production During this period – food production grew more rapidly than populationgrew more rapidly than population

Time of great optimism that Time of great optimism that agricultural production would grow agricultural production would grow

faster than populationfaster than population



Since this period – population growth Since this period – population growth has been catching up has been catching up

Now – concern that agricultural Now – concern that agricultural production can keep up with production can keep up with

population growthpopulation growth

Currently, many nations of the world Currently, many nations of the world do not produce sufficient food to do not produce sufficient food to

feed their own peoplefeed their own people


Many of these countries rely upon Many of these countries rely upon importation of food to feed their peopleimportation of food to feed their people

Where is this food coming from ?Where is this food coming from ?

Much of the food needed to supply Much of the food needed to supply nations in need is coming from four nations in need is coming from four

major food exporting countriesmajor food exporting countries


United States of AmericaUnited States of America

CanadaCanada AustraliaAustralia BrazilBrazil

Is importation of food a long-term Is importation of food a long-term solution for nations in need ?solution for nations in need ?


It is a short-term means of preventing It is a short-term means of preventing wide-spread starvationwide-spread starvation

NO !NO !



It can actually harm local agricultural It can actually harm local agricultural economies and increase food economies and increase food

dependence dependence

NO !NO !



The long-term solution is to assist The long-term solution is to assist countries to become countries to become self-sufficientself-sufficient in in

agricultural productionagricultural production

NO !NO !

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTUREIs modern, mechanized agriculture the Is modern, mechanized agriculture the

best solution for increased food best solution for increased food production in less-developed countries ?production in less-developed countries ?

Should we give every farmer in Should we give every farmer in LDCs a new John Deere tractor ?LDCs a new John Deere tractor ?

A better means of assistance in development of A better means of assistance in development of agricultural self-sufficiency is throughagricultural self-sufficiency is through


Appropriate TechnologyAppropriate TechnologyAgricultural technology improvements

suitable for the local culture and economy

Relatively simple and low cost ways to increase local food production

Challenges Facing World AgricultureChallenges Facing World Agriculture


• ImmediateImmediate

• Long TermLong Term

• ContinuingContinuing

Immediate ChallengeImmediate Challenge

Challenges Facing Challenges Facing World AgricultureWorld Agriculture

Adequately feeding the Adequately feeding the people people already herealready here

Not just a matter of food production

There is already sufficient There is already sufficient production capacity to feed us allproduction capacity to feed us all

Immediate ChallengeImmediate ChallengeAdequately feeding the people Adequately feeding the people

already herealready here

There are current problems withThere are current problems with• DistributionDistribution

• EconomicsEconomics

• PoliticsPolitics

Long Term ChallengeLong Term Challenge


Increasing agricultural production Increasing agricultural production to keep up with population growthto keep up with population growth

Long Term ChallengeLong Term Challenge

• Population growth must be controlled

Increasing agricultural production Increasing agricultural production to keep up with population growthto keep up with population growth

• Until population is stabilized – there Until population is stabilized – there will be ever more people to feedwill be ever more people to feed

Continuing ChallengeContinuing Challenge


A perpetual or ever-lasting challengeA perpetual or ever-lasting challenge

Protect the soilProtect the soil

Continuing ChallengeContinuing ChallengeProtect the soilProtect the soil

Fertile soil is the basis of Fertile soil is the basis of agricultural production of foodagricultural production of food

As soil fertility declines, As soil fertility declines, food production declinesfood production declines


Efforts to meet the immediate Efforts to meet the immediate and long term challenges can and long term challenges can NOT NOT be accomplished at the be accomplished at the

expense of soil fertilityexpense of soil fertility


Population pressures and poor Population pressures and poor land management must land management must NOTNOT be be permitted to degrade soil fertility permitted to degrade soil fertility

and agricultural productivityand agricultural productivity


Degraded soil fertility and Degraded soil fertility and agricultural productivity would agricultural productivity would • leave barren and useless lands for

future generations

• drastically lower carrying capacity

Paradoxical dilemmas facing Paradoxical dilemmas facing agriculture in MDCs and LDCsagriculture in MDCs and LDCs


• In MDCs - agriculture can produce agriculture can produce too muchtoo much food food

• In LDCs - agriculture can agriculture can notnot produce produce enoughenough food food

There are numerous problems There are numerous problems facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture


• ErosionErosion• Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion • DesertificationDesertification

• Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement • EnergyEnergy• Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion • Food Diversity

ErosionErosion

The loss of topsoil due to The loss of topsoil due to movement by wind or watermovement by wind or water

The most serious problem The most serious problem facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture

ErosionErosion

TopsoilTopsoil Rich in humus – the Rich in humus – the

organic matter of soilorganic matter of soil

Gives soil its fertilityGives soil its fertility

The loss of topsoil by erosion robs the land of its fertility and agricultural productivity

ErosionErosion A worldwide problemA worldwide problem

affecting both MDCs and LDCsaffecting both MDCs and LDCs

It is estimated that we are losing It is estimated that we are losing 7 % of our topsoil per decade7 % of our topsoil per decade

ErosionErosion Erosion is due to poor land Erosion is due to poor land

managementmanagement

In LDCs, desperation for food In LDCs, desperation for food and fuel often leads to poor land and fuel often leads to poor land


ErosionErosion Erosion is due to poor land Erosion is due to poor land


In MDCs, poor farming In MDCs, poor farming practices lead to erosionpractices lead to erosion

ErosionErosionMultiple CausesMultiple Causes Removal of vegetationRemoval of vegetation• deforestation

• vegetation use for firewoodvegetation use for firewood

• over grazingover grazing

ErosionErosionMultiple CausesMultiple Causes Removal of vegetationRemoval of vegetation• removing windbreaks• removing natural vegetation removing natural vegetation along fence rowsalong fence rows

• farming riparian zonesfarming riparian zones

ErosionErosionMultiple CausesMultiple Causes farming highly erodible landfarming highly erodible land

failure to control gulliesfailure to control gullies

traditional plowing leaves traditional plowing leaves soil bare and exposedsoil bare and exposed

Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion Plants take essential Plants take essential

nutrients from the soilnutrients from the soil

Nutrient depletion results fromNutrient depletion results from repeated planting and harvestingrepeated planting and harvesting of crops, without replacing soilof crops, without replacing soil nutrientsnutrients

Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion

Depletion of soil nutrientsDepletion of soil nutrients lowers soil fertility and lowers soil fertility and agricultural productivityagricultural productivity

Plants require essential Plants require essential nutrients from the soilnutrients from the soil

Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion Over working the soilOver working the soil• repeated crops in effort to growrepeated crops in effort to grow more foodmore food• not letting the land rest ornot letting the land rest or lay fallowlay fallow• not replacing nutrients with not replacing nutrients with fertilizers or manuresfertilizers or manures

DesertificationDesertification Conversion of formerly fertile Conversion of formerly fertile land into barren, desert-like land into barren, desert-like conditioncondition

Most severe form of land degradationMost severe form of land degradation

A human-caused problemA human-caused problem

DesertificationDesertification Conversion of formerly fertile Conversion of formerly fertile land into barren, desert-like land into barren, desert-like conditioncondition Results from erosion and nutrientResults from erosion and nutrient depletiondepletion

Land becomes useless for agricultureLand becomes useless for agriculture

DesertificationDesertification Conversion of formerly fertile Conversion of formerly fertile land into barren, desert-like land into barren, desert-like conditioncondition

Occurring world wide Occurring world wide on a massive scaleon a massive scale

DesertificationDesertification Results in long-term Results in long-term

destruction of ecosystemsdestruction of ecosystems• A historical example --

• The “Fertile Crescent” region of the The “Fertile Crescent” region of the Middle East underwent desertificationMiddle East underwent desertification…

thousandsthousands of years ago of years ago

• It is still a desert today

DesertificationDesertification Desertification is Desertification is DECREASINGDECREASING the amount of arable, farmable landthe amount of arable, farmable land

at the same time thatat the same time that

Population growth is Population growth is INCREASINGINCREASING the number of people to feedthe number of people to feed

Water MismanagementWater MismanagementWhat do you need for agricultural production ?What do you need for agricultural production ?

Fertile soil and …Fertile soil and … WATERWATER Much of the Earth’s surface is Much of the Earth’s surface is

covered with water … but it is salt watercovered with water … but it is salt water

Our precious freshwater resources, Our precious freshwater resources, vital for agriculture, are limited and vital for agriculture, are limited and

often mismanagedoften mismanaged

Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement Limited surface waterLimited surface water Competition for waterCompetition for water Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers Inefficient irrigationInefficient irrigation

Water pollutionWater pollution

Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils Salt-water intrusionSalt-water intrusion

Water-logging of soilsWater-logging of soils

Limited surface waterLimited surface water In arid areas with low rainfall, In arid areas with low rainfall, availability of surface water limits availability of surface water limits


Despite limited surface water, large Despite limited surface water, large population centers have developed in population centers have developed in

some arid areassome arid areas

Competition for waterCompetition for water In arid areas with limited water In arid areas with limited water

resources, there is intense competition resources, there is intense competition for waterfor water

There may be regional competition,There may be regional competition, for example…for example…

• in the American southwestin the American southwest• in the Middle Eastin the Middle East

Competition for waterCompetition for water In arid areas with limited water In arid areas with limited water

resources, there is intense competition resources, there is intense competition for waterfor water

There may be competition among There may be competition among users of waterusers of water

• domesticdomestic

• agricultureagriculture

• business & industrybusiness & industry

Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers

AquiferAquifer = = underground water underground water in porous rockin porous rock

Often called “fossil water” Often called “fossil water” because the water may have been because the water may have been

underground for thousands of yearsunderground for thousands of years

Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers Recharge = the entry of waterRecharge = the entry of water into the aquiferinto the aquifer

Overdraft = the rate of waterOverdraft = the rate of water withdrawal from the withdrawal from the aquifer exceeds the aquifer exceeds the rate of rechargerate of recharge

Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers In areas with limited surface water,In areas with limited surface water, aquifers may be the primary wateraquifers may be the primary water sourcesource

overdraft of aquifersoverdraft of aquifers• water table levels are loweredwater table levels are lowered

• wells run dry• the aquifer may be depleted of waterthe aquifer may be depleted of water

Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers The problem is occurring in the United States and around the world

Overdraft of the Ogallala Aquifer Overdraft of the Ogallala Aquifer is a looming threat to American is a looming threat to American

agricultureagriculture

Ogallala AquiferOgallala Aquifer

Also known as the “High Plains Aquifer”

Underlies parts of eight states

Ogallala AquiferOgallala AquiferThe primary source of water in the The primary source of water in the

High Plains regionHigh Plains region

Region of high agricultural Region of high agricultural production, in large part, due to production, in large part, due to

water from the aquiferwater from the aquifer

Ogallala AquiferOgallala Aquifer The aquifer contains melt waterThe aquifer contains melt water from the last ice agefrom the last ice age

It is estimated that the aquifer It is estimated that the aquifer took 10,000 years to filltook 10,000 years to fill

Due to overdraft, the aquifer isDue to overdraft, the aquifer is being rapidly depletedbeing rapidly depleted

Ogallala AquiferOgallala Aquifer

What will happen to agriculture (and communities) without the water ?

Inefficient irrigationInefficient irrigation Traditional methods of irrigation Traditional methods of irrigation

are wasteful of waterare wasteful of water

Substantial quantities of water Substantial quantities of water fail to reach the plantsfail to reach the plants

Due to loss by evaporation into Due to loss by evaporation into air and infiltration into groundair and infiltration into ground

Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils The build up of mineral salts in soilsThe build up of mineral salts in soils

Due to a history of irrigation with Due to a history of irrigation with mineral-rich ground watermineral-rich ground water

As the irrigation water evaporates, theAs the irrigation water evaporates, the mineral salts are left behind in the soilmineral salts are left behind in the soil

Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils The build up of mineral salts in soilsThe build up of mineral salts in soils

The soils may become too salty The soils may become too salty for agricultural usefor agricultural use

Excess soil salinity will decreaseExcess soil salinity will decrease plant growth and productivityplant growth and productivity

Salt-water intrusionSalt-water intrusion Can occur in aquifers adjacent to Can occur in aquifers adjacent to

coastal areascoastal areas Excess freshwater withdrawal fromExcess freshwater withdrawal from the aquifer allows saltwater to enter the aquifer allows saltwater to enter

the aquiferthe aquifer

The aquifer water becomes too The aquifer water becomes too salty for agricultural (or other) usessalty for agricultural (or other) uses

Water-logging of soilsWater-logging of soils May become a problem in areas May become a problem in areas

with shallow water tables and with shallow water tables and poorly drained soilspoorly drained soils

Excess irrigation or precipitation canExcess irrigation or precipitation can saturate (water-log) the root zone of saturate (water-log) the root zone of

plants resulting in plant deathplants resulting in plant death

Water pollutionWater pollution Many harmful materialsMany harmful materials

enter our water supplyenter our water supply Water pollution poses many Water pollution poses many environmental threats, including environmental threats, including

harm to agricultureharm to agriculture

Water pollution will be considered in Water pollution will be considered in detail later in the coursedetail later in the course

Energy and AgricultureEnergy and Agriculture

Modern agriculture in MDCs isModern agriculture in MDCs is extraordinarily productive of foodextraordinarily productive of food

ANDANDextraordinarily energy intensiveextraordinarily energy intensive

Energy and AgricultureEnergy and Agriculture Essentially all of the energy for Essentially all of the energy for agriculture in MDCs comes from agriculture in MDCs comes from

fossil fuelsfossil fuels

Farm machinesFarm machines IrrigationIrrigation

FertilizerFertilizer TransportTransport

ProcessingProcessing DistributionDistribution



Fossil fuel supplies are finite and limitedFossil fuel supplies are finite and limited

Energy costs will rise as fossil Energy costs will rise as fossil fuel supplies decreasefuel supplies decrease



Fossil fuel supplies are finite and limitedFossil fuel supplies are finite and limited

New energy sources will be New energy sources will be needed in the futureneeded in the future

Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion The conversion of farm The conversion of farm

lands to non-agricultural useslands to non-agricultural uses

homeshomes roadsroads

businesses and industriesbusinesses and industries

Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion The conversion of farm lands The conversion of farm lands

to non-agricultural usesto non-agricultural uses

In the US between 1982 and 1992 more In the US between 1982 and 1992 more than four million acres of farmlands than four million acres of farmlands

were lost to urban developmentwere lost to urban development

Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion The conversion of farm lands The conversion of farm lands

to non-agricultural usesto non-agricultural uses

• due to continued population growthdue to continued population growth

• affects both MDCs and LDCs

• due to poor land use planningdue to poor land use planning

Food DiversityFood Diversity Over dependence on a Over dependence on a

few crop speciesfew crop species• heavy reliance on just a few heavy reliance on just a few

strains of each speciesstrains of each species

• low genetic diversity in our food sources

Food DiversityFood Diversity genetic diversity of current food genetic diversity of current food

sources is threatened by loss of sources is threatened by loss of their wild ancestorstheir wild ancestors

potential new food sources are potential new food sources are lost through species extinctionlost through species extinction

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTUREThere are numerous problems There are numerous problems

facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture

These problems These problems mustmust be be addressed to feed the current and addressed to feed the current and

future human populationfuture human population

Controlling Soil ErosionControlling Soil Erosion Maintain vegetative coverMaintain vegetative cover

• Slow deforestationSlow deforestation

• ReforestationReforestation

• Energy alternatives to firewoodEnergy alternatives to firewood

• Reduce overgrazingReduce overgrazing

Controlling Soil ErosionControlling Soil Erosion Maintain vegetative coverMaintain vegetative cover

• Maintain and replant windbreaksMaintain and replant windbreaks

• Maintain Maintain natural vegetation natural vegetation along fence rowsalong fence rows

• Maintain riparian zonesMaintain riparian zones

Controlling Soil ErosionControlling Soil Erosion Avoid farming highly erodible landAvoid farming highly erodible land

• contour plowingcontour plowing

On sloped lands practiceOn sloped lands practice

• terracingterracing

• integrated soil managementintegrated soil management

• gully reclamationgully reclamation

Controlling Soil ErosionControlling Soil Erosion Minimum-till or no-till plantingMinimum-till or no-till planting

• soil is not exposed by plowingsoil is not exposed by plowing

• weed control by herbicidesweed control by herbicides

• seeds planted by seed drillsseeds planted by seed drills

Controlling Soil ErosionControlling Soil Erosion Minimum-till or no-till plantingMinimum-till or no-till planting

• reduces soil erosionreduces soil erosion

• reduces fuel use and costsreduces fuel use and costs

• increases herbicide use and costsincreases herbicide use and costs

Restoring Soil NutrientsRestoring Soil Nutrients synthetic fertilizerssynthetic fertilizers fallowingfallowing

green manuresgreen manures

integrated soil managementintegrated soil management

animal manuresanimal manures

human biosolidshuman biosolids compostcompost

Increasing Agricultural LandsIncreasing Agricultural Lands

Bring reserve lands into productionBring reserve lands into production

Better land use planning Better land use planning and managementand management

Reclamation of desert landsReclamation of desert lands

Increasing Agricultural Increasing Agricultural ProductivityProductivity

Historically, the largest increases in Historically, the largest increases in productivity were accomplished productivity were accomplished

through the through the green revolutiongreen revolution

BiotechnologyBiotechnology has the has the potential to bring agriculture a potential to bring agriculture a

secondsecond green revolutiongreen revolution

Biotechnology and Agriculture

Application of advances in Application of advances in molecular biology to molecular biology to

problems of agricultural problems of agricultural production of foodproduction of food


Increased crop yieldsIncreased crop yields

Increased nutritional valueIncreased nutritional value

Increased pest resistanceIncreased pest resistance

Improved fertilizer Improved fertilizer utilization and nitrogen fixationutilization and nitrogen fixation


Freeze resistant plantsFreeze resistant plants

Drought and salt tolerant plantsDrought and salt tolerant plants

Improved ripening, harvesting, Improved ripening, harvesting, and storage characteristicsand storage characteristics


Development ofDevelopment of perennial crop plantsperennial crop plants

Improved feed efficiency and Improved feed efficiency and growth of livestockgrowth of livestock

Development of highly Development of highly productive livestock strainsproductive livestock strains

Development of New FoodsDevelopment of New Foods

New foods are needed toNew foods are needed to

• Lessen over dependence on a Lessen over dependence on a small number of grain speciessmall number of grain species

• Feed an ever growing populationFeed an ever growing population


Acceptance of new foods ?Acceptance of new foods ?

• Food preferences are learnedFood preferences are learned

• Typically, part of cultural traditionTypically, part of cultural tradition

• Many find delight in exploration Many find delight in exploration of new cultural cuisinesof new cultural cuisines

Development of New FoodsDevelopment of New Foods Develop large-scale production Develop large-scale production

of select native foodsof select native foods

• Some locally used, native foods Some locally used, native foods may be suitable for large-scale may be suitable for large-scale



Increased use of grazer species Increased use of grazer species native to an areanative to an area

• Animals well adapted to local Animals well adapted to local climate and foragesclimate and forages


Increased use of “trash” Increased use of “trash” fish and bi-catchfish and bi-catch

• Much of harvest from oceans Much of harvest from oceans is currently wastedis currently wasted


Increased food production by Increased food production by aquaculture and maricultureaquaculture and mariculture

• aquaculture –aquaculture – freshwater farming

• mariculture –mariculture – saltwater farming


Utilization of algae as foodUtilization of algae as food

• High nutritional valueHigh nutritional value

• Tremendous available biomassTremendous available biomass

• Grows well in most locationsGrows well in most locations


Utilization of insects as foodUtilization of insects as food

• High nutritional valueHigh nutritional value

• Tremendous available biomassTremendous available biomass

• Our primary competitors for foodOur primary competitors for food

AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURE Producing Food for a Growing Population Growing Population Producing Food...

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