AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY PROTECTION BY PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION · 2019. 3. 28. · AGRICULTURAL...
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AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY PROTECTION BY PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TOOLS ANNEX NOVEMBER 2013 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared under USAID’s Global Environmental Management Support (GEMS) project.
Transcript of AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY PROTECTION BY PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION · 2019. 3. 28. · AGRICULTURAL...
AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY PROTECTION BY PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TOOLS ANNEX
NOVEMBER 2013
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared under USAID’s Global Environmental Management Support (GEMS) project.
Cover photos: Phosphine fumigation monitoring equipment (top left), DIMEGSA Pest Control staff in Guatemala (top right), USAID food commodities stored in a warehouse (bottom).
COMMODITY PROTECTION BY PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION IN USAID FOOD AID PROGRAMS PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TOOLS ANNEX
Updated December 2015
(original NOVEMBER 2013)
Contract No.: AID-OAA-M-11-00021
Prepared for:
Office of Food for Peace
Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance
United States Agency for International Development
Prepared under: The Global Environmental Management Support Project (GEMS), Award Number AID-OAA-M-11-00021. The Cadmus Group, Inc., prime contractor (www.cadmusgroup.com). Sun Mountain International, principal partner (www.smtn.org).
DISCLAIMER Until and unless this document is approved by USAID as a 22 CFR 216 Programmatic Environmental Assessment, the contents may not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ANNEX T-1: GUIDE: FUMIGATION COMPLIANCE GUIDANCE FOR USAID PARTNERS…..…….1
ANNEX T-2: TEMPLATE: FOOD COMMODITY PROTECTION PERSUAP FOR PHOSPHINE
FUMIGATION & CONTACT PESTICIDES…………………………………………………..…………4
ANNEX T-3: TEMPLATE: FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN (FMP) FOR PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION OF FOOD COMMODITIES IN SHEETED STACKS…………...............………..……......18
ANNEX T-4: TEMPLATE: PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION SERVICES QUOTATION REQUEST………....35
ANNEX T-5: TEMPLATE: PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION SERVICES CONTRACT……………..................37
ANNEX T-6: TEMPLATE: IPM PRACTICES & INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR USAID-FUNDED COMMODITIES AND WAREHOUSES…………………………………………………………………..39
ANNEX T-7: REFERENCE: FUMIGATION AND CONTACT PESTICIDE BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES……………………………………………………………………………………………..…41
ANNEX T-8: REFERENCE: ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE MSDS & PHOSPHINE FACTSHEET…………...54
ANNEX T-9: REFERENCE: PHOSPHINE GAS MONITORING EQUIPMENT & RESPIRATORY PROTECTION…………………………………………………………………………………………….71
ANNEX T-10: REFERENCE: PHOSPHINE GAS EXPOSURE FIRST AID………………………………..79
ANNEX T-11: REFERENCE: ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT STORED-PRODUCT INSECT PESTS OF GRAIN AND GRAIN PRODUCTS………………………………………………………………….……83
ANNEX T-12: REFERENCE: DECIDING WHEN TO FUMIGATE…………………………………....…87
ANNEX T-13: REFERENCE: TRAINING AND EDUCATION MATERIALS ON PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION AND FOOD PROTECTION…………………………………………………………….92
ANNEX T-1 GUIDE: FUMIGATION COMPLIANCE GUIDANCE FOR USAID PARTNERS With the approval of the “Commodity Protection in USAID Food Assistance Programs by Phosphine Fumigation” Programmatic Environmental Assessment (“Fumigation PEA”), USAID for the first time will have uniform, mandatory environmental, health and safety requirements regarding phosphine of food commodities.
This Annex guides USAID implementing partners in complying with these requirements. Partners that follow the instructions in this annex, use the templates provided in other “T” Annexes, and follow through on implementation and reporting as specified herein will satisfy the requirements established by the PEA. In areas where Partners are unable to meet the implementation and reporting conditions described herein, they must request an exception from USAID. All substantive changes must be approved.
Note that this document assumes knowledge of USAID program implementation and management, including the basics of environmental compliance for USAID food assistance activities.
OVERVIEW OF FOOD ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FUMIGATION COMPLIANCE USAID partner programs that contract for phosphide fumigation of food commodities must assure that such fumigation:
• Complies with the mitigation measures set out in section 5.3of the PEA (see summary box at right).
• Report on compliance with these requirements.
• Have formal authorization under USAID’s environmentalprocedures to contract for (generally, “support”) suchfumigation.
THE FUMIGATION PERSUAP A program-specific Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP)1 for phosphine fumigation is the mechanism by which all three of these requirements are addressed:
• The phosphine fumigation PERSUAP, when approved byUSAID, authorizes phosphine fumigation of foodcommodities for the subject program.
• The PERSUAP authorizes such fumigation subject to thecondition that the mitigation measures (safer userequirements) set out in section 5.3 of the PEA areimplemented. These conditions are set out in the safer useaction plan (SUAP) portion of the PERSUAP.
In summary, the SUAP must establish the following compliance requirements:
1 PERSUAPs are 22 CFR 216 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) amendments. They fulfill the analysis and safeguard requirements established by 22 CFR 216.3(b) for any use of pesticides in a USAID-funded orUSAID-managed activity.
Key “safer fumigation” requirements per this PEA.
Fumigation Services RFQs and contracts require conformity with acceptable fumigation practices per annex T-6, including:
• Required use of canisterrespirators or self-containedbreathing apparatus (SCBA)
• Required hazard & efficacymonitoring
• Required maintenance of anexclusion zone for duration offumigation event (7-10 days)
Each fumigation event must have a fumigation management plan (FMP) conforming to these practices
USAID partners shall enforce these requirements and take corrective actions as required.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #1
1. Implementation of good-housekeeping IPM Measures that are essential complements tofumigation per PEA Annex T-6
2. Implementation of a Fumigation Management Plan (FMP) for each fumigation event. TheFMP must substantively conform to the plan provided as Fumigation PEA Annex T-3,EXCEPT as specifically noted. The FMP requires, inter alia, (a) use of canister respirators orself-contained breathing apparatus; (b) monitoring phosphine gas concentrations for hazard andefficacy; and (c) maintenance of an exclusion zone for duration of fumigation event (7-10 days),
3. Completion of the FMP should be included in contracts issued by USAID partners. The FMPshould be provided by the fumigator, aka the fumigation contractor. If the PVOconducts the fumigation (note that most PVOs do not have the in-house expertise andcertifications required to conduct fumigations), the PVO is responsible for completingthe FMP. Ultimately, the PVO is responsible that an FMP is completed and that a copyremains on site for two years.
4. Storage and Transport of Aluminum Phosphide, if under program control, will substantivelyconform to contact pesticide best practices as set out in Fumigation PEA Annex T-7, except asspecifically noted.
5. Monitoring and Corrective Actions. Program will actively monitor compliance with above-listedconditions and undertake corrective actions as needed.
• Similarly, the PERSUAP authorizes the use of specific contact (residual) pesticides as complementsto fumigation, on the condition that their use ubstantively conform to contact pesticide best practicesas set out in Fumigation PEA Annex T-7, EXCEPT as specifically noted.
• Finally, SUAP also serves as a fumigation compliance tracking and reporting tool; partners mustreport annually on fumigation compliance as part of their Environmental Status Report.
• Add requirement for completion of an FMP in contract; i.e., FMP must be completed and a copymust remain on-site.
PARTNER PERSUAP DEVELOPMENT RESPONSIBILITY & PROVIDED TEMPLATE Development and submission of the PERSUAP is the responsibility of the USAID partner. A template fumigation PERSUAP is provided as Annex T-2 to this Fumigation PEA. This template:
1. satisfies the requirements of the PEA;
2. should very substantially reduce USAID partner effort required to prepare and submit anappropriate PERSUAP; and
3. serves as a mandatory fumigation compliance tracking and reporting template that must be submittedwith the program’s annual environmental status report.
Note: Formally, the PERSUAP is an amendment to the program’s IEE. As such, it must be cleared by the country or regional mission and by the DCHA Bureau Environmental Officer in Washington
TIMING OF PERSUAP SUBMISSION AND APPROVAL The PERSUAP need not be part of a new the program’s IEE. But it must be approved and in place before the program undertakes phosphine fumigation of food commodities.
Following submission and approval, the USAID partner must then comply with the SUAP, and submit the updated SUAP annually to USAID as a part of the program’s Environmental Status Report.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #2
RELATIONSHIP OF THE SUAP TO THE EMMP Food Assistance Programs IEEs require that programs develop an EMMP (Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan) detailing how environmental mitigation and management required by the IEE will be implemented. The SUAP satisfies the requirement of an EMMP for fumigation activities. The overall program EMMP should simply incorporate the fumigation SUAP by reference.
.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #3
ANNEX T-2 TEMPLATE: FOOD COMMODITY PROTECTION PERSUAP FOR PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION & CONTACT PESTICIDES
The following is a fill-in template for a Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) for Commodity Protection by Phosphine Fumigation & Contact Pesticides, and one of the tools of the Fumigation PEA.
New Food Assistance Programs supporting phosphine fumigation MUST have an approved Fumigation PERSUAP in place BEFORE supporting phosphine fumigation. If contact (residual) pesticides are to be used as a complement to fumigation, the Fumigation PERSUAP must also cover their use. (The sole exception is if such the program has another PERSUAP, e.g. for use of pesticides in agricultural production, and contact pesticide is covered by this PERSUAP.)
For additional information, refer to Annex T-1 of the Fumigation PEA, which describes the purpose of the PERSUAP and summarizes the requirements it establishes.
The template is highly detailed with respect to Aluminum Phosphide. It is necessarily less detailed for contact (residual) pesticides, as there are a large number of potential products that may be used. Examples of simple PERSUAPs in USAID’s database of 22 CFR 216 documentation can provide guidance as to how to fill in the various fields.
In areas where Partners are unable to meet the implementation and reporting conditions described herein, they must request an exception from USAID. All substantive changes must be approved.
Step 1: click: http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/
Step 2: Click on the "Advanced Search" tab
Step 3: in the first field "Source Document Text Search" enter the name of the contact pesticide that you seek to use.
Step 4: Click on “search” and then on the “PDF” link to view the resulting documents.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #4
This is a Food Commodity Protection PERSUAP template. Instructions: Review full text of document. Fill in or
replace all green-highlighted fields. If a contact pesticide is to be used, include/fill-in yellow-highlighted fields; otherwise delete.
Alter any provided text not applicable to your program; however, be advised that substantive changes to safer use measures
may not be approved by USAID. If you wish to make a substantive change to this template you must request an exception
from USAID, Delete this box & clear highlighting before submitting to USAID.
USAID INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION- AMENDMENT FACESHEET
PESTICIDE EVALUATION PLAN AND SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (PERSUAP) FOR
COMMODITY PROTECTION BY PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION & CONTACT PESTICIDES
Activity/Project Title: [INSERT TITLE
Contract/Award Name(s) & Number(s) (if known) : Insert contract/ award name and number
Geographic Location: Insert implementation country and region e.g. Ethiopia/Africa
Operating Unit(s):
IEE Amendment (Y/N): YES DCN and Date of Original IEE: insert PEA clearance date
Env Compl Database link: insert link to PEA on ECD http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/
Annual Funding Amount (optional field): Life of project Amount:
Implementation Start/End:
IEE Prepared by: Insert name, organization, contact info
Date Prepared: Updated September 2015 PEA Expiration Date (if any): September 2020
Implementing Partner(s):
Recommended Threshold Determination: Categorical Exclusion Negative Determination With Conditions
Positive Determination Deferral
Note: SUAP requirements (see sections 6 and 7 of this PERSUAP Template) will be incorporated as needed
into program Detailed Implementation Plan (DIP) and Budget
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Phosphine fumigation of food commodities and complementary use of the contact pesticide [insert product
name] in and around food commodity warehouses for the XXX Program is approved subject to compliance
with the Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) that constitutes sections 6 and 7 of the PERSUAP Template. The SUAP
imposes the mitigation requirements (safer use conditions) established by the Programmatic Environmental
Assessment “Phosphine Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodity.”
LIST OF CONDITIONS
Condition 1: A Fumigation Management Plan (FMP) must describe the fumigation process, including
for fumigant pesticide use, storage, transport and disposal. The FMP and the actual fumigation process will
substantively conform to the plan provided as Tool T-3 (Template of the FMP) of the Fumigation PEA. This
FMP must include the following details on the fumigation equipment:
1a). Gas monitoring Equipment: Brand name, model and type of phosphine gas monitoring
equipment (electrochemical, photo-ionization or tube type)
1b) Personal Protection Equipment: including gas canister masks or self-contained breathing
apparatus
1c) Gas impermeable tarps: resistant to UV light and tearing along both length and width, and
impermeable to phosphine gas
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The TOPS Warehouse Safety Guidelines and Posters detailing the safety measures to take before, during
and after fumigation, as well as proper disposal and cleanup procedures after fumigation can also be
consulted.
Condition 2: Any additional Contact Pesticide(s) used in warehouse commodity protection must be limited
to the pesticide(s) authorized by the PERSUAP and should substantively conform to contact pesticide best
practices as set out in Fumigation PEA Annex T-6 on “IPM PRACTICES & INSPECTION CHECKLIST
FOR USAID-FUNDED COMMODITIES AND WAREHOUSES”. The PERSUAP will also include
information on the safe use measures and personal protection equipment used in the application of the
contact pesticide(s), as well as contact pesticide storage, transport and disposal.
Condition 3: Good Housekeeping and IPM Measures. The implementing partner must fully implement
the daily/weekly warehouse and commodities inspection checklist (Annex T- 6 on IPM PRACTICES) and
take maintenance/corrective actions specified. Compliance with this checklist implements a set of IPM
measures that are essential complements to fumigation. The implementing partner will also only purchase
commodity that is at 13% or less moisture and distribute stocks as quickly as possible in order to ensure full
protection against fungal growth, since fungal growth and mycotoxin production cannot be completely
controlled by phosphine fumigation.
Condition 4: Fumigation Contract Language When using a 3rd-Party Fumigation Service Provider, the
provided model RFQ and contract (or substantive equivalent) will be used to procure fumigation services and
proposals/quotes will be evaluated based on ability to comply with specified safer use practices, including the
procurement and use of gas monitoring equipment, fumigation and contact pesticide PPE as well as gas
impermeable tarps meeting specified requirements.
Condition 5: The implementing partner will actively monitor compliance with the above-listed conditions
and undertake corrective actions as needed.
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APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION RECOMMENDED FOR:
Fumigation PERSUAP for [Name of Program]
A. CLEARANCE
Date
Mission Environmental Officer
Date
Regional Environmental Advisor/Officer*
Date
Mission Director
Date
A/COR
Date
Office Director (as applicable)
B. CONCURRENCE
Date
Bureau Environmental Office1
Accepted: Not Accepted:
*Mandatory for non-presence countries
1 Refer to the appropriate office: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/environment/compliance/environmental-
compliance-officers
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USAID INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION- AMENDMENT
Pesticide Evaluation Plan and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP) for
Commodity Protection by Phosphine Fumigation & Contact Pesticides
USAID PROGRAM DATA
Program Name: Insert
Awardee: insert organization
Country/Region: insert country/region
Period of Performance: X years (start date – end date)
1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF PERSUAP
Upon approval, this Fumigation PERSUAP, submitted as an amendment to the [insert program name] IEE
will authorize phosphine fumigation of insert program name food commodities. This PERSUAP will also
authorize complementary use of the contact pesticide(s) insert product names in and around empty
warehouses for these commodities. Fumigation and contact pesticide use is authorized subject to strict safer
use conditions. As described herein, use of fumigation and contact pesticide is necessary for successful
program implementation.
Formally, approval of this PERSUAP will assign a negative determination to phosphine fumigation and use
of the contact pesticide [insert product name], subject to the condition that the Safer Use Action Plan
provided as Sections 6 and 7of the PERSUAP Template, is fully implemented.
This PERSUAP satisfies the requirements of 22 CFR 216.3(b) (USAID Pesticide Procedures) and puts in
place the safer use requirements (mitigation measures) established by the USAID Programmatic
Environmental Assessment “Phosphine Fumigation of Stored Agricultural Commodity” (Henceforth the
“Fumigation PEA.”)2
2. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
Provide a BRIEF (not more than 1 or 2 paragraph description) of the program
.
3. COMMODITY PROTECTION NEEDS
List the food commodities being managed. Provide general information about the length of time
commodities are typically stored in primary and secondary warehouses. List known pest problems and
succinctly describe consequences of failure to adequately control commodity pests. Do not spend more than
1 or 2 paragraphs on this section.
The Fumigation PEA establishes that food commodity protection by fumigation addresses food commodity
protection needs that can rarely be completely replaced by other methods. It also establishes that the
complementary use of contact pesticide in and around warehouses is usually an integral part of the fumigation
process to kill insects escaping fumigation and prevent re-infestation of the commodity.
2 Approved (insert date). Available on: http://www.usaidgems.org/Documents/FumigationPEA/FumigationPEAFeb24_2014.pdf
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4. PROPOSED PESTICIDE(S).
This PERSUAP requests approval to use aluminum phosphide3 as an indoor fumigant at storage facilities for
the following commodities: [insert commodity names]. Use is requested of both pellet and tablet formulations
with 55-57% active ingredient.
This PERSUAP also requests approval to use the contact pesticide insert product name as a complement to
fumigation in and around food commodity warehouses.
5. FACTOR ANALYSIS PER 22 CFR 216.3(B)(1)(I)(A THROUGH L)
This section provides the 12-factor analysis required by 22 CFR 216.3(b) to allow USAID to make a
determination as to whether to permit use of a proposed pesticide and to establish appropriate safer use
conditions.
Separate Factor Analyses are provided for (1) Aluminum Phosphide and (2) insert name of contact pesticide.
FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE
ANALYSIS FACTOR ANALYSIS
(a) USEPA
registration status of
the proposed
pesticide.
Partner country
registration status
Aluminum phosphide is an inorganic phosphide registered in the U.S. under CAS
Number 20859-73-8 with U.S. EPA PC Code 066501. Aluminum phosphide is a
Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) so in the US may be purchased and used only by
certified applicators. It is in EPA’s toxicity Class I, and products containing it must bear
the signal word DANGER. In contact with water, it produces a toxic gas hydrogen
phosphide. Aluminum phosphide is widely used for fumigation of food commodities and
structures.
Provide analogous partner country registration information and any restrictions
established by this registration.
(b) Basis for
selection of the
pesticide
The selection of aluminum phosphide is based on: efficacy against pests of stored grains,
low cost, availability in country, and registration in country.
If used in accordance with safeguards, aluminum phosphide is not expected to have
adverse environmental impacts; this is also a factor in its selection.
Efficacy and the effectiveness of use safeguards have already been assessed extensively in
the Fumigation PEA and thus are not addressed further here.
The selection was also based on the availability of a qualified professional service
provider for phosphine fumigation.
(c) Extent to which
the proposed
pesticide use is, or
The Safer Use Action Plan requires compliance with Fumigation PEA Annex T-6 on IPM
PRACTICES. This checklist contains good-housekeeping based Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) practices that are essential complements to fumigation, including
3 It should be noted here that Phosphine Fumigation refers to fumigation with aluminum phosphide
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could be, part of an
IPM program
daily sanitation of the warehouse; clearing warehouse surroundings of weeds on a
weekly basis; daily inspections for pests; and strictly adhering to the first in first out
(FIFO) rule to minimize the storage time of the commodities in the warehouse.
(List any additional IPM food commodity protection practices to which the program is
committing.)
(d) Proposed
method or methods
of application,
including the
availability of
application and
safety equipment
Aluminum phosphide will be used for indoor fumigation of warehoused food
commodities in sheeted stacks only. It should be noted that the uses specified for
Aluminum phosphide in this PERSUAP DO NOT cover outdoor fumigation and soil
fumigation.
Via the Fumigation Management Plan, the SUAP requires that fumigation follow
acceptable technical practices specified in Annex T-7 on “FUMIGATION AND
CONTACT PESTICIDE BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES” of the
Fumigation PEA. These include, among others, use of appropriate personal protection
equipment, including respirators, maintenance of an exclusion zone that only fumigation
personnel can enter for duration of the fumigation (7-10 days or more)4, and phosphine
gas monitoring for efficacy and hazard.
Note if the program’s fumigation services provider will provide PPE and monitoring
equipment, or if the program will do so.
(e) Any acute and
long-term
toxicological
hazards, either
human or
environmental,
associated with the
proposed use, and
measures available
to minimize such
hazards.
The potential toxicological effects of aluminum phosphide are well covered by
EXTOXNET, and Extension Toxicology Network.* The Fumigation PEA includes details
of acute human health exposure and potential impacts to fumigators, other on-site
workers, visitors, nearby residents and beneficiaries. In summary:
The main routes of exposure to aluminum phosphide are through inadvertent
ingestion or inhalation during fumigation of the highly toxic gas.
Symptoms of mild to moderate acute aluminum phosphide toxicity include nausea,
abdominal pains, tightness in chest, excitement, restlessness, agitation and chills.
Symptoms of more severe toxicity include diarrhea, cyanosis, difficulty breathing,
pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, tachycardia and hypotension, dizziness and or
death.
The available evidence for reproductive effects in animals suggests that they are not
likely in humans under normal conditions. No evidence is available to support
teratogenic effects in humans or to support the ability of aluminum phosphide to
cause mutations or increase mutation rates.
There is no evidence of aluminum phosphide having a negative impact on soil or
ground water. It breaks down spontaneously in the presence of water to form a
gaseous product, thus is non-persistent and non-mobile in soil and poses no risk to
groundwater. For the same reasons, it is unlikely that aluminum phosphide or
phosphine will contaminate surface waters.
The USEPA has determined that uses of aluminum phosphide will not generally
cause unreasonable adverse effects to humans or the environment if used in
4 There is some controversy over the optimal exposition time to respect from fumigating the warehouse to aerating it
after the phosphine gas has dissipated, for efficient pest control. For any clarifications, please contact the DCHA BEO
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accordance with the approved use directions and revised precautionary statements
prescribed by the registration standard. Requirements for acute toxicity data have
been waived because of the well-known extreme inhalation toxicity of phosphine
gas, which it generates. Accordingly, aluminum phosphide has been placed in
toxicity category I, the highest toxicity category.
Tolerances have been established for raw agricultural commodities at a level of 0.1 ppm
(40 CFR 180.225); processed foods 0.01 ppm (21 CFR 193.20); and animal feeds 0.1
ppm (40 CFR 561.40). Finished food and feed must be held and aerated 48 hours prior
to being offered to the consumer.
Via the Fumigation Management Plan, the SUAP requires that fumigation follow
acceptable technical practices specified in Annex T-7 on BEST MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES of the Fumigation PEA. These include, among others, use of appropriate
personal protection equipment, including respirators, maintenance of an exclusion zone
that only fumigation personnel can enter for duration of the fumigation (7-10 days or
more), and phosphine gas monitoring for efficacy and hazard.
*http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/aluminum-phosphide-ext.html
(f) Effectiveness of
the requested
pesticide for the
proposed use.
Aluminum Phosphide is registered by US EPA as stored grain pesticide. It is considered
the most effective method of controlling stored commodity pests, especially when used
in an IPM framework, as described above in (c).
In-country experience is that this fumigant is very effective in killing the intended targets
noted in section 3 within the prescribed seven to ten day fumigation time.
Describe any resistance reported or known to you. If none, “We are not aware of any
instances of resistance to aluminum phosphide by the intended target pests.”
(g) Compatibility of
the proposed
pesticide use with
target and non-
target ecosystems.
As an indoor fumigant, aluminum phosphide presents risks to fumigators and those
working or living nearby, but there is not a “target ecosystem” of concern.
Indoor use, non-persistence and non-mobility in soil, negligible potential to contaminate
surface waters, and a short half-life in air of ~5 hrs (daylight) mean that aluminum
phosphide has essentially no interaction with or impact on non-target ecosystems.
(h) The conditions
under which the
pesticide is to be
used, including
climate, flora, fauna,
geography,
hydrology, and soils
As noted, aluminum phosphide will be used solely for indoor fumigation of warehoused
food commodities: Briefly describe the warehouse(s) in which fumigation will occur,
their setting, proximity to other structures & their uses.
Indoor use, non-persistence and non-mobility in soil, and negligible potential to
contaminate surface waters (see “factor e,” analysis, above) mean that geography,
hydrology and soils have negligible bearing on safety, efficacy or appropriateness.
Climate is relevant only in that extremely dry air can retard formation of phosphine gas
from phosphine tablets, requiring appropriate adjustments to fumigation protocols. This
is/is not anticipated to be an issue in XXX, where typical indoor temperatures will
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range between X⁰C & Y⁰C and humidity between X and Y%.
(i) The availability
and effectiveness of
other pesticides or
nonchemical control
methods
The fumigation PEA assesses the effectiveness and availability of non-chemical control
methods, including weekly inspection for signs of rodents, weeding the perimeter
around the warehouse, cleaning up spills and trash, ensuring that the warehouse doors,
roofs, walls etc. are in good condition (Refer to Annex T-6 on IPM PRACTICES. As
noted, the Safer Use Action Plan requires good housekeeping IPM measures such as
daily sanitation of the warehouse and weekly clearing of warehouse surroundings of
weeds; daily inspections for pests and strictly adhering to the first in first out (FIFO)
rule to minimize the storage time of the commodities in the warehouse.
The complementary contact pesticide [insert name] will be used to kill insects escaping
fumigation and prevent re-infestation of the commodity. As documented by the PEA,
such complementary use of contact pesticide(s) in and around warehouses is usually an
integral part of the fumigation process.
(j) The requesting
country's ability to
regulate or control the
distribution, storage,
use and disposal of the
requested pesticide
Partner country registration status is documented under Factor A, above.
Note whether phosphine fumigation requires a license in your partner country, and the
requirements for obtaining such a license. Note whether such licensing is meaningfully
enforced.
(k) The provisions
made for training of
users and applicators
Regardless of partner country licensing, describe the training standard of fumigator
service provider personnel.
(l) The provisions made
for monitoring the use
and effectiveness of the
pesticide
The SUAP requires a Fumigation Management Plan that serves as detailed log of each
fumigation episode. The FMP requires efficacy monitoring of phosphine gas
concentrations to better assure that required concentrations are attained for the
required period. This is critical to the efficacy of the individual fumigation and to
preventing emergence of resistance. Monitoring of commodities for infestation is a
routine element of program management; quick re-infestations are the primary indicator
that fumigation is ineffective.
FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR [INSERT NAME OF CONTACT PESTICIDE]
ANALYSIS FACTOR ANALYSIS
(a) USEPA
registration status of
the proposed
pesticide.
Partner country
registration status
Provide EPA registration status. Note that the pesticide must be registered for the same
or similar uses by US EPA.
Provide analogous partner country registration information and any restrictions
established by this registration. Note that the pesticide must be registered in the
partner country AND by US EPA.
(b) Basis for
selection of the
pesticide
Availability, cost, efficacy, and relatively low toxicity to humans and non-target
organisms should be key selection factors.
(c) Extent to which The Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) requires compliance with Fumigation PEA Annex T-6
9
the proposed
pesticide use is, or
could be, part of an
IPM program
on IPM PRACTICES. This checklist contains good-housekeeping based Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) practices that are essential complements to fumigation, including
daily sanitation of the warehouse; clearing warehouse surroundings of weeds on a
weekly basis; daily inspections for pests; and strictly adhering to the first in first out
(FIFO) rule to minimize the storage time of the commodities in the warehouse.
(List any additional IPM food commodity protection practices to which the program is
committing. )
(d) Proposed
method or methods
of application,
including the
availability of
application and
safety equipment
(e) Any acute and
long-term
toxicological
hazards, either
human or
environmental,
associated with the
proposed use, and
measures available
to minimize such
hazards.
(f) Effectiveness of
the requested
pesticide for the
proposed use.
Describe any resistance reported or known to you.
(g) Compatibility of
the proposed
pesticide use with
target and non-
target ecosystems.
(h) The conditions
under which the
pesticide is to be
used, including
climate, flora, fauna,
geography,
hydrology, and soils
This pesticide will be used solely for spraying the interior and immediate perimeter of
empty warehouses. The settings for these warehouses are described under the factor
analysis for aluminum phosphide, above.
Follow with additional relevant information.
(i) The availability
and effectiveness of
other pesticides or
nonchemical control
methods
The fumigation PEA assesses the effectiveness and availability of non-chemical control
methods. As noted, the Safer Use Action Plan requires good housekeeping IPM
measures such as daily sanitation of the warehouse and weekly clearing of warehouse
surroundings of weeds; daily inspections for pests and strictly adhering to the first in
first out (FIFO) rule to minimize the storage time of the commodities in the warehouse.
The complementary contact pesticide [insert name] will be used to kill insects escaping
fumigation and prevent re-infestation of the commodity. As documented by the PEA,
10
such complementary use of contact pesticide in and around warehouses is usually an
integral part of the fumigation process.
(j) The requesting
country's ability to
regulate or control the
distribution, storage,
use and disposal of the
requested pesticide
Partner country registration status is documented under Factor A, above.
XXX does/does not have
(k) The provisions
made for training of
users and applicators
(l) The provisions made
for monitoring the use
and effectiveness of the
pesticide
6. FINDINGS
In consequence of the analysis above, and the referenced Fumigation PEA, warehouse food commodity
phosphine fumigation for program name food commodities and use of the complementary contact pesticides
[insert name(s)] is [are] recommended for approval subject to full compliance with and implementation of the
Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) that constitutes the following section. The SUAP imposes on program name
phosphine fumigation and complementary contact pesticide use the mitigation measures established by the
Fumigation PEA.
In summary, these conditions are:
1. Implementation of good-housekeeping IPM Measures that are essential complements to
fumigation per Fumigation Annex T-5 “PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION SERVICES CONTRACT”.
2. Implementation of a Fumigation Management Plan for each fumigation event substantively conforming to the plan provided as Annex T-3 “FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN (FMP) FOR PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION OF FOOD COMMODITIES IN SHEETED STACKS” to the
Fumigation PEA.5
3. Complementary Use of Contact Pesticides will (1) be limited to the pesticide(s) authorized by this
PERSUAP and substantively conform to contact pesticide best practices as set out in Fumigation PEA
Annex T-6 on IPM PRACTICES.6
4. Storage and Transport of Aluminum Phosphide and Contact Pesticides, if under program
control, will substantively conform to contact pesticide best practices as set out in Fumigation PEA
Annex T-6 on PM PRACTICES, EXCEPT for changes specified below and/or subsequently approved
by the USAID Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance (DCHA) Bureau
Environmental Officer (BEO).
5. Food and feed commodities that have been fumigated with phosphine must be held and aerated for 48
hours prior to distribution.
6. Monitoring and Corrective Actions. Program will actively monitor compliance with above-listed
conditions and undertake corrective actions as needed.
5 EXCEPT as noted in the SUAP
6 Ibid.
11
Formally, upon approval of this PERSUAP, the program name IEE is amended so that phosphine
fumigation activities receive a 22 CFR 216 negative determination subject to the condition of compliance
with the SUAP provided below.
7. SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (SUAP)
The SUAP is provided as a mandatory “safer use action plan and compliance tracker” form. This form
both enumerates safer use requirements and sets out how program name will implement these requirements.
Additionally, it serves as a compliance tracking and reporting tool, and will be submitted annually with regular
reporting requirements.
Note: with respect to fumigation, the Safer Use Action Plan from satisfies the requirement for an environmental mitigation and
monitoring plan (EMMP). The program EMMP should simply incorporate the SUAP by reference.
12
[INSERT USAID PROGRAM NAME]
FUMIGATION SAFER USE ACTION PLAN Completion of this form is an integral part of the PERSUAP and must be submitted annually with regular reporting requirements.
PROGRAM & CONTACT INFORMATION DATE OF ANNUAL REPORTING
SUBMISSION:
Awardee Annual Update #1
Program Name Annual Update #2
Fumigation
Compliance Lead Name and title
Annual Update #3
Contact
Information Email & telephone
Annual Update #4
FUMIGATION LOG (record all fumigation events since the last annual update)
Dates Location
(Town or City)
Warehouse
Type Commodity & Quantity Fumigated Key Exceptions/Incidents per FMP log.
P* S* T*
P=Primary, S=Secondary, T=Tertiary
13
REQUIRED COMPLIANCE MEASURES STATUS OF COMPLIANCE ACTIONS
(Place an X where applicable)
1. Good Housekeeping IPM Measures are implemented. Yes
No
If “No”, please explain why, and detail when
compliance is expected to take place:
2. A Fumigation Management Plan is implemented, with the required gas
monitoring equipment, PPE and gas impermeable tarps for fumigation.
Yes
No
If “No”, please explain why, and detail when
compliance is expected to take place:
3. The Use of Contact Pesticides is limited to pesticides authorized in this
PERSUAP, and proper application, safety measures and PPE requirements
are equally followed.
Yes
No
If “No”, please explain why, and detail when
compliance is expected to take place:
4. Best practices in the storage and transport of Aluminum Phosphide and
contact Pesticides are carried out.
Yes
No
If “No”, please explain why, and detail when
compliance is expected to take place:
5. The third-party Fumigation Service Provider, if used, is in compliance with
specified safer use practices
Yes
No
If “No”, please explain why, and detail when
14
REQUESTED EXCEPTIONS AND CHANGES TO SPECIFIED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Enter here specific requested exceptions or changes to fumigation practices as described in the Fumigation Management Plan (Fumigation PEA Annex T-3) or
storage, transport, and contact pesticide practices per Annex T-6 on IPM PRACTICES. Reference by number & provide justification in each case. Alternately, a
strike-through edit of the FMP may be submitted.
(insert extra rows if needed)
compliance is expected to take place:
6. Compliance monitoring and implementation of corrective actions: Yes
No
If “No”, please explain why, and detail when
compliance is expected to take place:
ANNEX T-3 TEMPLATE: FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN (FMP) FOR PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION OF FOOD COMMODITIES IN SHEETED STACKS
About FMPs. Fumigation Management Plans (FMPs) are widely recognized fumigation good practice, and are mandatory in the US. They are written documents that provide specific logistical, performance and contact information to better assure that fumigation follows systemic planning and execution for efficacy and safety.
FMP Requirements for USAID Partners. As described in Annex T-1, fumigation compliance requires USAID partners to complete a Fumigation Management Plan (FMP) for EACH fumigation event, and to keep these FMPs on file for 2 years. Compliance further requires that the plan and the fumigation event itself substantively confirm with the FMP template that follows. In areas where Partners make substantial changes to the FMP template provided herein, they must submit the proposed changes to USAID for approval.
Modifying this template. USAID partners must review this FMP template for compliance with local requirements and adjust accordingly. Other adjustments to local circumstances and capabilities are possible. However, any substantive changes must be requested in the Food Assistance Program’s PERSUAP (the template for which is provided as Annex T-2 to this PEA) or subsequently in writing to the Food Assistance Program’s AOR, who will forward for clearance to the DCHA Bureau Environmental Officer.
Purposes of this FMP template. This FMP template is NOT: • A substitute for training in phosphine fumigation.• A how-to manual for phosphine fumigation.• Applicable without significant modifications to the fumigation of whole structures, containers, or
vehicles.
This FMP template IS intended to very substantially reduce the effort required by USAID partners to develop a compliant FMP, and to conduct compliant (and therefore safer and more effective) fumigation of food commodities in sheeted stacks.
More specifically, this FMP template is a succinct summary of acceptable technical practice for phosphine fumigation of USAID-funded Food Commodities in sheeted stacks in a form that: (1) guides a trained fumigator to produce safe and efficacious results, (2) allows a USAID partner to better oversee their fumigation services provider; and (3) supports fumigation compliance reporting required by Food Aid Program PERSUAPs. This template FMP embodies the acceptable technical practices for fumigation set out in annex T-7.
Key sources: van Someran Graver, J. E. 2004. Guide to Fumigation Under Gas-Proof Sheets. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Produced by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. Available at http://www.fao.org/inpho_archive/content/documents/vlibrary/ad416e/FAOHomeIndex.htm (on-line e-book; includes accompanying videos) and http://http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/543/FAO%20full%20text.pdf (print-ready PDF).
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #18
“Standard Operating Procedure for Contractors Undertaking Phosphine Fumigation and Insecticide Spraying in WFP Stores” (Nov 2003 revision). World Food Program. Available at: http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/manual_guide_proced/wfp254885.pdf.
“North Dakota Fumigation Management Plan Intermediate to Large Operations” North Dakota State University Department of Agriculture. Available at http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/pesticid/pdf/fum/FMP%20int-lg.pdf
Proper Disposal of Animal Carcasses in Michigan: An Industry Guide to the Bodies of Dead Animals Act. Michigan Department of Agriculture, Lansing, Michigan. Available at :http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDA_BODA_80099_7.pdf.
Rodent Control: How to Use Rodent Traps and Bait Stations. Public Health Seattle & King County. Environmental Health Services, Seattle, Washington. Available at : www.kingcounty.gov/healthservices/health/ehs/~/ ./RatTraps.ashx.
Dead Animal Disposal. Indiana State Board of Animal Health. Available at http://www.in.gov/boah/2369.htm.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #19
USAID Food Assistance Program Name:
PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN
(FMP) (SHEETED STACKS ONLY)
THIS FMP TEMPLATE PROVIDES A STEP BY STEP PROCESS TO
ENSURE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE FUMIGATION AND TRAIN
FUMIGATION PERSONNEL
CONTENTS
COMMODITY AND OWNERSHIP ..................................................................................................................... 2
EMERGENCY PLANNING AND SAFETY ......................................................................................................... 3
EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES ................................................................................................................................ 5
APPLICATION AND MONITORING ................................................................................................................. 7
DISPOSAL AND CLEANUP ............................................................................................................................... 11
ANNEXED LOGS AND DOCUMENTATION ............................................................................................. 13
Application and Monitoring 2
COMMODITY AND OWNERSHIP
PLANNED FUMIGATION DATES:
A. OVERALL PROGRAM & CONTACT
INFORMATION
ATTENTION:
To ensure full safety and efficacy,
completion of this FMP is
mandatory for each fumigation
event. *
*Some information may remain the same
across fumigation events.
Lead Awardee
Program Name
Fumigation
Compliance
Lead
Compliance
Lead Contact
Information
B. FACILITY INFORMATION C. FUMIGATOR INFORMATION
Name of Facility Lead Fumigator
Location Organization
Responsible
Manager
(Name,
Organization &
Title )
Contact
Information
Contact
Information
Certification # &
Expiry Date (if any)
D. COMMODITY TO BE FUMIGATED E. FUMIGANT PRODUCT INFO & DOSAGE
Commodity(ies) &
Amount in tons
(est)
(e.g. maize 200mt)
E1. Fumigant
(product
name/description)
E2. Ambient Temp
(Expected indoor temp
range)
Owner of E3. Quantity Req’d
Application and Monitoring 3
D. COMMODITY TO BE FUMIGATED E. FUMIGANT PRODUCT INFO & DOSAGE
commodity
How commodity is
packaged
E4. Required time @
concentration*
(e.g. 7 days @
200ppm)
# of stacks & size
(e.g., 4 stacks 3m X
2m X 2m)
E5. Planned
downtime*
(Days + hours, includes
aeration.)
Last fumigation Enter date if known.
Otherwise, enter “unknown”
*REQUIRED:
DOCUMENT CALCULATIONS E3, E4 & E5
IN ANNEX #A. NOTE THAT EFFECTIVE
PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION TYPICALLY REQUIRES
7-10 DAYS. .
Condition Moldy? Visibly infested?
Moisture %
Purpose of
Fumigation
EMERGENCY PLANNING AND SAFETY
F. CONTACT INFORMATION: MEDICAL FACILITY, EMERGENCY RESPONSE AUTHORITIES
LOCATION TELEPHONE
Police
Fire Service
Clinic/Hospital
Other Local Authority
(specify Port Authority,
District Council, Chieftaincy,
etc.)
Pesticide Regulatory Authority
Chief of Party (or commodity
point of contact)
G1. ADVANCE NOTIFICATION PLAN FOR ABUTTERS
Specify the procedures for notifying those living and working within 100m of the facility. The fumigation team
needs to alert relevant entities, particularly households, about fumigation activities.
Application and Monitoring 4
G2. ADVANCE NOTIFICATION PLAN FOR LOCAL AUTHORITIES
Specify the procedure for notifying local authorities, as required or agreed with these authorities.
H. EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
Describe the procedure to be followed if phosphine concentrations exceed (1) 0.3ppm (or local TLV, if more
stringent), or (2) 1 ppm (or local STEL, if more stringent) (TLV= threshold limit value; STEL = short term
exposure limit. See PEA Annex T-9).
I. FUMIGATION PLAN & EXCLUSION ZONE
REQUIRED ACTION: Y N CONFIRMING
INITIALS
I1. Obtain plot or make scale sketch map of facility and surroundings. (note grid
paper is provided as final page of this template)
I2. Mark locations of stacks to be fumigated.
I3. On plot, mark exclusion zone that maintains at least a 6M perimeter from
stacks to be fumigated, and which INCLUDES buildings or rooms with walls
common to the room in which the stack is being fumigated. An exception must
be requested if the exclusion zone cannot be maintained.
I4. Determine if a watchman or watchmen will be required to maintain the
Application and Monitoring 5
exclusion zone. If yes, inform the facility manager immediately.
I5. On plot, mark shut-off points for electricity, water, gas, if any.
I6. On plot mark doors/gates to be secured to enforce exclusion zone and
locations of warning signs to be posted.
I7. On plot, mark locations of hazard monitoring (at least 3 locations just
outside exclusion zone, where gas is mostly likely to accumulate).
I8. On plot, mark locations of phosphine trays and monitoring lines.
I9. Attach plot to this Fumigation Management Plan as Annex #F
J. COMMUNICATION AND TRAINING
REQUIRED ACTIONS Y N CONFIRMING INITIALS
J1. Fumigation team reviews product label, MSDS, and
applicator/product manual. Lead applicator provides detailed verbal
briefing if required.
J2. Lead applicator briefs the team regarding the symptoms of
phosphine poisoning and first aid. (See Fumigation PEA Annex T-10)
J3. Lead applicator briefs the team regarding the planned fumigation
process with reference to the site plot (I10) WITH FACILITY
MANAGER PRESENT
J4. Lead applicator briefs the team & facility manager on EMERGENCY
RESPONSE PLAN (H1) & roles and responsibilities for implementing
the plan are agreed.
J5. All employees engaged in fumigation instructed on the use, impact,
and mitigation measures of phosphine fumigation.
EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
K. NUMBER OF SHEETS, SAND SNAKES AND TRAYS REQUIRED
REQUIRED ACTION: QUANTITY REQUIRED
K1. Determine number of fumigation sheets required (note that
joining sheets requires a 1(one) meter overlap, tightly rolled & then
clipped or weighted. If clips are used, they must be applied every 20cm.)
(Indicate number & size of sheets, standard 18meterX12meter sheets
preferred)
Application and Monitoring 6
K2. Determine length of sand snakes required (double rows must be
used) (in meters)
K3. Determine number of phosphine tablet trays required
L. CONDITION, QUANTITY & ADEQUACY OF EQUIPMENT & SUPPLIES
FUMIGATION MAY NOT PROCEED UNLESS ALL ANSWERS ARE “YES”
CONFIRM THAT: Y N CONFIRMING INITIALS
L1. Required quantity of sheets (K1) meeting specifications (M1) are
available
L2. Required length of sand snakes (K2) are available
L3. Required number of tablet trays (K3) are available
L4. Respiratory equipment and protective gear meeting
specifications (M2) are available FOR THE FULL TEAM and all personnel
can achieve a complete face seal. No one enters the fumigation area
without protective gear.
L5. (1) Dry, clean cotton gloves in good condition; (2) rubber boots; (3)
liquid-tight coveralls are available FOR THE FULL TEAM
L6. Detection (monitoring) equipment meeting specifications (M3)
is available to monitor HAZARD
L7. Detection (monitoring) equipment meeting specifications (M3) is
available to monitor EFFICACY
L8. Warning signs (placards) IN APPROPRIATE LANGUAGES and
WITH APPROPRIATE PICTOGRAMS and compliant with host country
regulations (if any) are available in quantity required by plot (I6)
L9. Required quantity of fumigant (E3) is available
M. SPECIFICATIONS FOR SHEETS, RESPIRATORY & DETECTION EQUIPMENT
M1. FUMIGATION SHEETS M2. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Sheets must be:
resistant to ultraviolet light
tear-resistant along BOTH length and
width
of material impermeable to phosphine
(gas loss must be less than 1 mg/day/m2
in good condition with ALL holes and
Properly maintained canister-type full facemask respirator.
The canister must (1) be rated to protect against phosphine, (2)
not expired, (3) not damaged, and (4) canisters previously used
must not be opened more than 6 months ago & not have
exceeded their rated time-in-use.
OR
Properly maintained self-contained breathing apparatus.(SCBA)
Other varieties of respiratory protection may be acceptable, see
Application and Monitoring 7
tears mended with material-specific
adhesive and patch.
light enough to carry (200-250g/m2) a
full standard-size (18mX12m) sheet
250-micron (0.25mm) thickness PVC sheet,
PVC on a nylon or terylene scrim, or multi-
layer thin-film laminates are all acceptable.
Thin coatings on widely woven materials and
annealed polypropylene sheets NOT
acceptable.
PEA Annex T-9.NOTE. Canister/cartridge type respirators are
NOT adequate to enter a fumigation enclosure (e.g. go into a
sheeted container)
M3. MONITORING EQUIPMENT
All equipment must be properly calibrated and maintained.
Detector tubes, if used, must NOT be expired. Efficacy monitoring
equipment must be able to read in the 200-500ppm + range.
Hazard monitoring equipment must be able to accurately read in
over the 0.3-3ppm + range.
See PEA Annex T-9 for more information
N. RESPIRATORY AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT
Required Action: Complete log of all Respiratory and Detection Equipment.
DESCRIPTION
e.g., Canister Respirator
MANUF & MODEL # MANUF DATE (IF
KNOWN)
SERIAL NUMBER
*Note: advance notice of 24 or more hours may be required by country laws or regulations.
APPLICATION AND MONITORING
O. SUITABILITY OF FACILITY, STACKS AND TEAM FOR FUMIGATION
BY FOLLOWING THESE STEPS, MANADATORY FUMIGATION WILL BE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE.
FUMIGATION MAY NOT PROCEED UNLESS ALL CRITERIA ARE MET.
MANDATORY STEPS. CONFIRM THAT:
CRITERION IS. . .
CONFIRMING
INITIALS
MET NOT
MET
O1. Commodities being fumigated are not required for use before the end
of the planned down time (E5) + 1 day
Application and Monitoring 8
O2. Expected temperature during the fumigation period will be 15⁰C or
above.
O3. Stacks are NOT built around pillars or against walls, and that there is
sufficient clearance (1m) around each stack to effectively sheet and seal.
O4. Surface issues: EITHER (1) the floor under and for 1 (one) meter
around stack is crack-free concrete OR (2) the stack is placed on top of
intact fumigation tarps. (If multiple tarps are used, they must be joined by
tightly rolling a 1m overlap & weighting or clipping the join).
O5. The marked exclusion zone (see I3) can be maintained for the
duration of the fumigation (7-10 days or more). (Exclusion = no people
EXCEPT for fumigation personnel with proper breathing equipment in this
zone.)
O6. A trained 2-person (or larger) team is available for application of
fumigant and aeration and the team holds any required country licenses.
O7. If watchmen are required to maintain the exclusion zone, they will be
available over the entirety of the fumigation period, including aeration time.
O8. The warehouse contains only the commodity to be fumigated.
P. WARNING SIGNAGE AND SECURITY
REQUIRED ACTIONS Y N CONFIRMING INITIALS
P1. Notify Abutters per Notification Plan (G1). In particular, ensure that
nearby residents have been informed of activity,
P2. Notify Workers and any others with customary access to the
exclusion zone.
Brief on emergency response plan (H1)
P3. If applicable, execute Local Authorities Notification Plan (G2)*
P4. Post warning signage at all points indicated by fumigation plot (I6)
P5. Assure that doors are ready to be locked. (Locks and keys available)
P6. Assure that watchmen are on-site, if required to maintain the
exclusion zone.
Q. PLACING SHEETING AND COVERING STACKS
REQUIRED ACTIONS IN EXACTLY THIS ORDER Y N CONFIRMING
INITIALS
Q1.Position sheets. Carry, do not drag the sheets into position
Q2. Cover stacks. Unfold the sheets towards the stack. Place the sheet over
the stack and position with 1 (one) meter of sheet lying on the ground.
Unroll the sheet to cover the entire stack. If more than one sheet is used,
join the sheets. Joins require a 1(one) m overlap, tightly rolled, and then
clipped every 20cm or weighted.
Application and Monitoring 9
Q3. Set sand snakes. Smooth out any wrinkles and folds in sheets, and then
place two rows of sand snakes on the sheets along the sides of the stack.
Ensure that a good seal is achieved along the whole length and take special
care at the corners.
Q4. Place monitoring lines. Place two monitoring lines from the top and one
from the bottom of each stack for efficacy monitoring. Cut small holes to
insert tubes and seal holes in gas sheets with tape. Gas monitoring lines
should extend outside of the exclusion area. Place duct tape over the free
tube ends, except when measuring gas concentrations. Tubes MAY NOT
be located near placement positions for phosphine tablets.
R. APPLYING FUMIGANT
ATTENTION: PHOSPHINE GAS BEGINS FORMING AS SOON AS THE AIR-TIGHT PACKAGING OF PHOSPHIDE
PELLETS/TABLETS IS OPENED. IT IS A DEADLY POISON. IT IS FLAMMABLE. CONTACT OF PHOSPHIDE WITH
WATER WILL CAUSE FIRE OR EXPLOSION. SMELL IS NOT A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF DANGER.
REQUIRED ACTIONS IN EXACTLY THIS ORDER Y N CONFIRMING INITIALS
R1. Watchmen go on duty (if required to maintain the exclusion zone) &
remain OUTSIDE the zone until aeration is complete (W9)
R2. Verify ONLY personnel involved in fumigation are in the exclusion zone
R3. Turn off electric lights & any sources of sparks
R4. Ensure that all fumigation personnel are wearing PPE, including
respirators, as per L4 & L5
R5. Lay out the trays for aluminum phosphide tablets/pellets around the
stack. Remove the sand snakes that hold down the sheets next to the trays.
R6. Distribute UNOPENED tablets/sachets next to the trays
R7. Position tablets/pellets in a single layer on each tray. To avoid fire risk,
do not pile tablets or pellets. Slide trays under the sheets and replace the
sand snakes. To minimize worker exposure to gas being released,
placement of trays should be completed within 15 minutes. Work from the
back of the stack towards the exit doors. Pellets may NOT touch bagged
commodities.
R8. Assure all opened tablets/pellets are used
R9. Leave the warehouse and lock ALL doors
Application and Monitoring 10
S. MONITOR GAS CONCENTRATIONS FOR EFFICACY AND HAZARD & LOG RESULTS
REQUIRED ACTIONS Y N CONFIRMING
INITIALS
S1. Hazard Monitoring. 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours & 24 hours after applying
fumigant, and every 24 hours thereafter, monitor for hazard at all points
designated on the fumigation plot (I7). Record results on attached log (#D).
S2. Hazard Monitoring Response. If concentrations exceed 0.3ppm (or the
local TLV,* if more stringent), assure that individuals move through the area
only in passing. If concentrations exceed 1.0ppm (or the local STEL, if more
stringent) evacuate the area. NOTE ANY SUCH ACTIONS IN
EXCEPTIONS LOG (#C).
S3. Efficacy Monitoring: Monitor EACH monitoring line 24 hours after
fumigation application; every 24 hours thereafter. Monitor within stacks to
confirm it was an effective fumigation application. Record results in attached
logsheet (#E). NOTE ANY EXCEPTIONS IN LOG.
S4. Efficacy Monitoring Response. If concentration does not reach or falls
below 200ppm before additional fumigant may be added IF SCBA apparatus
are used. NOTE ANY SUCH ACTIONS IN EXCEPTIONS LOG (#C).
*threshold limit value. **short-term exposure limit see PEA Annex T-9.
T. CERTIFY FUMIGATION COMPLETE OR ABORTED
REQUIRED: CERTIFY WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING APPLIES. REQ’D TIME @
CONCENTRATION
e.g. 200 ppm @ 7 days
T1. Efficacy monitoring results show that the required phosphine gas
concentration was sustained over the required period in each stack
(Copy from E4) T2. Efficacy monitoring results show that the required concentration
was NOT sustained over the required period in one or more stacks.
U. AERATE
REQUIRED ACTIONS IN EXACTLY THIS ORDER Y N CONFIRMING INITIALS
U1. Fumigation team puts on respirators and other PPE per L4 and L5
before entering exclusion zone.
U2. Open all doors and ventilators. Turn on fans, if any.
U3. Remove sand snakes from the corners of up to 2 stacks so that
sheet covering each can be lifted. (If the stacks are large relative to the
Application and Monitoring 11
size of the room, ONLY 1 stack can be opened at a time.)
U4. Pull the free corner of each sheet up to the top of the stack with a
rope. Team leaves exclusion zone immediately.
U5. Allow gas to leave stack and warehouse for a half-day to 1 day
U6. Repeat U1, U4 & U5 until remaining stacks are opened
U7. Repeat U1. Then completely remove all sheets covering stacks.
U8. Monitor inside warehouse and directly next to stack until
phosphine gas concentration is less than 0.3 ppm (or local TLV value, if
more stringent.)
U9. ONLY AFTER CONCENTRATION IS LESS than 0.3 ppm (or local
TLV value, if more stringent), lead fumigator informs facility manager
that the area is safe to enter.
DISPOSAL AND CLEANUP
V. ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE RESIDUE REMOVAL & DISPOSAL
ATTENTION: Residues contain 3-5% unreacted materials and are hazardous to breathe and touch!
ATTENTION: NEVER DISPOSE OF UNUSED TABLETS/PELLETS WITH THESE METHODS. NEVER PLACE
UNUSED PELLETS/TABLETS IN A DRUM WITH OR WITHOUT DETERGENT AS A FIRE OR EXPLOSION
MAY OCCUR.
REQUIRED ACTIONS Y N CONFIRMING INITIALS
V1. Personnel involved put on respirators and other PPE per L4 & L5.
V2. Collect residue from trays in bucket or drum. Do not allow any
residue to touch food commodity
V3. Remove residue to a safe outdoor area
V4. Remove warning signs & stand down watchmen
V5. Standing upwind to avoid any evolved phosphine, mix residue slowly
into soapy water, assuring the residue is fully reacted.
V6. After any reaction is complete, dispose of mixture in a 0.5m deep
disposal pit, at least 100m away from warehouse structures. Fill in hole.
W. CLEAN-UP
ATTENTION: Dead animals should be considered a biohazard &
must be disposed as soon as possible after aeration is complete
REQUIRED ACTIONS Y N CONFIRMING INITIALS
W1. Crush empty phosphide tablet/pellets containers and dispose per
host country requirements. If none, bury.
W2. Inspect entire warehouse with flashlight, including under pallets
and under-roof area for dead rodents and birds
Annexed Logs and Documentation 12
W3. Collect all dead animals wearing disposable gloves (if available). If
not available, pick up with shovel or inside-out plastic bag.
W4. Dispose of carcasses by (1) burying, wrapped in newspaper or
plastic bag 0.6-1.2m deep and at least 60m from any shallow well or
surface water; OR (2) burning, where it will not cause a public nuisance
and in accordance with local laws; or (3) otherwise in accordance with
local laws.
W5. Wash hands thoroughly with soap.
Annexed Logs and Documentation 13
ANNEXED LOGS AND DOCUMENTATION
#A. DOCUMENTATION OF DOSAGE CALCULATION
Document the calculations/information used to determine the quantity of fumigant required and the “time @
concentration” efficacy threshold (e.g. 200 ppm @ 7 days)
General recommendation is 3 ALP tablets/metric ton but will vary with commodity, temperature & moisture content. 6 tablets/metric ton may be
needed for highly sorptive commodities such as paddy rice, brown rice & pulses. Consult product label.
#B. FUMIGATION TIME LOG
#B1. Planned down time (days + hrs) (from H5) and hours
#B2. Fumigant Applied (Date & Time)
#B3. Efficacy Reached (Day & Time that H4 is achieved)
#B4. Aeration Start (Date & Time)
#B5. All-Clear Given (see V9) (Date & Time)
#C. ISSUES, INCIDENTS AND EXCEPTIONS LOG
Log here any issues, incidents or exceptions that arise during the fumigation, including but not limited to phosphine
concentrations > TLV outside the exclusion zone, violations of the exclusion zone, known or suspected problems with
PPE discovered after the initial inspection, members of the fumigation team who become ill, addition of fumigant to
reach or sustain required concentrations, etc.
Annexed Logs and Documentation 14
#D. PHOSPHINE CONCENTRATION LOG: HAZARD MONITORING
Per S1, log phosphine gas concentrations taken at designated locations outside the exclusion area, in ppm.
LOCATION* MONITORING TIME (TIME 0 = APPLICATION OF FUMIGANT)
1 hr 2 hr 4 hr 24 hr 1 day 2 days 3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days 7 days 8 days 9 days
A
B
C
*As designated on plot map, Annex #F. Add locations as needed.
#E. PHOSPHINE CONCENTRATION LOG: EFFICACY MONITORING
Per S3, log phosphine gas concentrations taken from monitoring lines, in ppm.
MONITORING
LINE*
MONITORING TIME (TIME 0 = APPLICATION OF FUMIGANT)
24 hrs 2 days 3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days 7 days 8 days 9 days 10 days
1
2
3
4
*As designated on plot map, Annex #F. Add lines as needed.
Annexed Logs and Documentation 15
#F. SCALE MAP/PLOT OF FACILITY AND SURROUNDINGS, SHOWING EXCLUSION ZONE
(use this grid for a sketch map, if a more formal site map is not available. See section I for requirements)
ANNEX T-4 TEMPLATE: PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION SERVICES QUOTATION REQUEST
NOTE: Attach the Fumigation Management Plan (Annex T-3) as modified for your program to this quotation request.
-——————————————
Date
Dear Sir/Madam:
[Organization Name] requests a quotation for fumigation of [weight] of [type of] food commodities. Except for specifically agreed exceptions, the fumigation must be conducted in a manner conforming to the attached Fumigation Management Plan (FMP).
If this RFQ is for recurring fumigation services (versus one time fumigation) state as much information as possible about the types and amounts of commodity to be fumigated.
_____This will be a full warehouse fumigation
_____This will be a fumigation of [number] stacks
The location(s) of performance is/are:
[Name(s) of warehouse, city/village, district/parish, etc.]
The expected dates of performance are [insert dates]. If this is for recurring fumigation, state how often fumigation should be conducted):
Other requirements: (a) Please submit the names of the key fumigation workers and the types and dates of fumigation training that they have received in the last five years (If this is for recurring fumigation, request this information for the first fumigation; updates can be requested at a later date.)
(b) Please note that except as specifically negotiated, you must provide all equipment necessary to undertake the fumigation, including (1) an adequate number of high-quality fumigation sheets and sand snakes; (2) all necessary personal protective equipment including canister respirators or self-contained breathing apparatus; (3) phosphine gas monitoring equipment for both hazard and efficacy; (4) supplies for placarding and sealing the warehouse during the fumigation; and (5) all equipment otherwise required by the attached FMP. All equipment must meet specifications as established in the attached FMP.
(c) Please describe contact pesticides you intend to use, including the type of pesticide (product name, active ingredient), locations where you will apply, the application method, and the timeframe for spraying.
(d) Please advise on availability during the proposed timeframe, and the number of days required for the fumigation process, from tarping through aeration.
(e) No waste, including pesticide containers and fumigant packaging, shall be left on-site unless prior arrangements have been made with our office to safely dispose of the items.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #35
Please quote your price and provide the above-requested information for the above fumigation services. Please also specifically state any requested exceptions to the specified fumigation plan, along with the reason for the requested exception.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #36
ANNEX T-5 TEMPLATE: PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION SERVICES CONTRACT1
The following is adapted from a World Vision contract for fumigation services.
NOTE: The Fumigation Management Plan (Annex T-3) as modified for your program serves as Annex 1 to this contract.
CONTRACT FOR FUMIGATION SERVICES Between
[Name of PVO Organization, location of organization]
And
[Name of Fumigation Service Provider (FSP), location]
Both parties hereby enter into an agreement which states the following:
This agreement covers fumigation services to be rendered by [Name of Fumigation Service Provider/contractor] at the following location(s):
• Warehouse name, location, capacity
• Warehouse name, location, capacity
If during the period of this contract, the number of warehouse locations will be revised (increased or decreased), [PVO Organization] will notify contractor by letter. The floor area/capacity of each warehouse is an estimate, and the contractor is encouraged to visit each site, prior to fumigating, to investigate specific situations.
Expected Date(s) of Services: [insert dates]
[if this is a re-current contract, state expected frequency (i.e., every four to six weeks; or other timeframe, as applicable); if services may also be needed based on PVO’s inspections (versus or in addition to a calendar-based schedule), state that additional services may be requierd, depending on warehouse inspections]
GENERAL PROVISIONS (1) [PVO Organization] will impose a penalty of [amount of penalty in local currency/day] if the contractor fails to perform the requested services in a timely manner, if due to the contractor’s negligence (i.e., workers unavailable, fumigant unavailable, etc)
(2) The contractor shall be responsible for re-fumigating at no cost to [PVO Organization] should [PVO Organization] deem the work was not done properly. Payment will be made only after satisfactory service has been rendered. This determination will be made by an authorized individual from [PVO Organization].
(3) [PVO Organization] will/will not provide transport and accomodation of contractor’s personnel from point of origin to warehouse(s) and return.
(5) [Incorporate PVO’s indemnification, dispute, payment clauses, termination clauses, and other legal/contractual requirements.]
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #37
1 This template is a tool of the Fumigation PEA
FUMIGATION PROCESS REQUIREMENTS (1) Based on a written request from [PVO Organization], the contractor will fumigate stored commodities. [PVO Organization] will notify contractor of the desired date of services, the type of commodity, and the approximate amount of commodity to be fumigated.
(2) Except as specifically agreed in a signed addendum to this agreement, the contractor must conduct the fumigation in a manner conforming to the attached Fumigation Management Plan.
(3) The contractor shall abide by all local and national regulations regarding use of pesticides, including fumigants.
(4) Except as specifically agreed in a signed addendum to this agreement, the contractor must provide all equipment necessary to undertake the fumigation, including (1) an adequate number of high-quality fumigation sheets and sand snakes; (2) all necessary personal protective equipment including canister respirators or self-contained breathing apparatus; (3) phosphine gas monitoring equipment for both hazard and efficacy; (4) supplies for placarding and sealing the warehouse during the fumigation; and (5) all equipment otherwise required by the attached FMP. All equipment must meet specifications as established in the attached FMP.
(5) If a contact pesticide will be used, contractor must provide adequate PPE and ensure other safety procedures are in place so no environmental contamination results from use, including mixing, storing, applying, and disposing of contact pesticide.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #38
ANNEX T-6 TEMPLATE: IPM PRACTICES & INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR USAID-FUNDED COMMODITIES AND WAREHOUSES This Inspection Checklist is a modified version of the checklist contained in the Food for Peace Commodity Reference Guide.2 As modified, it implements key Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices that are essential complements to fumigation.
STORAGE INSPECTION CHECKLIST Date: __________________ Inspected by: __________________
Warehouse: __________________
A. YARD AREA SURROUNDING WAREHOUSE: On at least a weekly basis:
___ 1. Inspect the yard for signs of rodents (i.e., fecal pellets, tracks, burrows in the ground, holes, sings of feeding). ___ 2. Check to see that conditions do not attract insects (i.e., spilled commodities or other edible materials, empty containers, shrubs and trees, bird nests, weeds, trash, piled or damaged packing materials). ___ 3. Remove trash and unnecessary equipment and supplies regularly. ___ 4. Check the general security of the yard area surrounding the warehouse.
___ 5. Remove weeds from the perimeter of the warehouse.
____6. Check if water ponds at the perimeter of the warehouse and along access roads. If water ponds after a rain, grade the area to prevent water accumulation.
B. WAREHOUSE For proper inspections, the warehouse should be well lit. Inspectors should conduct inspections using a flashlight (torch). Warehouse cleaning should be done daily; warehouse inspections should be carried out at least weekly.
___ 1. Check screens at the vents and other openings of the warehouse. If there are no screens, place screens at any openings into the warehouse. Use wire netting with mesh no larger than 6.35 mm or steel wool. Check for structural damage; use concrete to seal the opening. ___ 2. Check doors. Doors should be tightly fitting metal; make sure there are no gaps. ___ 3. Check for roof leaks. ___ 4. Check for holes in the walls. ___ 5. Ensure that the floor is sufficiently hard-packed to prevent burrowing by rodents. ___ 6. Check to see that the warehouse is well lit (as above, good lighting is required for proper inspections). ___ 7. Clean and service the anticoagulant and rodent bait stations regularly, and keep them filled with fresh bait (exterior use only). Bait stations should be tamper proof and secured to the ground with a concrete block and placed every 15-30 meters. ___ 8. Check rodent tracking powders (these should be placed on the exterior of the warehouse only). ___ 9. Check mousetraps (they should be emptied of dead mice daily). Only multiple-catch mouse traps, snap traps, and glue boards should be used in the interior of the warehouse. These should be placed every 15
2 Food for Peace Commodities Reference Guide, Section III, updated January 2006. http://transition.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/ffp/crg/sec3.htm
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #39
meters along the floor wall junctions inside the warehouse and also underneath pallets if an infestation is suspected. ___ 10. Make sure that commodity stacks are positioned at least one meter from walls and other stacks to facilitate inspections. ___ 11. Ensure passageways are clean of spilled grain and debris. ___ 12. (For large and very large warehouses) Ensure three to four meters wide central aisles. ___ 13. Ensure stacks are at a reasonable height for ease of handling and to prevent damage to containers by crushing or falling from stacks.
___ 14. Ensure sides of stacks are flush. ___ 15. Ensure air spaces are provided between individual stacks. ___ 16. Ensure clean, unused packing material is neatly stacked. ___ 17. Ensure broken packing material is removed. ___ 18. Ensure the top of packing materials is covered to prevent spillage of food from damaged containers to ground or floor below.
C. DURING WORKING DAILY HOURS, CHECK THAT: ___ 1. Workers are lifting bags by the body instead of corners (to prevent tearing or weakening of the bag). ___ 2. Workers place bags on stacks, they do not throw bags. ___ 3 Workers clean empty bags and pallets thoroughly before they are reused and stack them neatly.
___4. When workers reconstitute/re-bag commodities from damaged container into good containers, they are adequately stitching the opening and weighing for correct quantity before stacking.
____5. Spilled commodity is not swept up into the reconstituted bag. This will help ensure that commodity will not be contaminated with pesticides that may have been sprayed in the empty warehouse.
____6. Warehouse doors and windows of are kept closed to discourage entry of insects, birds, and rodents.
D. COMMODITIES On a daily basis check whether:
___ 1. Insects are present on damaged containers. Report presence of insects to warehouse supervisor. ___ 2. The exterior of stacked food containers is clean and free of mold, insects, rodents, and birds. Report presence of any of these to warehouse supervisor. ___ 4. Spoiled/infested food commodity is stored away from good commodity. ___ 5. Damaged commodities are removed promptly and rebagged. Use tape to seal small tears in paper bags.
___ 6. All floor sweepings are discarded and not re-bagged or otherwise used for human or animal consumption, as they may contain insecticide residue. If fumigating, discard all floor sweepings by placing them under fumigated tarps to kill any insects and discard after aeration.
At least on a weekly basis, inspect that:
___ 1. Individual commodities are stacked separately from one another. ___ 2. Food stacks are separated from non-food stocks. ___ 3. Records are current and adequate to document program of stock rotation (i.e., what is first in, is first out, or FIFO). ___ 4. Check to see that commodities are stacked on pallets to keep off the floor in both small and large warehouses.
___ 5. Pallets are not chipped nor are nails sticking out which could tear bags or injure workers.
REVIEW & APPROVAL Name: ___________________ Signed: ___________________ Date: ________
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #40
ANNEX T-7 REFERENCE: FUMIGATION AND CONTACT PESTICIDE BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES This annex contains best practice recommendations3 for the following:
• Storage of pesticide containers (including fumigants)
• Disposal of pesticide containers (including fumigants)
• Transport of pesticides (including fumigants)
• Determining when to fumigate
• Soliciting and contracting for fumigation services
• Fumigation of stacks with aluminum phosphide
• Specifications and care of fumigation sheets/tarps
• Spraying empty warehouses & surroundings with contact pesticides
Annex T-3, the template Fumigation Management Plan, embodies these best practices for fumigation of stacks. Annex T-9 Respiratory and Monitoring Equipment and First Aid, and Annex T-6 Warehouse Checklist for additional best practices in commodity protection.
PROPER STORAGE OF PESTICIDE CONTAINERS (INCLUDING FUMIGANTS) Proper storage of pesticides is essential to protect human health and well-being and to protect against environmental contamination. Proper storage will also extend the shelf life of pesticides.
1. A separate, isolated building should be dedicated for pesticide storage. The entrance to the storagearea should be labeled/placarded as shown below in English and local language(s).
DANGER
PESTICIDE STORAGE
FIRE WILL CAUSE TOXIC FUMES
2. The storage building should be constructed of fire-resistant material and should contain a portablefire extinguisher and, if feasible, a sprinkler system.
3. Make sure the storage area is not leaky and does not get wet during rain. Vents should be closed incase of rain.
3 Sources are cited throughout.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #41
4. The storage area should be well ventilated. High temperatures may cause some pesticide drumheadsto bulge and leak. High temperatures may also cause emission of toxic fumes.
5. All pesticides must be stored in their original, labeled containers. Pesticides must never be stored infood, feed, or beverage containers.
6. Keep similar pesticides together, and separate them from other types of pesticides.
7. The lids of pesticide containers must be closed when they are not being used.
8. Place liquid containers on pallets to avoid corrosion of flooring.
9. Protect pesticide dusts from humidity to prevent caking.
10. Check containers periodically (at least monthly) for leaks or tears.
11. Make an inventory of all pesticides, including expiration dates, and keep records of use.
12. If multiple containers of a particular pesticide are stored, use the one closest to expiration first.
13. Do not store pesticide solutions in sprayers in the storehouse; use all of the mixed formulation.
14. In the case of phosphine, use all of the tablets/pellets in a container.
15. Do not store food, feed, water, or beverages in the pesticide storage area.
16. Do not store clothes, respirators, or other protective equipment in the pesticide storage area.
17. The storage area should have plenty of water and soap and an eye station in case of an accidental spillon hands or eyes.
18. Do not store pesticides for more than one year as they lose their activity.
PESTICIDE CONTAINER DISPOSAL (INCLUDING FUMIGANT PACKAGING) Human/animal poisonings and environmental contamination may occur if pesticides and pesticide containers are not disposed of properly. In some countries, unused pesticide solutions can be taken to a designated collection place for incineration or disposal. In countries receiving food aid, such a facility may not exist. Therefore, all of the mixed chemical in a sprayer or a duster should be completely used. In the case of phosphine, all tablets/pellets in an opened container should be used for fumigation.
1. In the case of liquid pesticides, the empty container should be drained vertically for 30 seconds.
2. Triple rinse the container, each time using 1 liter of water for a sprayer of 3.84 L capacity. Allow 30seconds for draining each time. The rinse water should be collected into a container and disposed ofin an area away from any surface or ground water, following any local requirements.
3. Crush or break the container and dispose it in an approved manner, and do not reuse the container.
4. After all of the phosphine tablets/pellets are used, the empty container should be crushed anddisposed as mentioned above.
Modified from: Bohmont, B. L. 1996. The Standard Pesticide User’s Guide, Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
TRANSPORTING PESTICIDES INCLUDING FUMIGANTS Transporting Aluminum Phosphide Packages
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #42
In the US, the US Department of Transportation (DOT) classifies aluminum phosphide as “Dangerous When Wet” material and it must be transported in accordance with DOT regulations. While these regulations do not apply to USAID programs in USAID host countries, they can provide a framework for implementation of safeguards when transporting aluminum phosphide packages. The US regulations are modified below so they can be applied to food assistance situations.
Packaging
No unsealed pouches may be transported. The completed outer packaging containing a combination of canisters and pouches should not exceed 21 kg.
Operational Controls
1. No more than 21 kg of aluminum phosphide may be transported by motor vehicles at any one time.
2. The complete packages must be stowed in metal boxes or compartments on the motor vehicle.
3. Only licensed pest control operators may transport the packages.
4. Each canister or foil pouch and the outré packaging must be labeled POISON and DANGEROUSWHEN WET (see below); vehicles need not display DANGEROUS WHEN WET PLACARDS.Miniature placards (2 cm by 2 cm) are can be used for inner canisters and pouches.
Special Provisions
1. Drivers must have been instructed as to necessary safeguards and proper procedures in the event ofunusual delay, fire, or accident.
2. The person performing the transportation tasks must receive training on the requirements andconditions herein.
Reporting Requirements
Notification in writing, of any incident involving a package, shipment, or operation shall be made to the designated contracting authority within 24 hours.
DETERMINING WHEN TO FUMIGATE Fumigation presents inherent risks to fumigators and those nearby. It should only be undertaken when there has been a specific determination of need. Appropriate decisions rules for making this determination are provided in Annex T-12, “Deciding When to Fumigate.”
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #43
SOLICITING AND CONTRACTING FOR FUMIGATION SERVICES Solicitations and Contract Documents must clearly establish that fumigation must comply with the practices for phosphine stack fumigation that follow immediately below, with any exceptions specifically negotiated and agreed. The training/qualifications of fumigation personnel and ability to comply with these practices must be key criteria in selecting fumigation service providers
The template Fumigation Services Quotation Request (Annex T-4) and the template Fumigation Services Contract (Annex T-5) provided in this PEA conform with these requirements.
FUMIGATION OF STACKS USING ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE (ALP) At temperatures of 25⁰C or above a minimum exposure time of 7 to 10 days is necessary to control phosphine-tolerant insect stages. The fumigation should be planned for a time period that will allow for this length of fumigation.
The following steps, adapted primarily from WFP’s SOPs and the FAO’s Guide to Fumigation Under Gas-Proof Sheets4. must be followed for safe, effective fumigation.
Overall: Fumigation Management Plan (FMP)
Planning for and implementation of the fumigation event must be documented in a Fumigation Management Plan (FMP). The fumigation plan should document: (1) responsible parties ( facility manager and fumigators); (2) emergency contact information ; (3) notification and emergency response plans; (4) commodities being fumigated, dosage and downtime calculations; (5) the spatial fumigation plan, (6) conformity with the key steps and decision criteria enumerated below; (7) gas concentration monitoring logs; and (8) any accidents, or exceptions to the procedures enumerated below.
(See below for explanations of these terms and concepts.)
Initial Preparations
1. Assemble emergency contact information, including: police and fire, if available. clinic/hospital;relevant local authorities (port authorities, district council, chieftancy, etc.); national pesticideregulatory authority; Food Assistance Program Chief of Party.
2. Develop an advance notification plan for (1) abutters (those living and working within 100m of thefacility); and (2) for local authorities, as required or agreed
3. Develop an emergency response plan: what are the procedures to be followed if phosphine exceedthe 0.3ppm (or TVL per host country regulations, if more stringent) in an area wherebystanders/workers/local community members could be affected.
4. Characterize the commodity(ies)to be fumigated – amount (metric tons), how packaged, number ofstacks and their size, condition, moisture content, and purpose of fumigation.
4 van Someran Graver, J. E. 2004. Guide to Fumigation Under Gas-Proof Sheets. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Produced by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. Available at http://www.fao.org/inpho_archive/content/documents/vlibrary/ad416e/FAOHomeIndex.htm (on-line e-book; includes accompanying videos) and http://http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/543/FAO%20full%20text.pdf (print-ready PDF).
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #44
5. Determine the quantity of fumigant required and the planned total facility “downtime,” includingaeration time for the fumigation. Document calculations. (General recommendation is dosage rate at3 ALP tablets /metric ton but will vary with commodity and temperature). A dosage of 6tables/metric ton may be needed for high sorptive commodities, such as paddy rice, brown rice, andpulses. Consult product label.)
6. Make a spatial fumigation plan and determine the exclusion zone: obtain or make a plot of the facilityand its surroundings. Mark location of stacks to be fumigated and the exclusion zone from which allindividuals except fumigators will be excluded for the duration of the fumigation. The exclusion zonemust be at least a 6m perimeter from the stacks; more if required by local requirements.
Also mark on the plot shut-off points for electricity, water and gas (if any), door/gates to be securedto enforce the exclusion zone, and where warning signs should be posted.
Mark planned locations for hazard monitoring (at least 3, just outside the exclusion zone, where gasmay accumulate) as well as planned location of phosphine trays and monitoring lines.
7. Determine whether a watchman or watchmen will be required to maintain the exclusion. If yes,inform facility manager immediately.
Determine Suitability of Facility, Stacks and Team for Fumigation.
DO NOT GO FORWARD WITH THE FUMIGATION IF ANY OF THE CRITERIA IN THIS SECTION ARE NOT MET.
Verify that all of the following criteria for fumigation are met:
1. The commodities being fumigated are not required before the end of the planned down time + 1day.
2. Expected temperature during the fumigation period will be 15⁰C or above
3. Stacks are NOT built around pillars or against walls, and that there is sufficient clearance (1m)around each stack to effectively sheet and seal.
4. EITHER (1) the floor under and for 1m around stack is crack-free concrete OR (2) the stack iscreated on top of intact fumigation tarps. If multiple tarps are used, they must be joined by tightlyrolling a 1m overlap & weighting or clipping the join
5. The marked exclusion zone can be maintained for the full planned facility downtime. (Again, nopersons EXCEPT for fumigation personnel with proper breathing equipment will be allowed in thiszone.)
6. A trained 2-person (or larger) team is available for application of fumigant and aeration and the teamholds any required host country licenses.
7. If a watchman(men) is required to maintain the exclusion zone, they will be available over theentirety of the fumigation period, including aeration time.
Confirm Condition, Quantity & Adequacy of Equipment & Supplies
DO NOT PROCEED WITH FUMIGATION UNLESS ALL EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES LISTED BELOW ARE ON-HAND.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #45
1. Determine the number of fumigation sheets required. (Note that joining sheets requires a 1moverlap, tightly rolled and then clipped or weighted. Confirm that adequate sheets meetingspecifications per box on next page are available.
2. Calculate the number of sand snakes required (two rows should be used) to place around the stack tobe fumigated. In the absence of sand snakes, use other bagged commodities. Confirm that adequatequantity is on hand.
3. Calculate the number of trays for ALP tablets/pellets required. Confirm that adequate quantity is onhand.
4. Confirm that respiratory equipment meeting specifications in Annex T-9 is available FOR THEFULL TEAM and all personnel can achieve a complete face seal. Maintain a log of this equipment.
5. Confirm that . Detection (Monitoring)Equipment is available to monitor bothHAZARD and EFFICACY perspecifications in Annex T-9. Maintain alog of this equipment.
6. Confirm that (1) dry, clean cotton glovesin good condition; (2) rubber boots; (3)liquid-tight coveralls are available FORTHE FULL TEAM
7. Confirm that warning signs (placards) INAPPROPRIATE LANGUAGES andWITH APPROPRIATE PICTOGRAMSand compliant with host countryregulations (if any) are available inquantity required by the spatialfumigation plan.
8. Consider the need to spray contactpesticides prior to fumigation, such asspraying the store structure and stacksurfaces (see below).
• In accordance with PVO procedures,notify appropriate PVO staff, includingwarehouse managers, workers and otheremployees about the fumigation and itsduration, including safety precautions tobe followed; notify neighbors if they arewithin 100 meters of the fumigatedwarehouse; and have phone numbers ofphysicians, police, and fire department in case of an accident or emergency.
Brief Fumigation Team & Facility Manager.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR FUMIGATION (GAS-PROOF) SHEETS OR TARPS AND PROPER CARE OF SHEETS
Specifications:
• Sheets must be resistant to ultraviolet light. They mustbe resistant to tearing along both length and width and impermeable to phosphine (gas loss should be less than 1mg/day/m2).
• Sheets must be 250 microns thick (1 micron = 1/1000 of amm), and light weight (200-250 g/m2).
• Standard 18 x 12 m sheets are strongly recommended.
• Sheets must be in good condition, with all holes and tearsmended with material-specific adhesive and patch.
Fumigation sheets are generally made of unsupported polyvinyl chloride (PVC), woven polythene, PVC laminate, PVC on a nylon or terylene scrim, or multi-layered thin-film laminates.
Annealed polypropylene sheets and thinly coated and widely woven materials must not be used as fumigation sheets.
Care of Sheets:
• To prevent tears, sheets should not be pulled or dragged over rough ground or walked on. .
• Sheets should be stored in a place where they will not be damaged by rodents.
• Prior to each use, hang sheets on long supports andinspect against light for any holes. Seal with material-specific adhesive and patch.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #46
1. Fumigation team reviews product label, MSDS, and applicator/product manual. Lead applicatorprovides detailed verbal briefing if required (e.g. if one or more team members cannot read theproduct label.)
2. Lead fumigator briefs the team regarding the symptoms of phosphine poisoning and first aid. (SeeFumigation PEA Annex T-10)
3. Lead fumigator briefs the team regarding the planned fumigation process with reference to the siteplot WITH FACILITY MANAGER PRESENT. Roles and responsibilities of each person areunderstood and agreed.
4. Lead fumigator briefs the team & facility manager on EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN (F1) &roles and responsibilities for implementing the plan are agreed.
Notify and Post Warning Signage, Assure Watchmen on Standby
1. Notify Abutters per Notification Plan
2. Notify Workers and any others with customary access to the exclusion zone. Brief them on theemergency response plan
3. If applicable, execute Local Authorities Notification Plan
4. Post warning signage at all points indicated by fumigation plot
5. Assure that doors are ready to be locked. (Locks and keys available)
6. Assure that watchmen are on-site and ready to go on-duty, if required to maintain the exclusion zone.
Sheet the Stack
1. Unfold the sheets towards the stack. Always carry the sheet, never drag it over the ground.
2. Place the sheet over the stack and position with 1meter of sheet lying on the ground.
3. Unroll the sheet to cover the entire stack.
4. Take care when climbing on stacks or up ladders while covering the stacks to avoid falling over theedge.
5. Smooth out any wrinkles and folds in the sheets before placing sand snakes on them.
6. If more than one sheet is used, join the sheets. (Again, joins require a a 1m overlap, tightly rolled andthen clipped or weighted.)
7. Place two rows of sand snakes on the sheets along the sides of the stack. Ensure that a good seal isachieved along the whole length and take special care at the corners.
8. Place two monitoring lines from the top and one from the bottom of each stack to determine ifphosphine concentration of 200-300 ppm is maintained for the duration of exposure. Cut smallholes to insert tubes and seal holes in gas sheets with tape.
9. Gas monitoring lines should be placed outside of treated area. Place duct tape over the free tubeends, except when measuring gas concentrations with electrochemical or tube type gas monitoringequipment.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #47
Apply Fumigant.
ATTENTION: PHOSPHINE GAS BEGINS FORMING AS SOON AS THE AIR-TIGHT PACKAGING OF PHOSPHIDE PELLETS/TABLETS IS OPENED. IT IS A DEADLY POISON. IT IS FLAMMABLE. CONTACT OF PHOSPHIDE WITH WATER WILL CAUSE FIRE OR EXPLOSION. SMELL IS NOT A RELIABLE INDICATOR OF DANGER
1. Watchmen go on duty (if required to maintain the exclusion zone) & remain OUTSIDE the zoneuntil aeration is complete (min 7-10 days).
2. Verify ONLY personnel involved in fumigation are in the exclusion zone
3. Turn off electric lights & any sources of sparks
4. Ensure that all fumigation personnel are wearing above-specified PPE, including respirators5
5. Lay out the trays for aluminum phosphide tablets/pellets around the stack. Remove the sand snakesthat hold down the sheets next to the trays.
6. Distribute UNOPENED tablets/sachets next to the trays.
7. Position tablets/pellets in a single layer on each tray. To avoid fire risk, do not pile tablets or pellets.Slide trays under the sheets and replace the sand snakes. To minimize worker exposure to gas beingreleased, placement of trays should be completed within 15 minutes. Work from the back of thestack towards the exit doors. Pellets may NOT touch bagged commodities.
8. Assure all opened tablets/pellets are used.
9. Leave the warehouse and lock ALL doors.
Monitor Gas Concentrations for Efficacy and Hazard & Log Results
1. Hazard Monitoring. 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours & 24 hours after applying fumigant, and every 24 hoursthereafter, monitor for hazard at all points designated on the spatial fumigation plan. Record resultsin a log that is part of the fumigation management plan.
2. Hazard Monitoring Response.. If concentrations exceed 0.3ppm (or the local TLV,6 if morestringent), assure that individuals move through the area only in passing. If concentrations exceed1.0ppm (or the local STEL,7 if more stringent) evacuate the area. NOTE ANY SUCH ACTIONSIN THE EXCEPTIONS/INCIDENTS LOG attached to the fumigation management plan.
3. Efficacy Monitoring: Monitor EACH monitoring line 24 hours after fumigation application; every 24hours thereafter. Record results in a log that is part of the fumigation management plan.
4. Efficacy Monitoring Response. If concentration does not reach or falls below 200ppm beforeadditional fumigant may be added ONLY IF SCBA apparatus are used. NOTE ANY SUCH
5 See PPE list in “Confirm Condition, Quantity & Adequacy of Equipment & Supplies”
6 Threshold Limit Value, see Annex T-9.
7 Short Term Exposure Limit; see Annex T-9.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #48
ACTIONS IN THE EXCEPTIONS/INCIDENTS LOG attached to the fumigation management plan.
Certify Fumigation Complete or Aborted
The lead fumigator must formally communicate to the facility manager which of the following applies.
1. Efficacy Monitoring results show that the required phosphine gas concentration was sustained overthe required period in each stack
2. Efficacy monitoring results show that the required concentration was NOT sustained over therequired period in one or more stacks. These stacks must be specifically identified.
Aerate
1. Fumigation team puts on respirators and other PPE8 before entering exclusion zone.
2. Open all doors and ventilators. Turn on fans, if any.
3. Remove sand snakes from the corners of up to 2 stacks so that sheet covering each can be lifted. (Ifthe stacks are large relative to the size of the room, ONLY 1 stack can be opened at a time.)
4. Pull the free corner of each sheet up to the top of the stack with a rope. Team leaves exclusion zoneimmediately.
5. Allow gas to leave stack and warehouse for a half-day to 1 day
6. Repeat steps 1, 4 & 5 until remaining stacks are opened
7. Repeat step 1. Then completely remove all sheets covering stacks.
8. Monitor inside warehouse and directly next to stack until phosphine gas concentration is less than 0.3ppm (or local TLV value, if more stringent.)
9. ONLY AFTER CONCENTRATION IS LESS than 0.3 ppm (or local TLV value, if morestringent), lead fumigator informs facility manager that the area is safe to enter.
8 See PPE list in “Confirm Condition, Quantity & Adequacy of Equipment & Supplies”
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #49
Aluminum Phosphide Residue Removal & Disposal9
ATTENTION: RESIDUES CONTAIN 3-5% UNREACTED MATERIALS AND ARE HAZARDOUS TO BREATHE AND TOUCH!
ATTENTION: NEVER DISPOSE OF UNUSED TABLETS/PELLETS WITH THESE METHODS. NEVER PLACE UNUSED PELLETS/TABLETS IN A DRUM WITH OR WITHOUT DETERGENT AS A FIRE OR EXPLOSION MAY OCCUR.
1. Personnel involved put on respirators and other PPE10
2. Collect residue from trays in bucket or drum. Do not allow any residue to touch food commodity
3. Remove residue to a safe outdoor area
4. Remove warning signs & stand down watchmen
5. Standing upwind to avoid any evolved phosphine, mix residue slowly into soapy water, assuring theresidue is fully reacted.
6. After any reaction is complete, dispose of mixture in an 0.5m deep disposal pit, at least 100m awayfrom warehouse structures. Fill in hole.
9 from: van Someran Graver, J. E. 2004. Guide to Fumigation Under Gas-Proof Sheets. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Produced by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia.
10 See PPE list in “Confirm Condition, Quantity & Adequacy of Equipment & Supplies.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #50
Clean-up11
ATTENTION: DEAD ANIMALS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED A BIOHAZARD & MUST BE DISPOSED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE AFTER AERATION IS COMPLETE
Rodents and birds gain entry into food aid warehouses through structural gaps in the building. Entry is more likely in temporary tent-type structures that store food. Fumigation to kill stored-product insect pests will also kill rodents and birds. After fumigation, the warehouse must be inspected to locate all dead rodents and birds and they must be promptly disposed of (24 hours). The rate of decomposition is faster in tropical and sub-tropical climates than in colder climates. If not promptly disposed of, odor and disease transmission are concerns. In addition, secondary infestations of flesh flies, carrion beetles, blow flies, carpet beetles, and cockroaches could result. Dead animals must be disposed of within 24 hours after fumigation is complete to avoid these issues.
1. Crush empty phosphide tablet/pellets containers and dispose per host country requirements. If none,bury.
2. Inspect entire warehouse with flashlight, including under pallets and under-roof area for deadrodents and birds
3. Collect all dead animals wearing disposable gloves (if available). If not available, pick up with shovelor inside-out plastic bag.
4. Dispose of carcasses by (1) burying, wrapped in newspaper or plastic bag 0.6-1.2m deep and at least60m from any shallow well or surface water; OR (2) burning, where it will not cause a publicnuisance and in accordance with local laws; or (3) otherwise in accordance with local laws.
5. Wash hands thoroughly with soap.
• 7. Dispose of empty phosphine containers
OPTIONAL: SPRAYING WAREHOUSE STRUCTURES (EMPTY WAREHOUSE AND SURROUNDING AREAS12 Consider spraying the empty warehouse (floor, walls, roofs, etc.) and surrounding areas with contact (residual) pesticide before receipt of food commodities to kill any live insets. The perimeter of the warehouse on the outside should be sprayed, as described below. The aim is to kill insects that might escape the fumigation.
11 modified from:
Bohmont, B. L. 1996. The Standard Pesticide User’s Guide, Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Proper Disposal of Animal Carcasses in Michigan: An Industry Guide to the Bodies of Dead Animals Act. Michigan Department of Agriculture, Lansing, Michigan. Available at:http://www.michigan.gov/documents/MDA_BODA_80099_7.pdf.
Rodent Control: How to Use Rodent Traps and Bait Stations. Public Health Seattle & King County. Environmental Health Services, Seattle, Washington. Available at : www.kingcounty.gov/healthservices/health/ehs/~/.../RatTraps.ashx.
Dead Animal Disposal. Indiana State Board of Animal Health. Available at http://www.in.gov/boah/2369.htm.
12 Modified from World Food Program Standard Operating Procedures.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #51
As per Annex T-1, USAID partners must submit a PERSUAP to USAID that requests specific pesticides. That PERSUAP must specify practices at least as stringent as those below; see PERSUAP template in Annex T-2.
1. Clean empty warehouse of all food grains and debris. This will increase insecticide effectiveness.
2. Ensure spray equipment is well maintained and make repairs prior to spraying.
3. Give prior notice of the spraying to warehouse staff whose work is likely to be disrupted.
4. Calculate the area to be sprayed (usual recommended rate is two to five liters of water/100 squaremeters) and provide sufficient insecticide (recommended dosage rate 2% active ingredient in thesolution or as recommended by the label). Ensure adequate water and sprayers are available, and thatprotective clothing and washing water and soap is available.
5. Protective clothing, including boots, long sleeve shirts, pants, disposable gloves, goggles, andcoveralls should be worn by applicators. In some cases, cartridge type of masks should be worn toprotect against inhaling spray droplets. Check label for respiratory protection needed.
6. Calibrate sprayer by adjusting volume of water needed to cover a known amount of floor area.
7. Provide clear instructions to applicators as to the parts of the warehouse to be treated and anestimate of the area to be covered with one knapsack sprayer of pesticide.
8. Give special instructions, for example, about applying heavier than normal dosages of spray to placeswhere insects might be concentrated (i.e., cracks and crevices in walls and floors).
9. Notify applicators about hazards such as electrical equipment, dimly lit areas, and slippery floors.
10. Mix pesticides in a well-ventilated area using disposable gloves and goggles. If a pest managementservice provider is used for spraying, pesticides should be mixed off-site before arriving onwarehouse grounds. For additional guidance in mixing and handling pesticides, see below.
11. Spray empty warehouse (floor, walls, roofs, etc.) and surrounding areas before receipt of foodcommodities to kill any live insets. The perimeter of the warehouse on the outside should besprayed. Do not spray near waterways; spray at least 50 meters away from the edge of a surfacewater body. An approved contact pesticide must be used.
12. Inspect immediately after spraying that all areas have been properly treated. Any surplus sprayremaining in the sprayers should be applied to walls to use it up. Diluted water-based sprays shouldnot be retained in the sprayer for longer than one day since the insecticide may deteriorate rapidly.
13. Empty the sprayers and wash thoroughly with clean water. Dismantle and clean nozzles. Drain anddry spray tanks, hoses, and lances. Triple rinse sprayers and collect rinse water and dispose safely andsecurely, preferably in an area designated for this waste, in an area where it will not affect non-targetorganisms. Empty insecticide containers should be disposed of safely by crushing them and placedin a safe, secure pit/landfill, and covered.
14. Applicators should was hands thorough with soap and warm water. Clothes worn during applicationshould be washed with soap and water. Do not reuse gloves. Goggles should be thoroughly washedin soap and water and dried.
15. As required by PVO procedures, report the area of a warehouse sprayed and the type and quantity ofpesticides used.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #52
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON PROPER HANDLING AND MIXING OF PESTICIDES Spills and splashes can occur when mixing pesticides with water in sprayers. The following safety instructions should be observed during the mixing and loading of pesticides:
1. After selecting a pesticide for spraying the warehouse, follow label directions for using correctamount of the pesticide and do not exceed label rates.
2. Wear protective clothing and respirator as stated by the label, and have first aid equipment available.
3. Never work alone when handling highly hazardous pesticides.
4. Mix chemicals outside or in a well-ventilated area and not inside the warehouse.
5. Do not mix chemicals near surface water. Mixing should occur at least 50 meters away from surfacewater.
6. Always stand upwind when mixing or loading pesticides.
7. The measuring containers should be thoroughly cleaned after each use.
8. First add water to the spray tank, then add the pesticide and fill the spray tank to the desired level.
9. Clean up spilled pesticides immediately. If the pesticide is accidentally spilled on skin, immediatelywash it off with soap and water. Notify supervisor to ensure that appropriate procedures are takento avoid injury.
10. If the pesticide is spilled on clothing, change clothing as soon as possible and wash clothes beforeusing them again.
11. Protective gloves should be washed before removing them.
12. Wear new gloves each time as the pesticide residues can be absorbed into the glove matrix. Discardgloves as above for pesticide containers.
13. Persons mixing, handling, or applying pesticides should never smoke, eat, or drink until after theyhave thoroughly washed their hands with soap and water.
14. Never use your mouth to siphon a pesticide from a container.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #53
ANNEX T-8 REFERENCE: ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE MSDS & PHOSPHINE FACTSHEET
This Annex provides (1) a sample Aluminum Phosphide Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), and (2) US EPA’s Phosphine Factsheet.
Note that no endorsement of Degesch Products is implied. The Phostoxin applicator manual (expanded label) can be accessed from: http://www.degeschamerica.com/docs/USA/Phostoxin%20Tablet-Pellet%20manual.pdf
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #54
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET: ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE
U.S. EPA Reg. No. PHOSTOXIN® TABLETS 72959-4 PHOSTOXIN® PELLETS 72959-5 PHOSTOXIN® TABLET PREPAC 72959-9 PHOSTOXIN® PREPAC ROPES 72959-8 DETIA® FUMEX BAGS, BELTS AND BLANKETS 72959-10DETIAPHOS TABLETS 72959-4 DETIAPHOS PELLETS 72959-5
PROPER DOT SHIPPING NAME: UN1397 ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE, 4.3 (6.1) PG-I DANGEROUS WHEN WET, POISON LABELS APPLY
SECTION I - PRODUCT INFORMATIONManufacturer: DEGESCHAmerica,Inc. Telephone:(540)234-9281/1-800-330-2525 153TriangleDr. Telefax:(540)234-8225 P.O.Box116 InternetAddress:www.degeschamerica.com WeyersCave,VA24486USA E-mail:[email protected]
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NOS.:Emergency–CallPROSAR:1-800-308-4856forhumanoranimalemergencies CallChemtrec:1-800-424-9300forallotherchemicalemergenciesEmergencyandInformation-DEGESCHAmerica,Inc.(540)234-9281/1-800-330-2525
PhostoxinandDetiaPhosareavailableas0.6gpelletsand3.0gtablets.TabletizedPhostoxinisalsoavailableingaspermeablepackagescalledPrepacsandRopes.Theseproductsarepackedingas-tightcontainers.Detia®Fumexisavailableas34gbags.Fumexisalsopackedasbagbelts,eachequivalentto4bagsandbagblankets,equivalentto100bags.
DateofRevision:April2011
SECTION II - HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS INFORMATIONIdentity:Phostoxin,Fumex,DetiaPhosandAluminumPhosphide(AlP)-reactwithwatertoproducephosphine(Hydrogenphosphide,PH3)asshowninEquation1.PhostoxinandDetiaPhosisformulatedwith55%aluminumphosphideandalsocontainsammoniumcarbamate(AC)andinertingredients.AmmoniumcarbamatereleasesammoniaandcarbondioxideasshowninEquation2.DetiaFumexbagsdonotcontainammoniumcarbamate.
1) AlP+3H2O→Al(OH)3+PH3 2) NH2COONH4→2NH3+CO2
AlP CASNo.20859-73-8 NH2COONH4 CASNo.1111-78-0PH3 CASNo.7803-51-2 NH3 CASNo.7664-41-7Al(OH)3 CASNo.21645-51-2 CO2 CASNo.124-38-9
NFPA Chemical Hazard Ratings: SARA Physical and Health Hazards:FlammabilityHazard4 FireHealthHazard4 ReactivityReactivityHazard2 Immediate(Acute)SpecialHazardWInhalation Exposure Limits: OSHAPEL ACGIHTLV NIOSHComponent TWA TWASTEL IDLH (ppm) (ppm)(ppm) (ppm)Phosphine(HydrogenPhosphide,PH3) 0.3 0.3 1.0 50Ammonia 50 25 35 300CarbonDioxide 5,000 5,00030,000 40,000
SECTION III - PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSBoiling Point: Specific Gravity of Vapors (Air = 1): AlP >1000oC AlP N/A PH3 -87.7oC PH3 1.17
Vapor Pressure: Solubility in Water: AlP 0mmHg AlP Insoluble,reacts PH3 [email protected] PH3 26ccin100mlwaterat17oC [email protected] AC Verysoluble,reacts
DEGESCHAmerica,Inc.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #55
Appearance and Odor:ThePhostoxin,DetiaPhosandFumexformulations,andaluminumphosphidehaveagreenish-graycolorandthehydrogen
phosphide(phosphine,PH3)gasproducedbythesechemicalshasanodordescribedassimilartogarlic,carbideordecayingfish.
Specific Gravity: Melting Point:AlP 2.85 AlP >1000oC
PH3 -133.5oCSECTION IV - FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATAFlash Point:
Aluminumphosphide,Phostoxin,DetiaPhosandFumexarenotthemselvesflammable.However,theyreactreadilywithwatertoproducephosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)gaswhichmayignitespontaneouslyinairatconcentrationsaboveitsLELof1.8%v/v(18,000ppm).UELofphosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)isnotknown.Extinguishing Media:
Suffocateflameswithsand,carbondioxideordryextinguishingchemicals.Special Fire Fighting Procedures:
Donotusewateronmetalphosphidefires.Respiratory Protection:
WearNIOSH/MSHAapprovedSCBAorequivalentrespiratoryprotection.Protective Clothing:
WeargloveswhenhandlingPhostoxin,andDetiaPhostablets,pelletsordust.Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards:
Phosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)-airmixturesatconcentrationsabovethelowerflammablelimitof1.8%v/v(18,000ppm),Phosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)mayignitespontaneously.Ignitionofhighconcentrationsofphosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)canproduceaveryenergeticreaction.Explosionscanoccurundertheseconditionsandmaycauseseverepersonalinjury.Neverallowthebuildupofphosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)toexceedexplosiveconcentrations.Opencontainersofmetalphosphidesinopenaironlyandneverinaflammableatmosphere.Donotconfinespentorpartiallyspentdustfrommetalphosphidefumigantsastheslowreleaseofphosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)fromthesematerialsmayresultintheformationofanexplosiveatmosphere.Spontaneousignitionmayoccuriflargequantitiesofaluminumphosphideormagnesiumphosphidearepiledincontactwithliquidwater.Thisisparticularlytrueifquantitiesofthesematerialsareplacedinanenvironmentwhichcanprovidepartialconfinementofthehydrogenphosphidegasliberatedbyhydrolysis.
Firescontainingphosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)ormetalphosphideswillproducephosphoricacidbythefollowingreaction:
2PH3+4O2--->3H2O+P2O5--->2H3PO4
SECTION V - REACTIVITY DATAStability:
Phostoxin,DetiaPhos,Fumexandaluminumphosphidearestabletomostchemicalreactions,exceptforhydrolysis.Theywillreactwithmoistair,liquidwater,acidsandsomeotherliquidstoproducetoxicandflammablephosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)gas.Phosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)mayreactvigorouslywithoxygenandotheroxidizingagents.Incompatibility:
Avoidcontactwithwaterandoxidizingagents.Corrosion:
Phosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)gasmayreactwithcertainmetalsandcausecorrosion,especiallyathighertemperaturesandrelativehumidities.Metalssuchascopper,brassandothercopperalloys,andpreciousmetalssuchasgoldandsilveraresusceptibletocorrosionbyphosphine. Smallelectricmotors, smokedetectors,brass sprinklerheads,batteriesandbatterychargers, fork lifts,temperaturemonitoringsystems,switchinggears,communicationdevices,computers,calculatorsandotherelectricalequipmentmaybedamagedbythisgas.Phosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)willalsoreactwithcertainmetallicsaltsand,therefore,sensitiveitemssuchasphotographicfilm,someinorganicpigments,etc.,shouldnotbeexposed.Hazardous Polymerization:
Willnotoccur.SECTION VI - HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATIONRoutesofEntry:
Thedermaltoxicityofaluminumphosphideisverylow.TheLD50viathedermalrouteisestimatedtobegreaterthan5,000mgperkilogramfora1-hourexposure.Primaryroutesofexposureareinhalationandingestion.Acute and Chronic Health Hazards:
Phostoxin,DetiaPhosandFumexarehighlyacutetoxicsubstances.TheLC50forphosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)gasisabout180ppmforaone-hour inhalationexposure. Theacuteoral toxicityof thePhostoxin,DetiaPhosandFumexformulationswasfoundtobe11.5mg/kgofbodyweight.Aluminumphosphideandphosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)donotcausechronicpoisoning.
Carcinogenicity:Aluminumphosphideandphosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)arenotknowntobecarcinogenicandarenotlistedassuch
byNTP,IARCorOSHA.Signs and Symptoms of Exposure:Aluminumphosphidetablets,pellets,bagsanddustreactwithmoisturefromtheair,acidsandmanyotherliquidstoreleaseUSAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #56
phosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)gas.Mildexposurebyinhalationcausesmalaise(indefinitefeelingofsickness),ringingintheears,fatigue,nauseaandpressureinthechestwhichisrelievedbyremovaltofreshair.Moderatepoisoningcausesweakness,vomiting,painjustabovethestomach,chestpain,diarrheaanddyspnea(difficultyinbreathing).Symptomsofseverepoisoningmayoccurwithinafewhourstoseveraldaysresultinginpulmonaryedema(fluidinlungs)andmayleadtodizziness,cyanosis(blueorpurpleskincolor),unconsciousness,anddeath.Emergency and First Aid Procedures:
Symptoms of overexposure are headache, dizziness, nausea, difficult breathing, vomiting, and diarrhea. In all cases ofoverexposuregetmedicalattentionimmediately.Takevictimtoadoctororemergencytreatmentfacility.If the gas or dust from aluminum phosphide is inhaled:Getexposedpersontofreshair.Ifpersonisnotbreathing,call911oranambulance,thengiveartificialrespiration,preferablybymouthtomouth,ifpossible.Contactapoisoncontrolcenterordoctorfortreatmentadvice.If aluminum phosphide pellets, tablets or powder are swallowed:Callapoisoncontrolcenterordoctorimmediatelyfortreatmentadvice.Havepersonsipaglassofwaterifabletoswallow.Donotgiveanythingbymouthtoanunconsciousperson.Donotinducevomitingunlesstoldtobyapoisoncontrolcenterordoctor.If powder or granules of aluminum phosphide get on skin or clothing:Takeoffcontaminatedclothing.Rinseskinimmediatelywithplentyofwaterfor15-20minutes.Callapoisoncontrolcenterordoctorfortreatmentadvice.If dust from pellets or tablets gets in eyes:Holdeyeopenandrinseslowlyandgentlywithwaterfor15-20minutes.Removecontactlenses,ifpresent,afterthefirst5minutes,thencontinuerinsingeye.Callapoisoncontrolcenterordoctorfortreatmentadvice.HOTLINE NUMBER: Have the product container, label or applicator’smanualwith youwhen calling a poison control center,doctor,orwhengoingfortreatment.CONTACT 1-800-308-4856 FOR ASSISTANCE WITH HUMAN OR ANIMAL MEDICAL EMERGENCIES.YoumayalsocontactDegeschAmerica,Inc..-540-234-9281/1-800-330-2525ORCHEMTREC-1-800-424-9300forallotherchemicalemergencies.SECTION VII - PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLINGSpill Cleanup Procedures:
Ifpossible,disposeofspilledPhostoxin,DetiaPhosandFumexbyuseaccordingtolabelinstructions.Freshlyspilledmaterialwhichhasnotbeencontaminatedbywaterorforeignmattermaybereplacedintooriginalcontainers.Puncturedflasksorcontainersmaybetemporarilyrepairedusingaluminumtape.Iftheageofthespillisunknownoriftheproducthasbeencontaminatedwithsoil,debris,water,etc.,gatherupthespillageinsmallopenbucketshavingacapacitynolargerthanabout1gallon.Donotaddmorethanabout1to1.5kg(2to3lbs.)toabucket.Ifon-sitewetdeactivationisnotfeasible,transporttheuncoveredbucketsinopenvehiclestoasuitablearea.WeargloveswhenhandlingPhostoxintabletsandpellets.
Respiratory protectionmay be required during cleanup of spilledmaterial. If the concentration of phosphine (hydrogenphosphide,PH3)isunknown,NIOSH/MSHAapprovedSCBAoritsequivalentmustbeworn.
Small amounts of spillage, fromabout 4 to 8 kg (9 to 18 lbs.)maybe spreadout over theground in anopen area to bedeactivatedbyatmosphericmoisture.Alternatively,spilledPhostoxinandFumexmaybedeactivatedbythewetmethodasdescribedinthefollowing:Wet Deactivation of Spilled Phostoxin and Fumex:1. Deactivatingsolutionispreparedbyaddingtheappropriateamountoflowsudsingdetergenttowaterinadrumorothersuitable
container.A2%solutionor4cupsofdetergentin30gallonsissuggested.Thecontainershouldbefilledwithdeactivatingsolutiontowithinafewinchesofthetop.
2. Thematerialisaddedslowlytothedeactivatingsolutionandstirredsoastothoroughlywetalloftheproduct.Thisshouldbecarriedoutinopenairandrespiratoryprotectionmayberequired.Atnotimeshouldthedeactivationdrumbecovered.
3. Nomorethanabout45to50lbs.ofPhostoxin,DetiaPhosorFumexshouldbeaddedto15gallonsofwater-detergentmixture.Prepacs,Ropes,andFumexmayigniteduringwetdeactivationiftheyareallowedtofloattothesurface.AddweightsorotherwiseensurethatPhostoxinandFumexstaysubmergeduntildeactivationiscompleted.
4. Allowthemixturetostand,withoccasionalstirring,forabout36hours.Theresultantslurryofdustorpackagedproductwillthenbesafefordisposal.
5. Disposeof theslurryofdeactivatedmaterial,withorwithoutpreliminarydecanting,atasanitary landfillorothersuitablesiteapprovedbylocalauthorities.Wherepermissible,thisslurrymaybepouredintoastormseweroroutontotheground.
For Assistance: DEGESCHAmerica,Inc.Contact- Telephone:(540)234-9281/1-800-330-2525
Fax:(540)234-8225Internetaddress:www.degeschamerica.comE-Mail:[email protected]
orHumanorAnimalEmergencies–PROSAR: 1-800-308-4856Allotherchemicalemergencies–CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300
Disposal of Spent Phostoxin, DetiaPhos and Fumex:Whenbeingdisposedof,spilledorpartiallyreactedPhostoxin,DetiaPhosandFumexareconsideredhazardouswastesunder
existingFederalRegulations.Ifproperlyexposed,thegrayish-whiteresidualdustafterafumigationwillnotbeahazardouswasteandnormallycontainsonlyaverysmallamountofunreactedaluminumphosphide.Thiswastewillbesafefordisposal.However,thespentresidualdustfromincompletelyexposedPhostoxin,DetiaPhosorFumexmayrequirespecialcare.
Triplerinsetabletandpelletflasksandstopperswithwater.Thenofferforrecyclingorreconditioning,orpunctureanddisposeofinasanitarylandfill,orbyotherproceduresapprovedbystateandlocalauthorities.Rinsatemaybedisposedofinastormsewer,sanitarylandfillorbyotherapprovedprocedures.Or,itispermissibletoremovelidsandexposeemptyflaskstoatmosphericconditionsuntiltheresidueintheflasksisreacted.Thenpunctureanddisposeofinasanitarylandfillorotherapprovedsite,orbyotherprocedures
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #57
approvedbystateandlocalauthorities.Somelocalandstatewastedisposalregulationsmayvaryfromthefollowingrecommendations.Disposalproceduresshouldbereviewedwithappropriateauthoritiestoensurecompliancewithlocalregulations.ContactyourStatePesticideorEnvironmentalControlAgencyorHazardousWasteSpecialistatthenearestEPARegionalOfficeforguidance.1. Confinementofpartiallyspentresidualmaterials,asinaclosedcontainer,orcollectionandstorageoflargequantitiesofdustmay
result inafireorexplosionhazard. Smallamountsofphosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)maybegivenofffromunreactedaluminumphosphide,andconfinementofthegasmayresultinaflash.
2. Inopenareas,smallamountsofspentresidualdustorspentpackagedproductsmaybedisposedofonsitebyburialorbyspreadingoverthelandsurfaceawayfrominhabitedbuildings.
3. ResidualdustfromPhostoxin,DetiaPhosandFumexmayalsobecollectedanddisposedofatasanitarylandfill,orotherapprovedsitesorbyotherproceduresapprovedbyFederal,StateorLocalauthorities.
4. From3to5kg(7to10lbs.)ofspentdustfrom2to3flasksofPhostoxinor80to130Fumexbagsmaybecollectedfordisposalina1-gallonbucket.Largeramounts,uptoaboutone-halfcase,maybecollectedinburlap,cottonorothertypesofporousclothbagsfortransportationinanopenvehicletothedisposalsite.Donotcollectdustfrommorethan7flasksoftablets,10flasksofpellets(about11kgor25lbs.)or300bagsinasinglebag.Donotpileclothbagstogether.Donotusethismethodforpartiallyspentor“green”dust.Caution:Donotcollectdustinlargedrums,dumpsters,plasticbagsorothercontainerswhereconfinementmayoccur.
Deactivation of Partially Spent Phostoxin Prepacs and Ropes and Fumex Bags: Packagedproducts,suchasPhostoxinPrepacs,Ropes,andFumexbags,whichareonlypartiallyspentmayberenderedinactivebyeithera“dry”or“wet”deactivationmethod.The“dry”methodentailsholdingthePrepacs,Ropesandbagsoutofdoorsinlocked,30-gallonwirebasketswhichareavailablefromDEGESCHAmerica,Inc.,oryoursupplier.ProtectthepartiallyspentPhostoxinandFumexfromrain.ThedeactivatedPrepacs,Ropes,andFumexmaythenbetakentoanapprovedsiteforburialatperiodicintervalsorwheneverthewirecontainerisfull.Caution:StorageofpartiallyspentPrepacsandRopesinclosedcontainersmayresultinafirehazarduponopeningthecontainer. Alternatively,partiallyspentPrepacs,Ropesandbagsandresidualdustfromphosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)fumigationsmaybetreatedbythe“wet”deactivationmethodasfollows:1. Deactivatingsolutionispreparedbyaddingtheappropriateamountoflowsudsingdetergentorsurfaceactiveagenttowaterina
drumorothersuitablecontainer.A2%solutionor4cupsofdetergentin30gallonsissuggested.Thecontainershouldbefilledwithdeactivatingsolutiontowithinafewinchesofthetop.
2. ImmersespentPrepacs,RopesandFumexorslowlypourresidualdustintothedeactivatingsolutionwhilestirringsoastothoroughlywetallofthespentmaterial.Keepimmersedforabout36hours.Thisshouldbedoneintheopenairandnotinthefumigatedstructure.DustfromPhostoxintabletsorpelletsshouldbemixedintonolessthanabout10gallonsofwater-detergentsolutionforeachcaseofspentmaterial.
3. Dispose of the deactivated Prepacs, Ropes, and Fumex or dust-water suspension,with orwithout preliminary decanting, at asanitarylandfillorothersuitablesiteapprovedbylocalauthorities.Wherepermissible,theslurrymaybepouredintoastormseweroroutontotheground.
4. Caution:Respiratoryprotectionmayberequiredduringwetdeactivation.Donotcoverthecontaineratanytime.Donotdisposeofdustinatoilet.Donotallowquantitiesofdry,spentdustfromPhostoxintobecollectedorstoredwithoutdeactivation.
Precautions to be Taken in Handling and Storage:StorePhostoxin,DetiaPhosandFumexproductsinalocked,dry,well-ventilatedareaawayfromheat.Postasapesticidestoragearea.Donotstoreinbuildingsinhabitedbyhumansordomesticanimals.Other Precautions:1. DonotallowwaterorotherliquidstocontactPhostoxin,DetiaPhosorFumex.2. DonotpileuplargequantitiesofPhostoxin,DetiaPhosorFumexduringfumigationordisposal.3. Onceexposed,donotconfinePhostoxin,DetiaPhosorFumexorotherwiseallowhydrogenphosphideconcentrationstoexceedthe
LEL.4. OpencontainersofPhostoxin,DetiaPhosorFumexonlyinopenair.Donotopeninaflammableatmosphere.Hydrogenphosphide
intheheadspaceofcontainersmayflashuponexposuretoatmosphericoxygen.5. Phostoxin,DetiaPhosandFumexarerestrictedusepesticidesduetoacuteinhalationtoxicityofhighlytoxicphosphine(hydrogen
phosphide,PH3)gas.Forretailsaletoanduseonlybycertifiedapplicatorsorpersonsundertheirdirectsupervisionandonlyforthoseusescoveredbythecertifiedapplicator’scertification.
6. SeeEPAapprovedlabelingforadditionalprecautionsanddirectionsforuse.
SECTION VIII - CONTROL MEASURESRespiratory Protection: NIOSH/MSHAapprovedfull-facegasmaskwithapprovedcanisterforphosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)maybewornatconcentrationsupto15ppm.Atlevelsabovethisorwhenthephosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)concentrationisunknown,NIOSH/MSHAapprovedSCBAorequivalentmustbeworn.Protective Clothing: Weardrygloveswhencontactwithaluminumphosphidetablets,pelletsordustislikelytooccur.Eye Protection: Nonerequired.Ventilation: Localventilationisgenerallyadequatetoreducephosphine(hydrogenphosphide,PH3)levelsinfumigatedareastobelowtheTLV/TWA.Exhaustfansmaybeusedtospeedtheaerationofsilos,warehouses,shipholds,containers,etc.We believe the statements, technical information and recommendations contained herein are reliable, but they are given without warranty or guarantee of any kind, expressed or implied, and we assume no responsibility for any loss, damage, or expense, direct or consequential, arising out of their use.
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #58
United States Office of Prevention, PesticidesEnvironmental Protection and Toxic SubstancesAgency (7505C)
Pesticide Fact Sheet
Name of Chemical: PhosphineReason for Issuance: Conditional RegistrationDate Issued: December 1999
DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL
Generic Name: Phosphine
Common Name: Phosphine gas, Hydrogen phosphide, Phosphorus trihydride
Trade Names: ECO2FUME™
EPA Chemical Code: 066500
Chemical AbstractsService (CAS) Number: 7803-51-2
Year of Initial Registration: 1999
Pesticide Type: Insecticide
Chemical Family: Inorganic phosphine
U.S. and Foreign Producers: CYTEC Industries Inc
West Paterson, NJ 07424
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USE PATTERNS AND FORMULATIONS
The end-use product, ECO2FUME™ is a cylinderized, compressed gas containing a mixtureof 2% phosphine by weight (2.6% by volume) in carbon dioxide (98% by weight). Carbondioxide (in addition to being an active ingredient itself) is used as a propellant and a flameinhibitor, making the product non-flammable in air. Phosphine is a colorless gas which isodorless when pure, but technical grade material usually has an odor described as “fishy” or“garlicky”. The odor is believe to be due to the presence of substituted phosphines anddiphosphines (World Health Organization, 1988). This odor cannot be relied upon as a warningof phosphine gas exposure.
Phosphine gas is used indoors to control a broad spectrum of insects for non-food/non-feedcommodities in sealed containers or structures. There are no homeowner or agricultural row cropuses for this product. The end-use product is a poisonous liquefied gas under pressure, and is aRestricted Use Pesticide (RUP) due to the acute inhalation toxicity of phosphine gas. The end-use product is withdrawn from the cylinder as a liquid, but dispensed as a gas. In expandingfrom a liquid to a gas, it increases in volume by hundreds of times. Proper dispensing equipmentand training in fumigation is necessary and required to ensure a safe and effective fumigation. During fumigation applicators must placard or post all entrances to the facility with signswarning of the presence of toxic gas. This placarding must be done in accordance with theproduct Application Manual.
ECO2FUME™ is used as an aid in the control of the following insects:
Almond Moth Angoumois Grain MothBean Weevil CadelleCarpet Beetle Cereal Leaf BeetleCigarette Beetle Confused Flour BeetleDermestid Beetle Dried Fruit BeetleDried Fruit Moth European Grain MothFlat grain Beetle Fruit FlyGranary Weevil Greater Wax MothHairy Fungus Beetle Hessian FlyIndian Meal Moth Khapra BeetleLesser Grain Borer Maize WeevilMediterranean Flour Moth Pink BollwormRaisin Moth Red Flour BeetleRice Weevil Rusty Grain BeetleSaw-toothed Grain Beetle Spider BeetleTobacco Moth Warehouse BeetleYellow Meal Worm
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The following non-food/non-feed items may be treated with ECO2FUME™: Animal hide;processed or unprocessed cotton, wool or other natural fibers or cloth; clothing, feathers, furs,human hair, rubberized hair, vulcanized hair, mohair, leather products; tobacco (and tobaccoproducts); wood, cut trees, wood chips and wood and bamboo products; paper and paperproducts; non-food flour; non-food starch; dried plants and flowers. There are no food or animalfeed uses registered for phosphine gas (ECO2FUME™) at this time.
The rate at which phosphine is dispensed using ECO2FUME™ is not dependent ontemperature or humidity, but on the dispensing equipment used. Unlike metal phosphidefumigants, the phosphine is not generated through a chemical reaction and both the release of theproduct and the termination of its administration into sealed containers or structures areinstantaneous.
ECO2FUME™ is applied at a concentration of 200-500 ppm, which is maintained for a periodof 2-14 days depending upon the temperature found within the immediate surroundings of thetarget pest.
The use directions and limitations for this product are lengthy and detailed for this productand therefore the Agency is requiring the product to have a label and a separate ApplicationManual. The label and Application Manual contains numerous limitations; only the majorlimitations or use restrictions are included here:
1. Phosphine gas (ECO2FUME™) is a Restricted Use Pesticide due to the acute inhalationtoxicity of phosphine gas. This product is for retail sale to and use only by certified applicatorsfor uses covered by the applicator’s certification or persons trained in accordance with themanual, working under the direct supervision and in the physical presence of the applicator. Physical presence means on site or on the premises. Read and follow the label and theApplication Manual which contains complete instructions for the safe use of this pesticide.
2. Worker exposure to phosphine must not exceed the 8 hour TWA of 0.3 ppm during theapplication or a maximum concentration of 0.3 ppm after application is completed. Thisincludes reentry into the structure. Respiratory protection must be available at the applicationsite.
3. Post “DANGER” signs on all entrances to fumigated areas. See the Application Manual forthe specific wording required.
4. Notify appropriate company employees and provide relevant safety information (MSDSsheets, first aid procedures, etc.) to local officials annually for use in the event of an emergency.
5. Protect or remove materials containing metals such as copper, silver, gold, and their alloysand salts from corrosive exposure to phosphine. (Thus, small electric motors, smoke detectors,brass sprinkle heads, batteries, fork lifts, temperature monitoring devices, etc. Electric and
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electronic equipment must be protected or removed before fumigation.)
6. Prior to applying this product, you must inspect the structure to determine if it can be madesufficiently gas tight.
This product is registered as a Restricted Use Pesticide due to it’s very high acute inhalationproperties. Special training on how to operate the associated equipment to dispense thephosphine gas is required.
SCIENCE FINDINGS
SUMMARY SCIENCE STATEMENTS
The Agency has previously based its evaluation of fumigation usage of phosphine in the U.S.upon phosphine gas generated as the active ingredient in aluminum and magnesium phosphide. Adequate product chemistry, toxicological, ecological effects, and environmental fate data havebeen submitted and reviewed to support the conditional registration of ECO2FUME™ for thenon-food/feed uses listed above.
ECO2FUME™ is classified in Toxicity Category I [DANGER] based on acute effects viathe inhalation route of exposure, as one would expect for a fumigation gas. Phosphine is apowerful respiratory poison. The 4-hour LC50 for phosphine in rats is 11 ppm. No significantexposure to phosphine gas is expected via the oral or dermal routes. Acute inhalation toxicityexposure is the route of concern. Acute toxicity data for other routes of exposure were waivedwith the requirement that eye protection would be required.
In rats exposed to phosphine at 10 ppm, 6 hours/day for 3 days, there was 80% mortality infemales but no mortality in males. Both sexes of rats exhibited coagulative necrosis in thetubules of the kidney and pulmonary congestion was observed in the female rats that died. ALOEL of 10 ppm for a four-week study was based on lethality (80% deaths for females) due tothe sharp dose-response curve for acute toxicity. In a 13-week subchronic inhalation study,Fischer 344 rats were exposed to phosphine at levels up to and including 3.0 ppm for 6hours/day, 5 days/week. A LOEL for subchronic exposure was not established in this study; theNOEL was 3 ppm (highest dose tested).
In a two year combined chronic/carcinogenicity study, Charles River Fischer CDF rats wereexposed to phosphine gas in chambers at levels of 0, 0.3 ppm, 1 ppm and 3 ppm. There were noadverse effects observed throughout the study that was relatable to the phosphine exposures. TheNOEL for this 104-week study was 3.0 ppm, the highest dose tested. The Agency does notbelieve that phosphine or a mixture of phosphine with carbon dioxide will pose a carcinogenicconcern.
In a developmental study, pregnant CD derived Sprague Dawley female rats were exposed in
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #62
5
inhalation chambers to concentration of phosphine gas at levels of 0, 0.03 ppm, 0.3 ppm, 3.0ppm, 5.0 ppm or 7.5 ppm, 6 hours per day on gestation days 6 through 15. The highest exposuregroup (7.5 ppm) was terminated after 10 days due to high mortalities (14/24) The onlyabnormalities were increased resorptions in liters of high dose (7.5 ppm) dams. Increasedresorptions were not observed in the 0.3, 3.0, 5.0 ppm groups. All other observations werecomparable to those for the control females and pups. The maternal NOEL is 5 ppm and thematernal LOEL is 7.5 ppm, based on the high incidence of maternal death. Although food usesare approved for certain phosphine generating fumigants (i.e., aluminum phosphide andmagnesium phosphide), the general requirement for a reproductive toxicity study in rodents waswaived since residues of phosphine are not expected on food or drinking water and because thesedevelopmental effects were expected to occur at doses above that at which the acute effectswould result in maternal death.
Phosphine gas in not mutagenic in bacteria but is clastogenic in vitro. Negative results in anAmes test and positive results in a Chinese hamster ovary cell chromosomes assay are consistentwith the in vitro test results for zinc phosphide. Studies conducted in vivo indicate thatphosphine is not clastogenic in mice or rats and does not cause dominant lethal mutations in micefollowing exposure for up to two weeks.
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Ecological effects or potential risk to non-targeted organisms resulting from indoor use of thisfumigation gas is considered to be very minimal. Phosphine would be highly toxic to smallmammals and birds that might remain in indoor sites (e.g., warehouses) during fumigation.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Empirical Formula: PH3 (CAS #: 7803-51-2)
Molecular Weight: 34.00
Color: Colorless
Physical Liquefied gas under pressureState: (Gas at ambient temperature and pressure)
Boiling -87.4 CPoint:
Density at (20�C): 1.405 kg/M3; 1.5 relative to air at 20C/1 atm pressure
Flammability: Non-flammable at concentrations equal to or less than 3% phosphine incarbon dioxide (v/v). This product is 2.6% v/v.
Solubility in water: 0.04%
Storage stability: > 1 year
CorrosionCharacteristics: Corrodes copper, brass, copper alloys, silver and gold
TOXICOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS
ECO2FUME™(End-Use Product)
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Acute Inhalation Toxicity(rats): LC50 (4-hour) > 11 ppm (phosphine gas)
Toxicity Category: I
PHOSPHINE TECHNICAL MATERIAL
Results of studies show that phosphine gas is highly toxic by the inhalation route.Considering the use patterns and chemical characteristics, the other acute toxicity data (81-seriesguideline studies) were waived for this chemical. The Agency has based the assessment foracute toxicity of end-use products for phosphine fumigation (i.e., ECO2FUME, AluminumPhosphide, Magnesium Phosphide) on exposure to the active ingredient phosphine gas, per se. Accordingly, the acute toxicity endpoints presented below are the same as described above forECO2FUME:
Acute Inhalation Toxicity(rats): LC50 (4-hr) > 11 ppm (for phosphine gas, per se)
Toxicity Category: I
Primary Eye Irritation: Study not required, provided eye protection required.
Toxicity Category: Not applicable.
Repeated Exposures,
Short-TermInhalation Toxicity
3-day inhalation (rat): (6 hours/day) LOEL 10 ppm (lethality among females)
15-day
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inhalation (rat/): (6 hours/day, 5 days/week) NOAEL= 5 ppm ( the highest concentrationtested).
13-week inhalation (rat): (6 hours/day, 5 days/week) NOEL= 3 ppm (the highest concentration
tested)
DevelopmentalToxicity (rat): The duration of exposure was 6 hours per day on gestation days 6 through
15. Maternal Toxicity NOEL=5 ppm, Maternal Toxicity LOAEL=7.5ppm, based on a high incidence of maternal deaths.
Developmental Toxicity NOEL=5 ppm.
ReproductiveToxicity: This study, a requirement for a food-use pesticide, was waived since
residues of phosphine are not expected in food or drinking water.
Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity (rat):
2-Year Feeding Study: Diets were fumigated at high rates with aluminum phosphide pellets.
Actual levels of phosphine in diet were unknown, due to dissipation. Thisstudy was not considered an acceptable guideline study since toxicity,resulting from phosphine residues, is not possible when aeration isadequate. However, the study shows that toxic levels of residues were notachieved even with the high fumigation treatment rates with adequateaeration.
2-Year Inhalation Study: In a two year combined chronic/carcinogenicity study, Charles River
Fischer CDF rats were exposed to phosphine gas in chambers at levels of0, 0.3 ppm, 1 ppm and 3 ppm. The high dose of 3 ppm was selectedbecause higher doses would result in high mortalities from acute effects. There were no adverse effects observed throughout the study that wasrelatable to the phosphine exposures. The NOEL for this 104-week studywas 3.0 ppm, the highest dose tested.
Acute InhalationNeurotoxicity(rat): The acute LOEL is 20 ppm based on decreased body temperatures and
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9
decreased motor activity in males and females, and the NOEL is less than20 ppm (the lowest concentration tested). Groups were treated at levels upto and including 40 ppm of phosphine (1% a.i. in nitrogen) for 4 hours. Nophosphine-related neuropathological changes were observed in anyexposure group. Based on lack of systemic toxicity, the NOEL forsystemic toxicity is 40 ppm.
SubchronicNeurotoxicity(90-day) Inhalation(rat): Animals were exposed to phosphine at levels up to and including 3 ppm
for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week. The NOEL for systemic/neurobehavioraleffects is tentatively set at 3 ppm (the highest concentration tested);possible effects among males in the highest exposure group wereconsidered slight and equivocal, and there did not appear to be anytreatment-related effects among females. [NOTE: An upgraded studywas submitted to EPA in Sept 98; however, the Agency has not yetreviewed this study.]
Mutagenicity Gene mutation- Ames test (Salmonella typhimurium) - Negative forinduction of reverse gene mutation in all strains up to cytotoxicconcentrations.
Chromosome Aberrations - Positive at 2500 and 5000 ppm without S9activation, in an in vitro cytogenetic assay with Chinese hamster ovarycells. Significant, but not dose-related increases in the frequency of cellswith structural chromosome aberrations were found. Significantclastogenic effects were also noted at 2500 ppm with S9 activation, but notat the highest dose tested (5000 ppm). Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (in vivo; rat primary hepatocytes)- Negative.
Metabolism: This data requirement applies to food-use registrations and no food/feeduses are being registered..
Dermal Absorption: Because the route of exposure anticipated for phosphine is inhalation (the
product is a gas), the Agency does not expect significant dermal exposure. Therefore, dermal absorption studies are not required.
Summary of Phosphide Endpoints for Risk Assessments
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EXPOSURESCENARIO
CONCENTRATION/DOSE
ENDPOINT STUDY
Short-Intermediate orLong-Term (Dermal) None
The use pattern does not indicate potential exposure via the dermal route. Therefore, dermal risk assessments are not required.
Short Term(Inhalation)
0.007 mg/L(ca. 5 ppm)
No treatment-related effects after exposure for 15days.
15-Day exposureregimen in a 90-dayinhalation - Rat
UF=100
Intermediate(Inhalation)
NOEL=0.004 mg/L(ca. 3 ppm)
No evidence of toxicity at the highest testedconcentration.
90-Day Inhalation -Rat
UF=100
Long-Term(Inhalation)
NOEL=0.004 mg/L
No evidence of toxicity at the highest testedconcentration.
Chronic ToxicityInhalation - Rat
UF=100
TOLERANCE ASSESSMENT
There are no food/feed uses for ECO2FUME™ at this time. Tolerances are not required for thisnon-food registration. Note: Carbon dioxide is exempt from the requirement for a tolerance(40CFR180.1049).
SUMMARY OF DATA GAPS
This registration is subject, as a condition of registration, to amending the product label toinclude all label restrictions and/or other conditions that may be imposed on the metallicphosphide registrants, to the extent that they may also be relevant to ECO2FUME™ and its uses. The Agency, as part of reregistration, is currently working with this metallic phosphide TaskForce and other interested parties to mitigate phosphine exposure and risk to workers andbystanders.
PUBLIC INTEREST FINDING
ECO2FUME™ is effective at controlling a broad spectrum of economically important insectpests on non-food commodities in sealed containers or structures. Under proper use conditions,ECO2FUME™ appears to offer greater control of application rates as compared with metalphosphide fumigants, and is expected to reduce the levels of peak concentrations of phosphinenecessary for satisfactory performance within fumigated areas. This product eliminates the needfor applicators to enter a closed space and dispense tablets or pellets; therefore it may greatlyreduce the exposure to fumigators. This product eliminates the need to dispose of waste pellets
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and or tablets when using metal phosphide products. In addition, this product may be used asan alternative to methyl bromide, a fumigation gas that depletes stratospheric ozone.
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CONTACT PERSON AT EPA
Dennis McNeilly, ChemistInsecticide Rodenticide BranchRegistration Division (7505C)
E-Mail Address:
Mailing Address:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency401 M St. S.W.Washington DC 20460
Office Location and Telephone Number
Room 213, Crystal Mall Building #21921 Jefferson Davis HighwayArlington, VA 22209(703) 305-5404
DISCLAIMER: The information presented in this Pesticide Fact Sheet is for informationalpurposes only and may not be used to fill data requirements for pesticide registration andreregistration.
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ANNEX T-9 REFERENCE: PHOSPHINE GAS MONITORING EQUIPMENT & RESPIRATORY PROTECTION The following information is included in this annex:
• Proper use of the required phosphine gas monitoring equipment;
• Where and when to monitor phosphine gas;
• Types of gas monitoring equipment;
• Proper use of respiratory equipment; and
US EXPOSURE LIMITS The short-term exposure limit (STEL) for phosphine is 1.0 ppm. Exposure limits for workers over and 8-hour work day is 1.0 ppm phosphine for 15 minutes, not to exceed 4 exposures in a single day (at least 1-hour of fresh air required between exposure periods). Workers must not be exposed to 0.3 ppm of phosphine (threshold limit value or TLV) for more than eight hours a day or 40 hours a week.
ODOR IS NOT A RELIABLE MEANS OF DETECTION Pure phosphine is odorless; a garlic or fishy odor arises from the co-presence of diphosphane gas, which is a typical by-product of phosphane generation reactions. At typical diphosphane: phospine ratios, the odor threshold is typically ~ 2 ppm of phosphine, which is higher than the established (STEL or TLV) safe levels. Odor cannot be used to determine if the atmosphere is safe. Safety levels can only be ascertained by monitoring for phosphine gas. This is HAZARD monitoring. Monitoring is also important to determine if phosphine levels have been maintained within an enclosure to effectively kill insects. This is EFFICACY monitoring.
PHOSPHINE GAS MONITORING EQUIPEMENT There are three basic types of units available in the market place—1) electrochemical, 2) photo-ionization, and 3) tube types.
• The electronic monitors use an electrochemical sensor in which the change in current across thesensor is proportional to the phosphine concentration in the atmosphere. The purchase price rangesfrom about US$800-2,000.
• The photo ionization detectors directly measure the wavelength of a certain gas.
• The tube type devices are approximately 10 cm long and 0.5 cm in diameter with a white reactivepowder inside the tube, which changes color when air containing phosphine is drawn through thetube with the aid of a handheld or mechanical pump. Tubes, with a scale in ppm of phosphine, areavailable for low and high range of phosphine (0.01 to 10,000 ppm), and the change in color isproportional to the phosphine concentration. Tube type devices cost about US$200.
The electrochemical and photo ionization detectors provide continuous measurement of phosphine, whereas the tube type provides a single measurement and must be disposed of afterwards.
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL/PHOTO IONIZATION UNITS Advantages
• Readings are presented on a digital screen.
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• Alarms, both audible and visual, alert applicators that they are in an environment that exceeds theTLV for phosphine.
• If used as intended, the cost of operation is the least expensive.
• Multi-gas units can be and should be used in confined spaces; this will preclude the need for multiplemonitors to check a variety of atmospheric gases.
• Replacement sensors, as well as calibration gases, are widely available (depending on the brandpurchased).
• Power requirements can be as basic as multiple AA batteries.
• Readings are provided in a matter of seconds and are continuous.
Disadvantages
• A separate unit must be used if checking for high range readings in the fumigated area during theexposure period.
• The units must be calibrated every six months; the unit can be tested with a known concentration ofthe gas or sent back to the manufacturer for calibration.
• If the unit is to be used infrequently (no more than three fumigations/year), the purchase price anduse cost may exceed that of colorimetric tubes.
• For servicing, a trained service person must be available.
COLORIMETRIC TUBES Advantages
• Tubes can be acquired for the intended gas monitoring range (high and low range tubes)
• If only sporadic fumigations are to be done annually, this is an inexpensive alternative to electro-chemical units
• Purchase price of the pump and tubes are less than the other option
Disadvantages
• It may take several minutes to adequately characterize a specific area depending on the tube used
• Can only obtain one reading per tube, and the tube should be discarded after use
• The tubes have a defined expiration date printed on each box
• Some discoloration stains in the tube make it difficult to read
• Operators must be able to read to ensure that they are using the correct tube for the intended job
EFFICACY MONITORING EQUIPMENT Efficacy monitoring requires “high range” sensor devices capable of reading concentration levels at or above 500 ppm. Efficacy monitoring is done using the monitoring lines placed during the sheeting operation (see Fumigation Management Plan (T-3) and Best Management Practices(T-7)).
See Annex T-7 for Efficacy Monitoring acceptable practices.
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HAZARD MONITORING EQUIPMENT Hazard monitoring requires “low range” sensors that can detect concentrations at and around the TLV limit (0.3ppm in most countries) and the STEL limit (1.0 ppm in many countries.)
Hazard monitoring must be undertaken just outside the limits of the “exclusion zone” if any bystanders/workers/residents are or are likely to be present. It should be undertaken when crews are applying fumigant and working in the warehouse with stacks under fumigation. See Annex T-7 for Hazard Monitoring acceptable practices.
DECISION CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING MONITORING EQUIPMENT The table below should be consulted for determining the appropriate type of phosphine gas monitoring equipment for the particular situation. In addition to the below criteria, PVOs and fumigation service providers should determine whether the manufacturer is able to provide timely maintenance and parts in the host country.
Parameter Criteria
Simplicity of operation Ease of set-up and maintenance. If not easy to use, will employees actually use it or will the unit stay on a shelf? Is calibration required, and if so, can it be easily completed?
Reliability Ruggedness of unit. Can it withstand impact from a fall and typical field use?
Performance features and maintenance requirements
Repeatability of gas readings Operation temperature range Response time Warranty Sensor life Battery life Approvals and certifications (such as by ULa) Auto zero Calibration frequency Calibration gas requirements Internal or external sampling pump
Options and accessories Computer downloading Calibration and/or alarm check gas Remote sampling hose and/or probe
Support and service What is the manufacturer’s track record in responding to technical questions or repair work? Can training on the unit be provided on-site, or is audio/ visual material available?
aUnited Laboratories, St. Charles, Illinois (http://www.unitedlabsinc.com/usa/content/contact_us.asp).
Source: Walter, V. 2006. Commodity and Space Fumigation in the Food Industry, pp. 183-198. In Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing, Second Edition, Heaps, J. W. (ed.). American Association of Cereal Chemists International, St. Paul, Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.
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TYPES OF GAS MONITORING EQUIPMENT
PortaSens Phosphine Monitor Dräger Pac III Phosphine Monitor
Photo Ionization Detector) (Electrochemical)
Phosphine Detector Tubes Handheld Air Pump with Detector Tubes
Gas Monitoring Lines Gas Monitoring Line Connected to
a Detector Tube
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RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT Cartridge and canister type respirators or supplied air respirators with self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) must be used in situations where workers may be exposed to phosphine. A full-face mask must be used with both these types of respirators.
Canister type respirators are strongly preferably to cartridge-type of respirators, which should be avoided, if possible. Canister gas masks are the least expensive option. The full-face mask fit should be verified following manufacturer’s instructions.
If a canister is used, it must:
• indicate that it will protect against or can be used to filter out phosphine gas.
• NOT be expired. (All manufactures print an expiration date on each canister). Canisters, even if newand unused, must be discarded if they are expired.
• ONLY be re-used up to their printed Canisters may be reused UP TO THEIR PRINTED ; andONLY if they have been sealed and stored away from air contaminants, including phosphine gas.
REGARDLESS of what the expiration date and use log states: if, during normal use, phosphine gas odor is noticed, the canister should be discarded immediately and new one installed.
Personnel involved in fumigation and required to wear respiratory equipment must:
• be adequately trained in the donning and doffing the mask unit.
• be adequately trained in detecting leaks around the face piece.
• must not have facial hair that would prohibit an adequate mask seal.
• must be able to read and recognize the proper canister to be used as well as identifying the expirationdate on the canister.
RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT BY PHOSPHINE CONCENTRATION LEVEL The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends the following respiratory protection at different phosphine concentrations:
Concentration Acceptable Equipment
3ppm or less Supplied-air respirator
7.5ppm or less Supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode
15 ppm or less Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece, or
Supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, or
Air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas masks) with a chin-style front- or back-mounted canister
50 ppm or less Supplied-air respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand mode, or
Self-contained breathing apparatus equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand mode
Unknown Self –contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece
Source: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0505.html
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TYPES OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Air-purifying, full face-piece Air-purifying, full face-piece respirator
Respirator without a hose
Air-purifuying, half mask respirator Supplied air respirator with full face mask
with canister
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #76
Figure 1: An assortment of personal protective clothing and
Fit Test for Cartridges to Determine Read Information on
Tight Fit Cartridges/Canisters
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus Face Mask Connected to SCBA
OTHER PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR FUMIGATION
Dry cotton (or any other material) gloves, should always be worn by fumigant applicants when handling or in contact with aluminum phosphide pellets. Note that the gloves should remain dry during use. Additionally, fumigant applicators should wear rubber boots, eye goggles, and liquid-tight protective coveralls that are long sleeved, over full-length pants and long-sleeved shirts. Hands should be washed thoroughly after using aluminum phosphide. The fumigant applicant should also shower with soap as soon as possible and before changing into clean clothes. The gloves and any other protective gear/clothing should be aerated in a well-ventilated area before laundering.
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Some Useful Sources for PPE Information:
Ministry of Agriculture, British Columbia http://www.al.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/d_1.htm
Photos courtesy of Kansas State University, Department of Grain Science and Technology fromLecture 9, Part 2 on Fumigation Safety Considerations by Thadd Bigler, Central States Enterprises, USA
United Phosphorous, Inc. Rev 4/10. Applicators Manual for Aluminum Phosphide Fumigant-Tablets, Pellets and Gas Bags. s.n. USA
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ANNEX T-10 REFERENCE: PHOSPHINE GAS EXPOSURE FIRST AID
SYMPTOMS OF PHOSPHINE GAS POISONING AND RESPONSE Source: First Aid in Case of Phosphine Poisoning (http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5042e/x5042E0a.htm).
Develop an emergency action plan to know what needs to be done and where to seek medical care in case of poisoning.
According to the amount of phosphine inhaled, symptoms may occur immediately or several hours after exposure.
Slight or mild poisoning may give a feeling of fatigue, ringing in the ears, nausea, pressure in the chest and uneasiness. Wear Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus and move person to fresh air. Medical attention is important even in mild cases of poisoning.
Greater quantities will quickly lead to general fatigue, nausea, gastrointestinal symptoms with vomiting, stomachache, diarrhea, disturbance of equilibrium, strong pains in the chest and dyspnea (difficulty in breathing).
Very high concentrations rapidly result in strong dyspnea, cyanosis (bluish-purple skin color), agitation, ataxia (difficulty in walking or reaching), anoxia (subnormal blood oxygen content), unconsciousness and death. Death can be immediate or occur several days later due to edema and collapse of the lungs, paralysis of the respiratory system or edema of the brain. Disturbances of kidney and liver functions (hematuria, proteinuria, uremia, jaundice) and cardiac arrhythmia may occur.
There is no specific antidote for phosphine poisoning, and treatment is symptomatic.
Do not administer milk, butter or castor oil, and alcohol to affected person.
If breathing stops or shows signs of failing, resuscitation must commence immediately.
ADVICE TO THE PHYSICIAN Manufacturers suggest the following measures for use by the physician.
• In its milder forms, symptoms of poisoning may take some time (up to 24 hours) to make theirappearance, and the following measures are suggested:
1. Complete rest for one or two days, during which the patient is kept quiet and warm.
2. Should the patient suffer from vomiting or increased blood sugar, appropriate intravenoussolutions should be administered. Treatment with oxygen breathing equipment is recommendedas is the administration of cardiac and circulatory stimulants.
• In cases of severe poisoning intensive care in a hospital is recommended:
1. Where pulmonary edema is observed, steroid therapy should be considered and close medicalsupervision is recommended. Blood transfusions may be necessary.
2. In case of manifest pulmonary edema, venesection should be performed under vein pressurecontrol, and intravenous administration of glycosides (in case of hemoconcentration, venesectionmay result in shock). On progressive edema of the lungs, perform immediate incubation with
USAID PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PEA – TOOLS ANNEX – NOV 2013 – PAGE #79
constant removal of edema fluid and establishment of oxygen positive pressure respiration, as well as any measures required for shock treatment. In case of kidney failure, extracorporeal hemodialysis is necessary. There is no specific antidote known for this poison.
• In cases were solid phosphide is ingested, empty the stomach by inducing vomiting and flush it witha dilute potassium permanganate solution or a solution of magnesium peroxide until the flushingliquid ceases to smell of carbide. Thereafter, administer medicinal charcoal.
• Scientific research has shown that phosphine poisoning is not chronic; the action of phosphine isreversible and symptoms will disappear by themselves.
EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT FIRST AID PROCEDURES INCASE OF ACCIDENTS RESULTING FROM ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE OR PHOSPHINE GAS
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Sources:
Photo and Illustrations courtesy of Kansas State University, Department of Grain Science and Technology from Lecture 9, Part 1 on Fumigation Safety Considerations by Brayn Giroux, Central States Enterprises, USA
United Phosphorous, Inc. Rev 4/10. Applicators Manual for Aluminum Phosphide Fumigant- Tablets, Pellets and Gas Bags. s.n. USA
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ANNEX T-11 REFERENCE: ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT STORED-PRODUCT INSECT PESTS OF GRAIN AND GRAIN PRODUCTS
There are a number of insect species associated with stored products; the most common are presented in this Annex.
For a far comprehensive list see Hagstrum, D. W., and Bh. Subramanyam (2009). Stored-Product Insect Resource. American Association Of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minnesota. Illustrations from: Hagstrum, D. W., T. Klejdysz, Bh. Subramanyam, and J. Nawrot. 2012. Atlas of Stored-Product Insects and Mites. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minnesota (in press).
Order Family name Scientific name Common name Major or Primary Insect Pests Coleoptera Bostrichidae Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) Larger grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) Lesser grain borer Curculionidae Sitophilus granarius (L.) Granary weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) Rice weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) Maize weevil Laemophloeidae Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) Rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr) Flat grain beetle Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle) Turkish grain beetle Tenebrionidae Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Red flour beetle Tribolium confusum (Jacquelin Du Val) Confused flour beetle Bruchidae Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) Southern cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) Cowpea weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) Bean weevil Anobiidae Lasioderma serricorne (F.) Cigarette beetle Dermestidae Trogoderma granarium Everts Khapra beetle Trogoderma variabie Ballion Warehouse beetle Silvanidae Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Fauvel) Sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus mercator (L.) Merchantgrain beetle Lepidoptera Pyralidae Cadra cautella (Walker) Almond moth
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Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) Indianmeal moth Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) Rice moth Ephestia küehniella (Zeller) Mediterranean flour moth
Gelechiidae Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) Angoumois grain moth
The adult stages of these insects are illustrated below. Generally adult stages are easiest to identify.
Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) Sitophilus granarius (L.)
Sitophilus oryzae (L.) Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky)
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Crytolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönerr) Cryptolestes turcicus (Gourville)
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Tribolium confusum (Jacquelin du Val) Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)
Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say Lasioderma serricorne (F.)
Trogoderma granarium Evert Trogoderma variabile Ballion Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Fauvel)
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Oryzaephilus mercator (L.) Cadra cautella (Walker) Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)
Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) Ephestia küehniella (Zeller) Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) ________________________________________________________________________
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ANNEX T-12 REFERENCE: DECIDING WHEN TO FUMIGATE NOTE: The fumigation management plan (Annex T-3) sets out mandatory safety criteria that must be satisfied for fumigation to occur (Sections J & L). This Annex addresses how to determine when there is a NEED for fumigation to control infestation. .
THREE KEY FACTORS The need for fumigation is influenced by three factors:
1. Acceptability of observed insect pest levels. The acceptable level of insect pests is based on standards established for infested grain. For example, in the US wheat with two or more live insects, on average, is considered infested. The goal for grain managers is to maintain levels below this acceptable level. “On average” is determined by the sampler taking 10 to 30 samples to determine if the average insect density is two live insects or more. If a decision to fumigate will be threshold-based, such thresholds must be developed for all food aid commodities.
2. Suitability of the environment for pest multiplication. Stored-product insects are cold blooded and develop faster at warmer temperatures. The optimum for rapid development (egg-to-adult, one generation) and reproduction is 28-32oC. Most countries that receive food aid have temperatures close to or greater than this optimum. Temperatures above 50oC are lethal to insects but, depending on the species, insects can do well at temperatures as high as 40oC. Under these conditions insects complete one generation in four to six weeks. Under tropical conditions, stored-product insects multiply 50-fold every six weeks, resulting in a build-up of large populations. Therefore, fumigation on a calendar basis may be the optimum to prevent pest populations from exploding. In this case, depending on site-specific warehouse situations, fumigation may be needed as often as every four to six weeks.
3. The length of time the commodity is stored before it is shipped to beneficiaries. Commodities stored for longer than four to six weeks can incur damage from multiplying insect populations. Therefore, quick turnover of commodities will provide less opportunity for insects to survive and thrive.
Another consideration is that sampling-based decision-making is useful when only a portion of the total storage structure will be fumigated. If the entire structure is to be fumigated, sampling adds additional costs for storehouse managers; in this case, it is more cost-effective to use a calendar-basis fumigation schedule.
DECISION GUIDANCE The following guidelines can be used to decide when to fumigate food aid commodities.
1. Since tropical climates are conducive to year-round infestation by stored-product insects, commodities should be fumigated soon after receipt into a primary warehouse.
2. If instead, the PVO prefers to base a fumigation decision on sampling, the best point to sample is at the time of unloading from a container or truck near a primary warehouse or a port warehouse. The warehouse personnel and the PVO should decide the best method of sampling.
3. There are two types of sampling. One, a “destructive” method, requires probes to be inserted into the opened bag or bags; a handful of commodity is sampled from each. Sampling is based on examining seed slots for quality factors; insects are not sampled. If this method is used, the bagged
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commodity must be re-bagged and this will take time away from unloading and loading. Table 1, below, shows the number of bags to be sampled based on the original number of bags.
4. Another approach is to conduct a visual inspection for insect infestation, primarily checking the seams of bags and the outside of bags. The number of bags to be sampled should be based on the time it takes to unload a container/truck divided by the time it takes to inspect one bag. This assumes that the inspector is trained in quickly identifying a stored-product insect from a non-stored product insect. If eggs are present inside the commodity, they can never be sampled or detected visually. Bags may be sampled at specified intervals (e.g., every 10th or 20th bag unloaded).
5. Alternatively bags can be pre-selected at time of unloading and later opened, sampled with probe, or by hand for determining infestation. This type of sampling gives a presence or absence type of information and is not threshold based. In other words, if one or more live insects are found in or on many bags, the entire lot should be fumigated upon receipt.
Table 1: Recommended Sampling Intensity for Seed in Bagsa.
# of bags sample size # of bags sample size # of bags sample size
1 to 6 * 95 to 104 .15 195 to 204 25
7 to 14 6 105 to 114 .16 205 to 214 26
15 to 24 7 115 to 124 .17 215 to 224 27
25 to 34 8 125 to 134 .18 225 to 234 28
35 to 44 9 135 to 144 .19 235 to 244 29
45 to 54 .10 145 to 154 .20 245 to 254 30
55 to 64 .11 155 to 164 .21 255 or more .30
65 to 74 .12 165 to 174 .22
75 to 84 .13 175 to 184 .23
85 to 94 .14 185 to 194 .24
* For lots of 1 to 6 bags, sample each bag and take a total of at least 5 cores or handfuls.
Source: Knapp, A. D., T. J. Gutormson, and M. K. Misra. 1991. Seed Lot Sampling. North Central Regional Extension Publication 403, July 1991. North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota. http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/smgrains/ncr403w.htm.
THRESHOLD-BASED DECISION-MAKING The relationship between the probability of detecting an infestation or the chance of finding an infestation (P), is influenced by the number of samples (bags) observed (n) and the frequency of infestation (f). Frequency of infestation is simply the number of bags out of total unloaded that contained or had one or more live insects, inside (if it is the destructive method of sampling) or outside (if it is a non-destructive type of sampling). For example if 5 bags out of 100 had live insects the frequency of infestation is 5/100 or 0.05. The probability P ranges from 0 to 1 or 0 to 100%. These 3 variables are related as follows:
P (x> 0) = 1 – (1 – f)n Equation 1
where, P is the probability detecting 1 or more live insects (x).
In bags received recently one can expect that there may be only a few bags with live insects—inside or outside. Therefore, f may be low. In the absence of information one can assume f to be 0.01 (1 bag out of 100
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has live insects), 0.05 (5 out of 100 bags has live insects) and so on. Let us assume in this example that we have f = 5% or 0.05, and n = 30. What is our probability of finding that infestation given 2 of the 3 variables. These calculations can be easily done in Microsoft Excel®. At any given frequency one can see the effect of taking samples (n) anywhere from 1 to 300.
P = 1- (1 – 0.05)30
P = 0.785 or 78.5%.
Figure 1 below shows how P changes at different f values. Generally, as the frequency of infestation is greater (more bags have insects), one would need only a few bags to inspect or have greater confidence or probability. Conversely, the graphs can also be used to set a confidence level or probability at 0.95 or 95% and determine how many samples are needed to be sure that you are able to detect insects at a certain f.
The number of samples to be taken is based on time available for the sampler and a method highlighted in bold above. Time and resources are always limited so one cannot sample all the bags. Equation 1 above can be rearranged to find n for a given P and f and f for a given P and n. These will be illustrated below.
Figure 1. Relationship between Probability of Detection, Number of Samples, and Frequency of Infestation. The Inset Graph Shows the Same Four Lines Over 0 to 50 Samples.
Equation 1 can be rearranged to find how many samples are needed (n) given P and f. Assume that you want to be 95% sure (P = 0.95) that you want to detect an infestation rate of 5% (f = 0.05). How many samples or bags should be inspected?
n = ln[1 - P]/ln[1 - f] Equation 2
n = ln[1-0.95]/ln[1-0.05] = 58.4 or 58 samples/bags
Probability of detection versus no. samples
Number of samples taken0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Prob
abili
ty o
f det
ectio
n
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
f=0.8 (20/25
f=0.4 (10/25 bags h i )
f=0.08 (2/25 bags have insects)
f=0.04 (1/25 bags have insects)
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If your warehouse has a policy to inspect only a certain number of bags, we can determine what level of infestation frequency (f) you will be able to find. Let us assume for this exercise that your P = 0.95, and n is 30 bags.
Rearranging Equation 1 then yields, f = 1 - [1 – P]1/n Equation 3
f = 1 – [1 – 0.95]1/30 = 0.095 or 0.095 x 100 = 9.5% or approximately 10%.
This value is the maximum infestation frequency (fmax) I should have in order to be 95% sure that if I take 30 bags I will find an infestation. The true frequency may lie anywhere between >0 to 9.5%!
These same calculations can also be used when visually inspecting or sampling bags after the bags are placed in stacks over pallets. However, it is important to realize that only the bags on the exterior and top can be sampled and not those inside or inaccessible. One can also use the same techniques when inspecting various portions of a warehouse. In order to use these equations for warehouse inspections one has to define different zones of the warehouse or divide it into a certain number of equal quadrats or zones. The number of zones with a live insect should then be recorded.
Irrespective of whether bags are sampled or floors or underneath pallets are examined, the number of locations out of total examined with a live insect should be recorded to use the above equations. The frequency of infestation may also vary by month. The tools above provide some quantitative basis to make a decision to fumigate.
USE OF TRAPS VS VISUAL INSPECTIONS OR SAMPLING Sometimes visual inspections or sampling can be deceptive, because insects may not be active at the time the inspector is sampling. In such situations, the use of devices such as food-baited and pheromone traps for various stored-product insects is best. These devices works 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and work on insect behavior.
Insects are attracted to the traps and are captured in the traps. It is also possible for these traps to detect insects that may be attracted from the outside. The food-baited traps are for crawling insects (Figure 2) while traps with pheromones with sticky bottoms (Figure 3) are for flying insects.
Since these traps work on insect behavior, absence of insects does not mean that insects are absent; all it means is that insects failed to come to the tarp and be captured. Fast moving insects are likely to be captured more than slow moving insects. The fact that these devices sample continuously 24 hours a day, 7 days a week helps increase the probability of detecting insects.
How can one use trap data to make a decision to fumigate? The warehouse manager or PVO must place 30-40 traps in each warehouse and examine them on a weekly basis. All captured stored-product insects should be sorted by species and counted. If a few traps out of the total deployed have insects then it can be assumed that the infestation is not severe.
On the contrary, if every trap has an insect then there is a widespread problem. Managers can set an arbitrary threshold to fumigate when 10, 20, or 30 percent of traps have insects. Also, the traps can be used after fumigation to determine the degree and duration of control achieved or the need for the next fumigation.
The trap data should be correlated with visual inspection data. The only limitation of traps is that the food baits and lures should be replaced at monthly intervals.
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Figure 2. Food-Baited Traps with Oil and Lures for Three Insect Species For Capturing Crawling Insect Species (Photo: Bh. Subramanyam). These Traps Should be Placed in a Grid Fashion Throughout the Warehouse. They Can Also be Placed Outdoors.
Figure 3. Sticky Traps with a Lure (Red Rubber Septum) for Capturing Flying Insects. These Traps Should be Hung at Eye Level to a Suitable Structure in a Warehouse. They Can Also be Used Outdoors.
IN SUMMARY There is no simple answer to know when to fumigate. It can be done on a calendar basis, every 4-6 weeks as a precautionary measure, or through visual inspections, or sampling using insect traps and some arbitrarily set threshold of one or more live insects or percentage of traps with insects. It is always important to accumulate any visual and trap information for review and refinement of pest management decisions.
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ANNEX T-13 REFERENCE: TRAINING AND EDUCATION MATERIALS ON PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION AND FOOD PROTECTION
PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION GUIDES Suggested Recommendations for the Fumigation of Grain in the ASEAN Region. Part 1. Principles and General Practice. 1989. ASEAN Food Handling Bureau, Kuala Lumpur, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia.
Boye, J., S. Ignatowicz, H. Lange, O. Mück, D. K. Mueller, S. Navarro, and V. Sotiroudas. 2006. Training and Technical Support in Alternative Technologies to Methyl Bromide Fumigation for Post-Harvest Sector in CEIT Countries. United Nations Environmental Program, Training Manual. http://jp1.estis.net/includes/file.asp?site=ecanetwork&file=8AA139BF-610D-4524-8BB1-8003850B52C1 (Excellent source of information on integrated pest management)
Fumigation Training Manual, University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service, Lexington, Kentucky. http://pest.ca.uky.edu/PSEP/Manuals/7c-FumigationManual.pdf
van Someran Graver, J. E. 2004. Guide to Fumigation Under Gas-Proof Sheets. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Produced by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. Available at http://www.fao.org/inpho_archive/content/documents/vlibrary/ad416e/FAOHomeIndex.htm (on-line e-book; includes accompanying videos) and http://http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/543/FAO%20full%20text.pdf (print-ready PDF). The best resource for conducting fumigation.
Flander K., and S. Brown. 2005. Fumigating Agricultural Commodities with Phosphine, Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University, Alabama. http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1154/
Warrick, C. 2011. A Grains Industry Guide: Fumigating with phosphine, other fumigants and controlled atmospheres. Grains Research and Development Corporation. GRDC Grain Storage and Extension Project, Australia. http://www.chemcert.com.au/2012/PDF/National/Phosphine/GRDC%20Phos.pdf
Manual of Fumigation for Insect Control. FAO Corporate Document Repository, Rome Italy. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5042e/x5042E0a.htm
NIOSH Alert: Preventing Phosphine Poisoning and Explosions During Fumigation. 1999. Department of Health and Human Services (NIOSH) Publication No. 99-126, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Publications Dissemination,
Cincinnati, Ohio. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-126/
Dangerous Phosphine Practices in West Africa. http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/Issue/pn53/pn53p4.htm
FUMIGATION TRAINING VIDEOS Fumigation Management Plan Resources for Aluminum Phosphine. North Dakota State University Extension Service Pesticide Program, Fargo, North Dakota.
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http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/pesticid/fum_resource.htm. This link has videos on phosphine fumigation.
PHOSPHINE GAS MONITORING DEVICES AND RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Cardinal Professional Products, Woodland, California. Labels and MSDS of Pesticides for Insect and Vertebrates Pests, Gas Monitoring Equipment, Respiratory Protection, and Training in Fumigation. http://www.cardinalproproducts.com/
Riblle Enviro Ltd. Gas Detection Equipment. http://www.ribble-enviro.co.uk/product/drager-detection-tubes.htm?gclid=CNf_hM_b2LACFVPftgodvWEc2Q
DegeschAmerica, Inc. Weyeres Cave, Virginia. http://www.degeschamerica.com/products.asp
Uniphos Gas Detector Tube and Pump Accuracy. Technical Note 02, January 2, 2012. http://www.factorydirectsafety.com/assets/tech-notes/TN-02-Detector-Tube-Accuracy.pdf
Uniphos, United Phosphorus Limited, Maharashtra, India. http://www.uniphos-she.com/
Grainger. Gas Detection Equipment. http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/gas-detection/safety/ecatalog/N-b0s
ControlEquipment Private Limited, Australia. http://www.controlequipment.com.au/
Intrinsically Safe Personal Gas Detectors. SA Ex Instruments (Pty) Ltd., Wellington 7655, Western Cape, South Africa. http://www.intrinsically-safe-instruments.com/gas-detectors.html
Danley, R., B. Adam, J. Criswell, R. Noyes, and T. W. Phillips. 2005. How Accurate Are Phosphine Monitoring Devices? Journal of Pesticide Safety Education 7: 1-9. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JPSE/v7/JPSEV7_1-9.pdf
National Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Manual. http://www.nasda.org/workersafety/. There are 12 Chapters. Chapter 6 is dedicated to Personal Protective Equipment.
Department of Labor ,Occupational Safety, and Health Administration. http://www.osha.gov/pls/publications/publication.AthruZ?pType=AthruZ#R. Scroll down to Respiratory Protection Standard: Small Entity Compliance Guide
Airgas. Respiratory Protection Equipment Company. http://www.airgas.com/browse/category_list.aspx?catID=177&WT.svl=177&gclid=CJDVuf_N2rACFSdeTAodbVGY0w
Respirator Protection Center. Respirators, Cartridges, and Filters. http://www.respiratormaskprotection.com/index.html
End-of-Service-Life Calculator for Cartridge and Canister Respirators. http://northsafety.com/Click on U.S. map. Then click on “Selection Guide for Respiratory and Hand Protection” on the left. Then click on “Cartridge Service Life Estimation” at top.
STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS List of Stored Product Insect Websites. http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/grsc_subi/Database/SPI_websites/Stored_product_insect_website1.htm
Kansas State University. Postharvest Protection Website. http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/grsc_subi/. Has power point files on stored product insects and their management.
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Primary Insect Species. Canadian Grain Commission. http://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/storage-entrepose/pip-irp/pip-irp-eng.htm
USDA-ARS, Stored-Product Insect Images. http://bru.gmprc.ksu.edu/db/insect/search_results.asp
Stored-Product Insects. Cardinal Professional Products, Woodland, California. http://cardinalproproducts.com/wp/stored-product-insects/
Hagstrum, D. W., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2009. Stored-Product Insect Resource. American Association of Cereal Chemists International, St. Paul, Minnesota. http://www.apsnet.org/apsstore/shopapspress/Pages/27663.aspx
Reichmuth, C., M. Schöller, and C. Ulrichs. 2007. Stored Product Pests in Grain: Morphology, Biology, Damage, and Control. AgroConcept Verlagsgesellschaft, Bonn, Germany.
Hagstrum, D. W., and Bh. Subramanyam. 2006. Fundamentals of Stored-Product Entomology. American Association of Cereal Chemists International, St. Paul, Minnesota. http://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Stored-Product-Entomology-David-Hagstrum/dp/1891127500
Subramanyam, Bh., and D. W. Hagstrum (ed.). 2000. Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored Product IPM. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts. http://www.amazon.com/Alternatives-Pesticides-Stored-Product-Bhadriraju-Subramanyam/dp/0792379764
Subramanyam, Bh., and D. W. Hagstrum. 1996. Integrated Management of Insects in Stored Products, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Dobie, P., and C. P. Haines. 1991. Insects and Arachnids of Tropical Stored Products, Second Edition. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, U.K. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Insects-Arachnids-Tropical-Stored-Products/dp/0859542823
Sinha, R. N., and F. L. Watters. Insect Pests of Flour Mills, Grain Elevators, and Feed Mills and Their Control. 1985. Research Brach Agriculture Canada, Publication 1776. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE ON MANAGING STORED GRAIN INSECTS Grain Elevators and Processing Society (GEAPS) Distance Education Course on, “Management of Insect Pests in Stored Grains”. Offered in Spring Every Year. Limited to 30-40 participants. http://www.geaps.com/knowledge/dist_learn/course_525.cfm
STORED-PRODUCT INSECT MONITORING DEVICES (NOT FOR CONTROL) AgriSense, South Wales, U.K. http://www.agrisense.co.uk/ProdRange_ipc.php
Click on Products and Select Traps for Stored-Product Beetles and Moths.
Trécé, Inc., Adair, Oklahoma. http://www.trece.com/ The Company Has a Wide Range of Products for Monitoring Stored-Product Insects in Warehouses and Commodities.
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