Agricultural intensification and Nipah virus emergence
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Transcript of Agricultural intensification and Nipah virus emergence
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Agricultural Intensification andNipah Virus Emergence
Jonathan Epstein DVM, MPH@epsteinjon
EcoHealth Alliance@ecohealthnyc #onehealth2016
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Projections of livestock intensification
“Meat consumption in developing countries has risen from 10 kg per person per year in 1964-66 to 26 in 1997-99. It is projected to rise still further, to 37 kg per person per year in 2030.”
“A continued shift in production methods can be expected…towards more intensive and industrial methods.”
-UN Food and Agriculture Organization
World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. FAO 2002
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Sg. Nipah
Ipoh
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Nipah virus index farm
• 30,000+ pigs
• Network of other large farms
• Adjacent to primary forest / fruit bat habitat
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Nipah virus in Malaysia, 1998-1999
Human encephalitic cases
11Jan97 16Aug97 16May98 3Oct98 2Jan99
Perak
01
23
4
27Mar99
Selangor
Nu
mb
er
of
case
s0
12
34
26Dec98
Negeri Sembilan
Week of onset of illness
01
02
03
04
0
Num
ber
of
cases
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7%
(29)
Distribution of NiV in Malaysian
Pteropus spp.
Pulau Tioman
Tanjung Agas
47%
(34)
Lenggong52%
(27)
K. Berang
38%
(13)
58%
(24)
38%
(26)
Tk. Memali
17%
(12)
Muar
Benut
6%
(1164)
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Pig and mango production, Malaysia
Pulliam, Epstein et al., J. R. Soc. Interface 2012
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12
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Intervention: buffer zone
• No orchards near livestock enclosures
• Removes bat-livestock interface
• Still allows for income from cultivation
www.freemalaysiatoday.com
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Nipah virus in Bangladesh and India
• 20+ outbreaks reported since 2001
•>300 cases (~75% cfr; up to 100%)
• Spatial and seasonal patterns
• Bat-to-human transmission1,2
• Human-to-human transmission
1. Hsu et al. EID 2005; 2. Gurley et al, 2008
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Spillover via date palm sap
1. Luby et al Emer. Infect. Dis. 20052. Khan et al., EcoHealth 2011Photo (left) J. Epstein EcoHealth Alliance (right) S.U. Khan
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Henipaviruses in domestic animals
• Non-neutralizing Abs found in cattle (6.5%), goats(4.3%) and pigs (44.2%)1
• Clinically “normal” animals
• Farmers feed bitten fruit
1. Chowdhury S, Khan SU, Crameri G, Epstein JH, Broder CC, et al. (2014), PLoS Negl. Trop Dis.Photo: J. Epstein, EcoHealth Alliance
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Blocking access to date palm sap
• Bamboo skirt: simple, inexpensive, easy, but time consuming
• Effective at excluding pests
• Incentive to adopt? • Financial, not health related1
1. Nahar et al. Global Health Promotion. 2014 Photo J. Epstein EcoHealth Alliance
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Evidence for Henipavirus infection in bats*
Confirmed human Henipavirus infection
Henipavirus Distribution
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Conclusions
• Agricultural intensification drives disease emergence
• Simple interventions needed to disrupt wildlife-livestock-human interfaces
• Behavior change to adopt interventions