Aging Species

Methods of Growth and Repair in Living Organisms Assimilation: Assimilation:

Process of changing food substancesProcess of changing food substances Growth: Growth:

Process of increasing sizeProcess of increasing size Need balance of nutrients to sustain growthNeed balance of nutrients to sustain growth Nutrient deficiency may cause disease, stunted Nutrient deficiency may cause disease, stunted

maturity, and deathmaturity, and death RepairRepair

Replacement of worn or damaged partsReplacement of worn or damaged parts

Anatomy Study of the form, shape, and appearanceStudy of the form, shape, and appearance Anatomy helps determine how an animal Anatomy helps determine how an animal

survives in their environmentsurvives in their environment

Locomotion Locomotion refers to how animals moveLocomotion refers to how animals move

Examples: swimming, walking, flying, Examples: swimming, walking, flying, running, etc. running, etc.

Physiology

Study of how the parts of an anatomy Study of how the parts of an anatomy functionfunction Systems include: Systems include:

Skeletal, digestive, respiratory, Skeletal, digestive, respiratory, muscular, circulatory, nervous, muscular, circulatory, nervous, excretory, and reproductiveexcretory, and reproductive

Skeletal System

Consists of bones Consists of bones giving animal shapegiving animal shape

Protects organsProtects organs Systems can be Systems can be

internal or external internal or external (exoskeleton(exoskeleton Vertebrates are Vertebrates are

animals with animals with backbonesbackbones

Digestive System Decomposes foodDecomposes food 2 major types2 major types

Ruminants: animals has Ruminants: animals has stomach that is divided into stomach that is divided into four categoriesfour categories

OmasumOmasum ReticulumReticulum RumenRumen AbomasumAbomasum

MonogastricMonogastric Simple stomach with one Simple stomach with one

compartmentcompartment

Respiratory System

Animals take in Animals take in oxygen and gives off oxygen and gives off carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide Land species have Land species have

lungslungs Water species have Water species have

gillsgills

Muscular System

Provides support and Provides support and allows for movementallows for movement

Attached to skeletal Attached to skeletal systemsystem

Circulatory System

Moves blood through Moves blood through an organisman organism

Main organ is the Main organ is the heartheart

Works closely with Works closely with the respiratory systemthe respiratory system

Excretory System

Removes wasteRemoves waste Urine, feces, and Urine, feces, and

perspirationperspiration

Nervous System

Connects brain Connects brain activity with musclesactivity with muscles

Main part is spinal Main part is spinal cordcord

Reproductive System

Enables an organism to produce offspringEnables an organism to produce offspring Can be sexual or asexualCan be sexual or asexual

Sexual: requires union of sperm and an Sexual: requires union of sperm and an eggegg

Asexual: cloning exact offspringAsexual: cloning exact offspring

Reproduction May occur internally or externally, depends on speciesMay occur internally or externally, depends on species Most large animals reproduce by internal matingMost large animals reproduce by internal mating

Sexual union between male and female, known as Sexual union between male and female, known as copulationcopulation

Once egg is fertilized by sperm, female carry young in Once egg is fertilized by sperm, female carry young in their uterus (gestation)their uterus (gestation)

After partruition (birth) the young receive nourishment After partruition (birth) the young receive nourishment from its mother’s milkfrom its mother’s milk

Birds lay eggs and incubate themBirds lay eggs and incubate them Fish, reptiles, and amphibians lay eggs that are Fish, reptiles, and amphibians lay eggs that are

externally fertilizedexternally fertilized

Age and Sex Structure

Reflects the current status of a wildlife populationReflects the current status of a wildlife population Age and sex composition are indicative of: Age and sex composition are indicative of:

Habitat qualityHabitat quality Health factorsHealth factors Behavioral conditionsBehavioral conditions

Of a population is used to estimate future declines Of a population is used to estimate future declines or increases in the number of animals, and to or increases in the number of animals, and to recommend the appropriate management of the recommend the appropriate management of the animalanimal

Age Determination Embryonic Development:Embryonic Development:

Fetal measurements: use measurement devices to Fetal measurements: use measurement devices to determine weeks/days to parturitiondetermine weeks/days to parturition

Candling: process by which a light source is utilized to Candling: process by which a light source is utilized to illuminate the contents of an egg to determine fertility illuminate the contents of an egg to determine fertility or maturationor maturation

Flotation: Flotation: Fresh egg will sinkFresh egg will sinkA partially developed embryo will float with the A partially developed embryo will float with the

blunt end uppermostblunt end uppermostA decomposing egg will float on its sideA decomposing egg will float on its side

Morphological Features

Size and weight of the animalsSize and weight of the animals Hind foot lengthsHind foot lengths Pelt primenessPelt primeness Development and wear of teethDevelopment and wear of teeth Development and wear of feathersDevelopment and wear of feathers Development of genitaliaDevelopment of genitalia

Sex Determination

GenitaliaGenitalia Secondary Sex Secondary Sex

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Antler developmentAntler development Spur developmentSpur development Plumage differencesPlumage differences DroppingsDroppings Courtship behavior and Courtship behavior and

urination posturesurination postures

Whitetail Deer

SexSex Physical characteristics (Body Size / Snout Length)Physical characteristics (Body Size / Snout Length)

DoesDoesFawnFawnBuckBuck

AgeAge Antler CharacteristicsAntler Characteristics

Ear widthEar widthEar lengthEar lengthNumber of Antler PointsNumber of Antler Points