Agricultural Entrepreneurship

8/19/2019 Agricultural Entrepreneurship

1/38

Agricultural

Entrepreneurship:A Farmer’s

ExperienceByHenrietta Ingo Ogan Ph.D

ChairmanCEOI!iteinye Integrate"

Farms


2/38

What is Agriculture?

•Agriculture is the cultivation of animals,

plants, fungi and other life forms for food,fibre, biofuel, medicinal and other products

used to sustain and enhance human life.

• It could also be defined as the process of producing food, feed, fibre and many other

desired products by the cultivation of

certain plants and raising of domesticatedanimals (livestocks).

•The practice of agriculture is also known as

“farming”.


3/38

Origin of Agriculture/Farming• Agriculture started immediately after the creation of

man. As you can see from Genesis !"# $"% as stated below& God created everything from the beginning and

simply asked man (us) to tend and replenish it for

survival, development and growth.

•

'"#! “Then God blessed them, and God said to them, be fruitful and multiply& fill the earth and subdue it&

have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of

the air, and over every living thing that moves on the

earth.”• '"%! “And God said, see, I have given you every herb

that yields seed which is on the face of all the earth, and

every tree whose fruit yields seed& to you it shall be for

food.” #his I call A%&IC'(#'&A( E)#E&P&I*E


4/38

Types of Agriculture/Farming

There are two maor types of

Agricultural*arming practices namely&

•

+onventional Agriculture•ustainable Agriculture


5/38

Conventional agriculture

This involves!• Altering or changing the natural environment

(removing trees, tilling the soil, installing an

irrigation system, etc.• -onocropping, or planting one crop (only

corn is grown on a plot).• The crops grown are nonrenewable after

harvesting, the plot is bare again and re/uires

cultivation (tilling and plowing of the soil),

fertili0ation, planting, irrigation (watering)

and harvesting all over again.


6/38

• 1iversity is eliminated in order to maintain

uniformity•

2sing insecticides and pesticides to keep insectsand animals from eating the crops& these

chemicals are not only poisonous to insects,

animals and humans, they also pollute ground

water, streams, rivers, and oceans.• 2sing inorganic fertili0ers to provide nutrients to

the soil.•

A lot of energy and work for the farmer tomaintain this unnatural farming system& nature is

more aligned with diversity (it wants to be wild),

rather than controlled and uniform.


7/38

The Effects of Conventional Agriculture

include:

• ince the plot is stripped of its natural

environmental features, the plants are vulnerable

to disease, high herbivore predation, and soil

erosion.• A decrease in biodiversity means many animals

lose their habitat and either relocate or become

e3tinct.• After harvesting, the plot is empty, leaving the

soil bare and prone to soil erosion.


8/38

•The use of insecticides and pesticides

pollutes the environment on many levels!

the soil, streams, creeks, rivers,underground water sources, well water, the

ocean, and even the people. This poisoning

can cause severe illness and even death.•+rop disease, drought (no rain), fire, or

heavy rainfall can destroy a crop, thus

causing severe economic hardship for thefarmer and even the consumer because

when the /uantity of a crop is low and

when the supply is low the price is


9/38

Sustainale Agriculture !agro"ecology#

This uses ecological principles to farm, hence the

prefi3 agro to farm and ecology which is the scienceof the relationships between organisms and their

environments.

Agroecology involves!• -aintaining the natural environment and using

ecological principles for sustained farming

practices.• 4olycropping, or planting many crops together

(e3! planting rows of corn, bean etc together

rather than in separate plots, like mono

cropping).


10/38

• ince many plants are planted together, and each

one has a different harvesting period, the plot is

never bare. This reduces soil erosion.• 1iversity is maintained and even increased over

time.•

A diverse system of plants may attract severalspecies of herbivores. ome of these herbivores

eat specific kinds of plants. 4redator species

usually do not have a preference for which

herbivores to eat. This predation keeps the

herbivore population in check, thus reducing

predation of any one crop.


11/38

•ome plants are natural insect

repellents and thus reduce the need to

use insecticides.• 5utrients from each intercrop plant

provide different nutrients to the soil,thus increasing its fertility.•6ess energy is re/uired from the

farmer because the agriculture systemsustains itself.


12/38

The Effects of Sustainale Agriculture includes:

•

2sing ecological principles increases biodiversity. 5ot only are animals’ homes salvaged, but the natural ecological system protects and

sustains itself from soil erosion, severe herbivore

predation, and crop disease.• ince insecticides and pesticides are not used,

pollution and the harmful effects of ingesting

these poisons are not an issue.• ince each intercropping plant supplies a

different nutrient to the soil, less or even no

fertili0ers are added to the soil.

• Thi t f i lt i li d ith t


13/38

• This type of agriculture is aligned with nature

and uses the principles of nature to sustain itself.• *armers e3perience less or no economic loss

with this type of agriculture system because thenatural environment protects itself from crop

disease due to diversity of species, soil erosion,

flooding, droughts, and fire.


14/38

*rom the above, it is obvious that the sustainable

agriculture is the better option. 7e that as it may,each farm is its own entity with its own uni/ue

philosophies, methods, practices and operations of

raising crops andor rearing animals according tothe climate, soil, terrain, and the farmer himherself.

8owever, modern technology and the ease with

which information is received and shared have madeit possible for one to borrow, integrate and apply

ideas from different climes and terrains.


15/38

Types of Farming

*arming can be classifiedgrouped according to

what it grows and how it is grown!• Arable farming! grows crops, e.g. wheat, mai0e

etc.• 4astoral farming! raising animals, e.g. poultry,

piggery etc.• -i3ed farming! +omprises both arable and

pastoral


16/38

• ubsistence! Grown ust for the farmer and his family.

6ittle is left over to sell. It is often small scale and

generally involves a mi3ture of crops and animals. The

farm has little technology or machinery but may be

labour intensive.

• +ommercial! Grown for profit purposes, it usually

involves farming on a large scale, using fewer workers

but lots of machinery and technology. The produce issold at the market.


17/38

• Intensive! 8igh inputs of labour or capital usually small

e3panse of land

• 93tensive! 6ow inputs of labour or capital usually large

e3panse of land e.g. ranch.

• edentary! 4ermanently in one place

• 5omadic! The farmers move around to find new areas tofarm


18/38

Agriculture/Farming as an Enterprise

imply put, an 9nterprise is the addition of value to what

is in e3istence for our benefit and for those of others far and

near.

ince agriculturefarming is generally speaking, the

tending of plants and animals to provide useful goods and

services meant to save, develop, and grow the human race inall ramifications, it is an enterprise.


19/38

To succeed in any enterprise you wish to carry out

including farming, it is very important to understand its prosand cons, emerging trends, its impact on the environment,

including the human race etc. This is because there is no

enterprise anybody in the world today wants to into that has

not been practiced in one form or the other.

*or sustainable and enduring success therefore, the

'ision-ission of any 9nterprise should be to contriute towards the continued e3istence of the human race


20/38

$y E%perience as a Farmer

The idea of Ibiteinye Integrated *arms (&&F# was born

from writing an article on how to feed in times of *A-I59.

The proect was conceived in the year "::" with its

'ision and -ission as follows!

'&S&O(: To contribute towards global food sufficiencythrough environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural

practi+es.


21/38

$&SS&O(: To create employment through 4oultry,

A/uaculture, 4iggery, naillery, *ruits, 'egetables, herbsfarming etc.

To convert farm wastes to high /uality usable organic

manure and clean energy for the farm use, thereby

significantly reducing environmental pollution.

The farm occupies " hectares of land with the capacityto yield ",;%; culled layers, ";",#:: eggs,


22/38

Since the farm produces about 120

tonnes of poultry waste, 480 tonnes ofPiery waste and 100 tonnes fromother waste streams per annum! Thefarm thus intends to convert the manure from the

piggery and poultry wastes to methane gas for

her energy needs.

The farm produces the feed for its livestock and

also hatches its fingerlings.


23/38

Snail Pen with "ilapia


24/38

Potted Scent #ea$es andPepper


25/38

Potted %&ro


26/38

Strawberry Planted on theSoa&away


27/38

'rapes as an ()periment


28/38

Spinach and *ano "ree


29/38

+anana and oncrete -ishPond


30/38

Pi Pen . Sow with herPilets


31/38

Piery /aste eceptacle


32/38

-eed*ill


33/38

#ayers in the +roodin ouseand +attery aes


34/38

&s Agriculture/Farming )rofitale?

Agriculture is profitable all things being e/ual. 8owever,

since one is dealing with living entities, care must be taken

to tend such in a sustainable manner before profit can be

obtained.

In &&F for instance all workers, especially in the 6ife

stock sections have been trained to know what to e3pect andto promptly report any deviations from e3pectations.


35/38

=hen that happens we call other farmers to find out if

they have e3perienced such and what positive steps they took.

=e also call the various vetsagricultural e3perts we have on

our list depending on the area of speciali0ation. =e alsofollow the instruction given by our suppliers (Agrited) in

terms of feeding, and physical environment etc.

=e also consult and learn from those who have brokengrounds in the enterprise like the onghai >evolution

founded by >ev. *r. Godfrey 50amuo.


36/38

Agriculture has never been given its pride of place the

world over, otherwise we will never have food shortage, all

things being e/ual (drought, earth/uake, storms, tsunamis

etc).

=e should remember that the practice of agriculture i.e

tending what is available in our environment (environment

being defined as land, atmosphere, plantsanimals of different

species and si0es including the seen and unseen, water,mountains, forests etc.) is an instruction given by God for

the survival of the human race.


37/38

=e should also bear in mind that the word tend implies

patiently care for and growincreasedevelop in /uality and/uantity.

In summary, agriculture is the sine/uanon to sustainable

growth and survival of the human race. Though an

individual or group can go into any form of the practice of

agriculture, it has to be practiced in such a way that other

components of the environment are enhanced and notcompromised, this will then lead to profitability in business.


38/38

"35 6%7 3 '%+#(SS

Agricultural Entrepreneurship

Documents

Transcript of Agricultural Entrepreneurship