Agricultural Engineering.pdf

7/23/2019 Agricultural Engineering.pdf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/agricultural-engineeringpdf 1/20

GR

Nati

RICU

onal Ins

ULTU

titute of

UR

Agricult

L

E

S

ural Ext

ENGI

ctor

nsion

INEE

l Re

anage

Page |

ERIN

ort, 2

ent (MAHyd

N

009

NAGE)erabad



Page | 2

Table of Contents

1 AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY 5-9

1.1 Introduction 5

1.2 Farm Mechanization 5

1.3 Growth of Mechanization 6

1.4 Mechanization Penetration and Growth Potential 7

2 TRACTOR INDUSTRY 10-17

2.1 Introduction 10

2.2 Export Market 12

2.3 Drivers of Tractor Growth 12

2.4 Challenges for Tractor Industry 13

2.5 Profiles of Major Players 15

3 MICRO IRRIGATION 16-18

3.1 Introduction 16

3.2 Nature of Scheme 16

3.3 Drip Irrigation 16

3.4 Sprinkler Irrigation 18

4 SUBSIDY POLICY 19-20

4.1 Macro-Management of Agriculture 19



Page | 3

List Of Tables

.

1.1 Availability of agriculture equipment in India 7

1.2 Sales of tractors and power tillers in India 9

3.1 Average of unit cost for installing drip irrigation system 17

3.2 Cost of sprinkler irrigation system 18

4.1 Equipments covered under subsidy 19



Page | 4

List of Figures

1.1 Availability of various farm equipments/1000ha of land 8

2.1 Percentage of sales 10

2.2 State-wise sale of tractors (%) 11

2.3 Agricultural equipment exports (US$ million) 12

3.1 Area covered under drip irrigation up to year 2005 17

3.2 Area covered under sprinkler irrigation up to 2005 18



Page | 5

1. Agricultural Equipment Industry

1.1 Introduction

India’s agricultural sector is one of the most significant components of the country’s

economy, though its share in the GDP has been decreasing over the years. Nearly 60 per cent of

India’s population is dependent on agriculture for its livelihood. Performance of the agricultural

sector continues to have a crucial impact on the prices of essential goods and market demand for

various consumer products. Agricultural Equipment industry plays a key role in supporting the

performance of the agricultural sector in India. Farming activities are increasingly getting

mechanized, and the availability, quality and performance of agricultural equipment has an

increasing impact on improving the output and productivity of the agricultural sector. While

India manufactures and deploys a range of agricultural equipment across the industry value

chain, tractors and tillers are the two that constitute the bulk of the industry.

The Indian agricultural equipment industry covers the gamut of equipment used for

different activities across the agriculture value chain. The manufacturing of basic agricultural

implements is largely performed by village artisans and tiny units, small scale industries and the

State Agro-Industrial Development Corporations. The traditional artisans and small scale

industries rely upon their own experience, user’s feedback and government owned research and

development institutions for technological support. They typically operate out of their own

homes or basic establishments that are often without regular utility services. Medium scaleindustries operate in their own premises with adequate infrastructure, sometimes forming a part

of an industrial estate. They also have manufacturing and marketing facilities and employ skilled

manpower.

Products such as diesel engines, electric motors, irrigation pumps, sprayers and dusters

are produced in this sector. Complex products such as land development machinery, tractors,

power tillers, post harvest and processing machinery and dairy equipment are manufactured by

large players in the organized sector. These firms typically have large manufacturing facilities,

professional marketing network of dealers and provide effective after sales service. They also

have in-house research and development facilities or have joint ventures with advanced countriesfor technology up gradation. Mahindra & Mahindra’s Farm Equipment Sector (FES), which

designs, develops, manufactures and markets tractors for Indian and overseas markets, is the

largest manufacturer of tractors in India. Other major players include TAFE, New Holland, John

Deere and Punjab Tractors Ltd.



Page | 6

1.2 Farm Mechanization

Mechanization refers to interjection of machinery between men and materials handled bythem. In agriculture, materials are soil, water, environment, seed, fertilizer, pesticides, growth

regulators, irrigation, agricultural produce and by-products such as food grains, oilseeds, fruits

and vegetables, cotton, sugarcane, jute & kenaf and other cash crops, milk, meat, eggs and fish

etc. There is scope of mechanization in every unit operation of production agriculture, post-

harvest and agro-processing, and rural living.

Mechanization has varied connotations. While in the developed world it tends to be

synonymous to automation but in developing countries, like India, mechanization means any

improved tool, implement, machinery or structure that assists in enhancement of workers’

output, multiplies the human effort, supplements or substitutes human labor that is enabling andremoving, avoids drudgery or stresses that adversely affect human mental faculties leading to

errors, imprecision and hazards and eventually loss of efficiency. It also means automation and

controls that assure quality, hygiene. Agricultural mechanization in a limited sense relates to

production agriculture.

1.3 Growth of Mechanization

1. Tractors

2. Levelers

3. Ploughs

4. Dozers

5. Scrapers

1. Drill

2. Seeder

3. Planter

4. Dibbler

5. Trans-

planter

1.Shovel/Plough

2. Harrow

3. Tiller

4. Sprayer

5. Duster

1. Harvester

2. Thresher

3. Digger

4. Reaper

5. Sheller

6. Sickle/Dao

1. Seed Extractor

2. Dehusker

3.Huller/Dehuller

4. Cleaner

5. Grader

6. Mill

7. Dryer

Over the years, the share of human and animal power in agriculture has reduced

drastically, paving the way for a variety of equipment to emerge. Many of these are driven by

tractors, diesel engines or tillers. Several of the traditional processes in agriculture have been

transformed with the advent of mechanization. For example:

Land

development,

Tillage, Seed bed

preparation

Sowing &

Planting

Weeding,

Intercultivation,

Plant

protection

Post harvest &

agricultural

Processing

Harvesting &

Threshing



Page | 7

• Land development, tillage and seedbed preparation, together account for a major share of

power utilization in the crop cycle. From animal driven plough and blade harrow, the

process is now being transformed by utilization of tractor driven devices.

• Sowing and planting as a process, though not power intensive, has traditionally been sub-

optimal due to the complexity of drilling of land and then uniformly sowing the seeds.

This process is now being transformed by modern seed drills and planters.

• Irrigation of farmland has been largely automated and the use of diesel and electric

motors and pumps is now well established.

• Similarly, the activities pertaining to plant protection, harvesting and threshing are being

automated, largely with the help of sprayers and tractor mounted equipment, respectively.

As a result of these developments, the use of animals to power farming activities has been

continuously declining.

The consumption of electric power for farming has also been increasing steadily – another

indication of the increasing mechanization in the sector.

1.4 Mechanization Penetration and Growth Potential

Agricultural mechanization in India, while growing rapidly, is still at a nascent stage. The

penetration of almost all categories of agricultural equipment, as measured by the number of

equipments per hectare, is quite low in India. This indicates significant growth potential for the

industry in the future. India’s experience in consumer durables and automobiles over the past

decade has been that when there is a low market penetration, coupled with availability of high

quality, high technology products and ease of financing, the market booms. All these factors are

present in the agricultural equipment sector today and hence the confidence in future growth

appears sound. This factor, coupled with the growth in the tractors segment, indicates that these

could be quite attractive growth options for investors.

Table 1.1: Availability of agriculture equipment in India

Type of equipment Availability in Numbers Per 1000

Hectare Net Area Sown

Manual Seed Drill/Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill 153.2

Animal Drawn Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill 36.1

Tractor Drawn Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill 7.2

Animal Drawn Leveller 84.8

Tractor Operated Leveller 6.2



Page | 8

Manually Operated Plant Protection Equipment 28.5

Power Operated Plant Protection Equipment 4.3

Drip & Sprinkler Equipments 8.3Horticultural Tools (Power Operated) 8.9

Tractors 16.7

Power Tillers 2.0

Tractor Operated Dise Harrow 6.6

Tractor Operated Cultivator 12.5

Tractor Operated Rotavator 0.9

Potato Digger 2.1

Straw Reaper 18.8

Forage Harvester 18.2

(Source: www.indiastat.com)

Figure 1.1: Availability of various farm equipments/1000ha of net area sown


153.2

36.17.2

84.86.2

28.5

4.38.3

8.9

16.7 2

6.6 12.50.9 2.1 18.8 18.2

Availability in Numbers Per 1000 Hectare Net Area Sown

Manual Seed Drill/Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill Animal Drawn Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill

Tractor Drawn Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill Animal Drawn Leveller

Tractor Operated Levellers Manually Operated Plant Protection Equipment

Power Operated Plant Protection Equipment Drip & Sprinkler Equipments

Horticultural Tools (Power Operated) Tractors

Power Tillers Tractor Operated Dise Harrow

Tractor Operated Cultivator Tractor Operated Rotavator

Potato Digger Straw Reaper

Forage Harvester



Page | 9

Table 1.2: Sales of tractors and power tillers in India

Year Sale (number)

Tractors Power Tillers

2002-03 247531 17481

2003-04 296080 22303

2004-05 352835 24791

2005-06 202708 18375

2006-07 190336 15665

2007-08 173098 14613


The farm equipment sector in India is nascent, but a fast growing one, that is set to

experience sustained growth due to increased mechanization of farming, easy availability of

credit and emerging practices, such as contract farming. Tractors and related equipment form the

major part of the industry and given their low penetration levels in India, look set to continue

having a significant share in the market. These appear the most attractive segments for

investment and have been attracting multinational players such as John Deere. Punjab and

Maharashtra appear attractive locations for investment given the favorable demand, supply and

regulatory scenario in these states. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu could be other options.



Page | 10

2.

Tractor Industry

2.1 Introduction

Tractor industry plays an important role as agriculture sector has a major contribution to

India’s GDP. Tractors are part of agricultural machinery industry. Tractors came to India through

imports and later on were indigenously manufactured with the help of foreign collaborations.

There were only 8,635 imported tractors in use in 1951. The manufacturing process started in

1961-62 with 880 numbers, but India continued to import tractors to meet the total needs up to

the late 1970s due to the slow pace of production.

Indian tractor industry is relatively young but now has become the largest market

worldwide, accounting for one third of global production. The tractor market in India is cyclic

and has been growing steadily over the years. There has been a continuous growth of about 20 %

Y-o-Y for the industry since 2003. There was a recession between 2000 and 2002 owing to poor

monsoons. The market is segmented in terms of horsepower into the 30 HP and less (lower)

segment, the 30 HP – 40 HP segment, 41 HP – 50 HP segment and the higher segment beyond

50 HP. The medium horse power category tractors, 31-40 HP, are the most popular in the

country and fastest growing segment, which contributes 51 % of the total market. All major

players cater to all the three segments. There has been a trend to move towards higher HP

tractors, in recent years. This has been prompted by the need for newer applications and

increasing awareness among farmers about new mechanization options.

Figure 2.1: Percentage of sales

(Source: www.ibef.org)



accoun

Figure

(Sourc

domest

(FY09)

minim

then ca

sentim

credit a

volume

by 3-5

2008-0

estimat

is less

numbe

penetra

(Source:

Punjab, U

ing for mo

2.2: State-

e: www.ibef.

In the last

c market

saw a pret

m support

me the glo

nts despite

s they were

Tractor ind

terms to re

% by 2013

to aroun

ed to remai

In India, tr

han 10%.

of farmer

tion in the

www.econo

tar Prade

e than 50

ise sale o

org)

six years,

as about 3

y good fir

prices and

al meltdo

a third co

worried. T

ustry sales

ach a size

14. In valu

Rs 215 bi

under pre

ctor owne

However,

hire tract

arket.

ictimes.co

7%

7%

5%

4%

3%

3% 2%

h and Ha

of sales (

tractors (

the tracto

,04,000 tra

t half at a

big credit

n and its i

nsecutive

he industry

(including

f 4.3 lakh

e terms, th

llion by 20

ssure in 20

ship is ver

t the same

rs. There i

)

7%7%

9%

ryana are

006-07).

)

r market

tors comp

ime when

waiver w

mpact on I

reat mons

took a hit.

exports) a

nits by 20

industry i

13-14. Op

8-09 and r

low. Loo

time the u

s clearly a

36

10%

the larges

as grown

red with 1

ommodity

s announc

ndia. Ther

on last ye

It ended w

e expected

3-14. Do

estimated

rating mar

emain flat i

ing at all f

sage is as

lot of scop

t markets

by 89%.

60,000 tra

prices wer

d by the

was a ge

ar. The ba

th almost a

to grow a

estic dema

to increase

ins for tra

n 2009-10.

rming hou

high as 35

e for more

for tracto

or year 2

tors in 200

e going up;

overnment

eral econo

ks clampe

flat growt

a CAGR

d is projec

from Rs 1

ctor manuf

seholds, th

. This m

ownership

Punjab

Uttar Pr

Haryan

Rajasth

Madhya

Gujarat

Mahara

Bihar

West B

Karnata

Page | 1

s, togethe

08-09, th

3. The yea

lot of hig

. However

ic drop i

d down o

.

f 4-6 % i

ted to gro

3 billion i

cturers ar

ownershi

ans a larg

and greate

adesh

n

Pradesh

shtra

ngal

ka

,



2.2 E

continu

rose to

Figure

(Sour

other n

year 20

(Source:

2.3 D

agricul

haulag

Y e a r

port Ma

Agricultur

ous growt

US$ 451.7

2.3: Agric

ce: www.ibe

Sizeable q

tions. The

08-09. Exp

CRISIL Re

ivers of

Various fa

ural growt

. The majo

Credit an

mechanisa

credit. Th

to enhanc

Emergenc

0

2003‐04

2004‐05

2005‐06

2006‐07

2007‐08

ket

l equipme

over the

million in

ltural equi

.org)

uantities a

re has bee

orts are esti

ort April 20

ractor

ctors influ

and the s

r usage (ag

money av

tion’s fort

s, it beco

the use of

of contra

50

nt exports,

ast five y

FY07, a C

ment expo

e exported

an overal

mated to g

09)

rowth

ence the

condary de

iculture) is

ailability h

nes. More

es crucial

agricultura

t farming.

117.

100 15

primarily

ars. From

GR of 31

rts (US$ m

to Africa,

drop of 2

ow by 8-1

emand of

mands ema

dependent

as always

than 90%

hat a long

mechanis

7

171.42

200

E

tractor fr

US$ 117.4

per cent.

llion)

the Middl

% in the

per cent b

tractors.

nates from

upon the f

een a maj

of tractor

term polic

tion must

276.

250 300

xports

m India

million in

e East, Asi

xports of t

y the year

ajor de

the dual u

llowing dr

r factor in

purchases

of zero or

e initiated

91

354.

350

ave been

FY03, tra

a, South

he industr

013-14.

and come

e of tractor

vers:

tractor in

in the cou

marginal i

by the gove

64

400 450

Page | 1

registerin

tor export

merica an

during th

from th

s, primaril

ustry’s an

try are o

terest rate

rnment.

51.77

500



Page | 13

• Contract farming enables the farmer to get the benefit of technology, training and

financing with the contractor’s support. This facilitates adoption of mechanised

farming practices.

Migration of agricultural labour to urban areas

• Decrease in number of manual workers in farming has necessitated the move

towards increased mechanisation. As a result, the domestic market for tractors

has been growing steadily for the past few years.

Expansion and extension of area under agriculture:

• From the past 20 years it is evident that irrigated and arable land has not

increased considerably. There is a need to increase agri-land by converting the

wasteland.

• In the last few years there have been very few additions with respect to direct-

irrigation potential. There has been exploitation and depletion of groundwater.

Thus, availability of water is an important factor in having a good agricultural

yield, without having to depend on seasonality of monsoons.

• The government’s short term focus must be on increasing and maintaining

natural water sources such as natural water storages, ponds, lakes and retention

dams.

Farming – Value additions:• Our aim should be to get the maximum yield from least inputs.

• Government must encourage farming community to move from low yield to high

yield crops in a judicious manner. This will help in increasing the farming

income and attract young blood in farming.

2.4 Challenges for Tractor Industry

The tractor industry in India faces numerous challenges that are unique in their own

respect. Following are some of the challenges faced:

Buying Capacity – Reducing of average age of tractor buyers from the age group of

above 40 to younger people. Implications are:

• Increasing demands

• Higher expectations on comfort levels

• Importance for styling and appearance

• Better finish (paint finish like cars)

• Importance fro brand identies

•

Fuel economy

• Awareness about latest technologies



Page | 14

• Longer life – resale value

New product development• Rapid prototyping – component development

• Engine development – power train research and development

• Styling – availability of latest softwares and technologies

• Accelerated testing techniques reduce the development lead time to help industry

to introduce new models in shorter periods.

New emission norms in near future – Bharat TREM IV/ EURO 3/ US TIER 3

• Homologation test facilities

• Dedicated engine development test cells and research labs

•

Accelerated durability test rigs

• Engine performance improvement

New regulations – Noise/ safety/ other regulations

• NVH Centre of Excellence

Availability of anechoic chambers

Quiet rooms for subsystem level development

Specialised test tracks

• Centre of Excellence for passive safety

Roll over testing Crash testing

• Various gradients

• Various braking surfaces

• Vehicle dynamics

Alternate Energy – Alternate energy source development and tractor development are

interdependent:

• Increased focus on agri based energy policy in future

•

Production of fuel oil and biomass power• Lucrative alternate markets for farm produce

• Reduction of country’s dependence on imported fuels

• Alternate energy development

Application of electronics - Recent developments in use of electronics like GPS and

Auto Cruise System on tractors have helped farmers greatly.

Export potential



Page | 15

• Testing under various climatic conditions

•

Testing and certification as per OECD

•

Cooperation with other test agencies worldwide• Advanced homologation labs to test as per regulations by 2015

2.5 Major Players

There are currently 14 players in the industry. This includes some foreign companies too.

Below is the list of tractor manufacturing companies:

1. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.

2. TAFE Ltd.

3. Escorts Ltd.

4.

HMT

5. Punjab Tractors Ltd.

6. Sonalika

7. John Deere

8. New Holland

9. Same-Deutz-Fahr

10. Indo Farm



Page | 16

Micro Irrigation

3.1 Introduction

Although water is a renewable resource, its availability in appropriate quality and

quantity is under severe stress due to increasing demand from various sectors. Agriculture is the

largest user of water, which consumes more than 80% of the country’s exploitable water

resources. The overall development of the agriculture sector and the intended growth rate in

GDP is largely dependent on the judicious use of the available water resources. While the

irrigation projects (major and medium) have contributed to the development of water resources,

the conventional methods of water conveyance and irrigation, being highly inefficient, has led

not only to wastage of water but also to several ecological problems like water logging,

salinization and soil degradation making productive agricultural lands unproductive. It has been

recognized that use of modern irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler irrigation is the only

alternative for efficient use of surface as well as ground water resources. Hence, this scheme on

Micro Irrigation (MI), which aims at increasing the area under efficient methods of irrigation viz.

drip and sprinkler irrigation.

3.2 Nature of Scheme – Micro Irrigation Scheme

This is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme under which out of the total cost of the MISystem, 40% will be borne by the Central Government, 10% by the State Government and the

remaining 50% will be borne by the beneficiary, either through his/her own resources or soft

loan from financial institutions. In other words, out of the Governmental assistance, 80% share

(40% of unit cost) will be met by the Government of India (GOI) and the balance 20% (10% of

unit cost) will be met by the participating State Government. The concerned States shall make

available their share of 20% to the Implementing Agencies (IA) during the financial year.

3.3 Drip Irrigation

Drip Irrigation involves technology for irrigating plants at the root zone through emittersfitted on a network of pipes (mains, sub-mains and laterals). The emitting devices could be

drippers, micro sprinklers, mini sprinklers, microjets, misters, fan jets, micro sprayers, foggers

and emitting pipes, which are designed to discharge water at prescribed rates. The use of

different emitters will depend upon specific requirements, which may vary from crop to crop.

Water requirement, age of plant spacing, soil type, water quality and availability are some of the

factors which would decide the choice of the emitting system. Sometimes microtubes are also

used as an emitter, though it is inefficient. All types of surface and subsurface irrigation systems

are covered under MI Technology.



Table

Figur

(Source:

A r e a ( h a )

.1: Averag

State

States wh

1.4.2004

All the

Himalaya

All the

Uttarakha

e 3.1: Area

www.indias

19696

116

M a h a r a s h t r a

e unit cost

Category

A

B

C

ere more t

ould com

tates exce

n belt woul

orth Eas

d and Darj

covered u

at.com)

65 114304

K a r n a t a k a

or installin

an 10,000

under ‘A’

pt those c

d come un

ern States

eeling distr

der drip irr

111407

1

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

g drip irrig

hectares h

Category.

overed un

er Categor

, Sikkim,

ct of West

igation up

686 1055

G u j a r a t

K e r a l a

State

tion syste

Aver

ve been b

er Catego

‘B’.

Himachal

Bengal wo

o year 200

10025

R a j a s t h a n

s

ge Cost (

40, 000

46,000

50,000

ought und

y ‘A’ an

Pradesh,

ld come u

6483 46

M a d h y a P r a d e s h

s./ha)

r drip irri

those fal

Jammu

der Categ

09 4262

P u n j a b

Page | 1

ation as o

ling in th

Kashmir

ry ‘C’.

4219

H a r y a n a

,



3.4 Sp

foliage

(HDPE

plant d

Sprinkl

Conve

Seeds a

Table

Figure

(Source:

A r e a ( h a )

rinkler I

Undethrough a s

) pipes in t

ensity is v

er irrigati

tionally, s

nd other fi

.2: Cost o

oupler di

63

75

90

3.2: Area c

www.indias

503

H a r a n a

rigation

sprinkleret of nozzl

he form of

ry high w

n is suit

rinkler irr

ld crops.

sprinkler i

meter (m

mm

mm

mm

overed und

at.com)

62

460529

R a j a s t h a n

irrigations attached

rainfall. T

ere adopti

ble for h

gation has

rigation sy

)

er sprinkle

15702811

K a r n a t a k a

ater is spr to network

ese syste

on of Drip

orticultural

been wide

stem

irrigation

732015002

M a h a r a s h t r a

W e s t B e n g a l

State

inkled und of alumini

s are suita

Irrigation

crops li

ly in use

C

p to 2005

0

84490

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

s

er pressurem or High

ble for irri

Systems m

e vegetab

or irrigati

st (Rs.)

13690

14270

17280

100000

26

M a d h y a P r a d e s h

into the aiDensity Po

ating crop

ay not be

les and s

g Cereals,

32 36333

G u j a r a t

Page | 1

r and planly Ethylen

s where th

conomical

ed spices

Pulses, Oi

20220

O r i s s a

.

.



Page | 19

4.

Subsidy Policy

4.1 Macro-Management of Agriculture

The States have been given flexibility to develop & pursue activities on the basis of their

regional priorities. The States are free to include new interventions in their Work Plans provided

these are not covered under any other scheme of the Central Government or are not a part of any

ongoing State Scheme. The expenditure on any new initiative should not be more than 10% of

the total allocation to the State (for the year) under Macro-Management Scheme. As per

approved pattern, there would be a cap on subsidy to the farmers incorporated in the Work Plans.

Subsidy per farmer or per activity should not exceed 25% of the cost or the present subsidy level

approved under 27 identified schemes, whichever is lower. Besides, the subsidy is also availableon identified agricultural implements under the schemes of oil seeds production programme

National Pulses Development Project, Technology Mission on Cotton, Technology Mission on

Horticulture for North Eastern Region.

The following agricultural equipments are available on subsidy under Central Sector Plan

Schemes. The subsidy is available to the farmers @ 25% of the cost of equipment subject to

certain ceiling limits.

Table 4.1: Equipments covered under subsidy

S. No. Name of Implements/Machines

1. Tractor

2. Power Tiller

3. Power Drawn implements

4. Power Threshers (all types)

5. Sprinklers

6. Drip Irrigation

7. Animal drawn implements

8. Manually operated implements/ tools including Horticultural Tools

9. Plant Protection Equipment

i) Manual

ii) Power operated

iii) Tractor mounted



Page | 20

10. Self Propelled reaper, paddy transplanter and other similar self propelledmachines

11. Specialised power driven equipment such as Sugarcane cutter planter, potato planter, rotavator, straw reaper, strip till drill, tractor drawn reaperetc.

Agricultural Engineering.pdf

Documents

Transcript of Agricultural Engineering.pdf