Agricultural Production inDeveloping Country

Presented byJittima Poonnotog

Module 551

DURIAN IN THAILANDDURIAN IN THAILAND

Introduction of DurianIntroduction of Durian

Scientific name : Scientific name : Durio zibethinusDurio zibethinus Origin : Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, southern Origin : Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, southern

region of Thailandregion of Thailand Cultivation area : Sri Lanka, southern India, Cultivation area : Sri Lanka, southern India,

southern Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, southern Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Borneo, Mindanao and New GuineaIndonesia, Borneo, Mindanao and New Guinea

In Asia call ‘King of Tropical fruit’In Asia call ‘King of Tropical fruit’

Location of Thailand

General Information of ThailandGeneral Information of Thailand LatitudeLatitude : 5: 5ºº 40’ and 20 40’ and 20ºº 30’ North 30’ North LongitudeLongitude : 90: 90ºº 70’ and 105 70’ and 105ºº 45’ East 45’ East Average temperature : 26Average temperature : 26ºº – 28 – 28ºº c c

Maximum temperature : 38Maximum temperature : 38ºº – 43 – 43ºº c cMinimum temperature : 5Minimum temperature : 5ºº – 19 – 19ºº c c

ClimateClimate : humid tropical: humid tropical Average rainfall range : 1,018 – 5,106 mmAverage rainfall range : 1,018 – 5,106 mm Hot dry seasonHot dry season : March – April: March – April Rainy seasonRainy season : May – October: May – October Cold dry seasonCold dry season : November - February: November - February

Location of Durian Production

Location of Durian CultivationLocation of Durian Cultivation

Eastern region 75%Eastern region 75%

Rainfall 1,312-4,456mmRainfall 1,312-4,456mm

Humidity 74-78%Humidity 74-78%

Temperature 9Temperature 9ºº- 38- 38ºº c c

Average 27Average 27ºº c c

Fruit Apr - JunFruit Apr - Jun

Southern region 25%Southern region 25%

Rainfall 1,018-2,568mmRainfall 1,018-2,568mm

Humidity 78-82%Humidity 78-82%

Temperature 14Temperature 14ºº- 39- 39ºº c c

Average 27Average 27ºº c c

Fruit Aug - OctFruit Aug - Oct

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Tree : perennial, life 80-100 years, straight Tree : perennial, life 80-100 years, straight

low-branched trunk, height 70-80 feet, soft low-branched trunk, height 70-80 feet, soft woodwood

Leaf : length 8-20 cm, width 4-6 cm, colour Leaf : length 8-20 cm, width 4-6 cm, colour light to dark green on upper, silvery or brown light to dark green on upper, silvery or brown rusty underneathrusty underneath

Flower : white colour, main branches/trunk, Flower : white colour, main branches/trunk, dry seasondry season

Fruit : 3-5 compartments, green outside with Fruit : 3-5 compartments, green outside with stout sharp-pyramidal spines, aril yellow with stout sharp-pyramidal spines, aril yellow with strong odourstrong odour

CultivationCultivation

Pruning : branch, flower, fruitPruning : branch, flower, fruit Irrigation : dry longer than 3 month and when Irrigation : dry longer than 3 month and when

flower and fruitflower and fruit Transplanting : before rainy season, need wide Transplanting : before rainy season, need wide

spacespace Pest : patch canker and root rot - Pest : patch canker and root rot - Phytophthora Phytophthora

palmivora palmivora , fruit – , fruit – Sclerotum rolfsiiSclerotum rolfsii

HarvestingHarvesting

Maturity : 90-135 days from bloomMaturity : 90-135 days from bloom Full mature : more than90% , storage life 3-4 daysFull mature : more than90% , storage life 3-4 days Matured green : 80%-90% , storage life 5-8 days up to 10-Matured green : 80%-90% , storage life 5-8 days up to 10-

12 days, good quality for consumption12 days, good quality for consumption Immature : less than 75%Immature : less than 75%

Most durian are harvested in matured green stage. Most durian are harvested in matured green stage. Overripe and immature subject to inferior.Overripe and immature subject to inferior.

Fruits are tied to braches to prevent natural fallFruits are tied to braches to prevent natural fall Quality base upon fruit variety standard.Quality base upon fruit variety standard.

Post harvestingPost harvesting

Harvested with peduncleHarvested with peduncle Put on a container: plastic or bamboo basketPut on a container: plastic or bamboo basket Stack in bulk on truck and cover with jute bag Stack in bulk on truck and cover with jute bag

or canvasor canvas Store at 15Store at 15ººc to extend shelf lifec to extend shelf life Optimum storage at 4Optimum storage at 4ººc – extend 42-56 daysc – extend 42-56 days

FlowerLeafFruit

CHA-NEE

MON-TONG KAN-YAO

KRA-DUM-TONG

Durian variety

Commercial

Harvesting

Durian orchard

Post harvesting

Utilization and NutritionUtilization and Nutrition

FreshFresh Overripe to process: paste, chips, powder, Overripe to process: paste, chips, powder,

mixed with coconut milkmixed with coconut milk Seeds : fried, boiled, roastedSeeds : fried, boiled, roasted Dry husk : fuel and fertilizerDry husk : fuel and fertilizer Edible pulp 100 g contain 129 Calories, 70.9% Edible pulp 100 g contain 129 Calories, 70.9%

moisture, 19.3 g Carbohydratemoisture, 19.3 g Carbohydrate

Durian fresh Durian chip

MarketingMarketing 85% fresh in Thailand, 10% export – fresh and 85% fresh in Thailand, 10% export – fresh and

frozen, 5% processed productfrozen, 5% processed product Price relates on variety and appearancePrice relates on variety and appearance

Orchard : graded into small, medium and largeOrchard : graded into small, medium and large Market : weight per kgMarket : weight per kg

Price is higher beg / end of season.Price is higher beg / end of season. Peeled durian price is 3 times higherPeeled durian price is 3 times higher Montong tends to get a higher priceMontong tends to get a higher price

Marketing-ExportMarketing-Export

Durian is one of significant crops for exportDurian is one of significant crops for export The largest exporter of fresh and frozenThe largest exporter of fresh and frozen Major market: Taiwan, Singapore, Hong KongMajor market: Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong Packing in corrugated carton or wooden cratePacking in corrugated carton or wooden crate Market for frozen durian : USA, Canada, Market for frozen durian : USA, Canada,

Australia, EuropeAustralia, Europe

1999 2000 2001

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

process

export

domestic

Thai Production 1999 789,800 Tons 2000 830,000 2001 820,000

World production 1,400,000 Tons

ConclusionConclusion

Land use has been changed and impact durian Land use has been changed and impact durian production in some areasproduction in some areas

Breeding development : commercial + wildBreeding development : commercial + wild Improve quality of frozen durianImprove quality of frozen durian High respond from marketHigh respond from market