Aging paper final

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Elizabeth West An Interdisciplinary Approach to Aging Serena Bellini 7 April, 2015 Aging in Scotland and America Aging seems to be a pretty definite and simple concept, but surprisingly, the idea of aging and how it is managed can vary greatly for different groups of people. By definition, aging is the gradual and spontaneous changes that occur in maturation from infant to young adult, but how do people see and manage aging differently? Researchers have found that the way the elderly are seen and managed changes based on the country they are living in. Many countries manage aging in unique ways, but often many aspects of elderly management in different countries are very similar. For example, Scotland and the United States have a few differences in their aging populations and how they care for them, but their systems and ideals are similar. Scotland and the United States are fairly similar in their aging populations and perceptions, retirement options, available benefits for the elderly, and elderly homes and facilities, but they are slightly different in some ways as well. The aging population and others’ views of the elderly in Scotland is not too different from the Unites States. Studies show that in 2013, Scotland and the U.S. both had higher percentages of people over the age of 65 in their population than in previous years. The elderly in Scotland represented about 18% of the population and are predicted to grow to represent over 28% by 2037 (Summary: Age Demographics). The U.S. population over the age of 65 was a little lower than Scotland’s. The elderly population represented 15% in 2013 and will represent approximately 22% by 2037 (Ortman). Even though Scotland has a larger elderly population, both countries will see a significant increase in the elderly population in the next 20 years. Even though the populations vary slightly, both countries have under 0.02% of their populations over the age of 100 (Big Rise in number of Scottish centenarians; Ortman). Another similarity between the aging populations in Scotland and America is the negative effects of chronic disease. Both countries have chronic disease in their top three causes of death in those over 65. Heart disease and stroke are both top causes of death in Scotland and the U.S. (Gray; Healthy Aging). Chronic illness affects about 80% of the U.S. elderly population and 67% of the elderly population in Scotland (Gray; Healthy Aging). Even though it affects Scotland a little less than American, it still has a huge impact on the aging population in both countries. The way the aging population is viewed and how the elderly are discriminated against also varies slightly between Scotland and the U.S. The older population in both Scotland and the U.S. experience discrimination in many areas of life. Both countries have to deal with ageism in the workplace, in healthcare, and in social life. The elderly report having to deal with stereotyping and discrimination in both countries, but the United States seems to be more aware of the problem than

Transcript of Aging paper final

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Elizabeth  West    An  Interdisciplinary  Approach  to  Aging    Serena  Bellini    7  April,  2015    

Aging  in  Scotland  and  America       Aging  seems  to  be  a  pretty  definite  and  simple  concept,  but  surprisingly,  the  idea  of  aging  and  how  it  is  managed  can  vary  greatly  for  different  groups  of  people.  By  definition,  aging  is  the  gradual  and  spontaneous  changes  that  occur  in  maturation  from  infant  to  young  adult,  but  how  do  people  see  and  manage  aging  differently?  Researchers  have  found  that  the  way  the  elderly  are  seen  and  managed  changes  based  on  the  country  they  are  living  in.  Many  countries  manage  aging  in  unique  ways,  but  often  many  aspects  of  elderly  management  in  different  countries  are  very  similar.  For  example,  Scotland  and  the  United  States  have  a  few  differences  in  their  aging  populations  and  how  they  care  for  them,  but  their  systems  and  ideals  are  similar.  Scotland  and  the  United  States  are  fairly  similar  in  their  aging  populations  and  perceptions,  retirement  options,  available  benefits  for  the  elderly,  and  elderly  homes  and  facilities,  but  they  are  slightly  different  in  some  ways  as  well.       The  aging  population  and  others’  views  of  the  elderly  in  Scotland  is  not  too  different  from  the  Unites  States.  Studies  show  that  in  2013,  Scotland  and  the  U.S.  both  had  higher  percentages  of  people  over  the  age  of  65  in  their  population  than  in  previous  years.  The  elderly  in  Scotland  represented  about  18%  of  the  population  and  are  predicted  to  grow  to  represent  over  28%  by  2037  (Summary:  Age  Demographics).  The  U.S.  population  over  the  age  of  65  was  a  little  lower  than  Scotland’s.  The  elderly  population  represented  15%  in  2013  and  will  represent  approximately  22%  by  2037  (Ortman).  Even  though  Scotland  has  a  larger  elderly  population,  both  countries  will  see  a  significant  increase  in  the  elderly  population  in  the  next  20  years.  Even  though  the  populations  vary  slightly,  both  countries  have  under  0.02%  of  their  populations  over  the  age  of  100  (Big  Rise  in  number  of  Scottish  centenarians;  Ortman).  Another  similarity  between  the  aging  populations  in  Scotland  and  America  is  the  negative  effects  of  chronic  disease.  Both  countries  have  chronic  disease  in  their  top  three  causes  of  death  in  those  over  65.  Heart  disease  and  stroke  are  both  top  causes  of  death  in  Scotland  and  the  U.S.  (Gray;  Healthy  Aging).  Chronic  illness  affects  about  80%  of  the  U.S.  elderly  population  and  67%  of  the  elderly  population  in  Scotland  (Gray;  Healthy  Aging).  Even  though  it  affects  Scotland  a  little  less  than  American,  it  still  has  a  huge  impact  on  the  aging  population  in  both  countries.  The  way  the  aging  population  is  viewed  and  how  the  elderly  are  discriminated  against  also  varies  slightly  between  Scotland  and  the  U.S.  The  older  population  in  both  Scotland  and  the  U.S.  experience  discrimination  in  many  areas  of  life.  Both  countries  have  to  deal  with  ageism  in  the  workplace,  in  healthcare,  and  in  social  life.  The  elderly  report  having  to  deal  with  stereotyping  and  discrimination  in  both  countries,  but  the  United  States  seems  to  be  more  aware  of  the  problem  than  

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Scotland  (Weiss).    In  America,  discrimination  is  seen  more  in  the  social  aspect  of  aging.  Americans  over  65  report  feeling  isolated  and  lonely  more  often  that  feeling  discriminated  against  in  health  care  or  the  work  place  (Weiss).  In  Scotland,  discrimination  towards  the  aged  is  seen  more  in  the  form  of  disrespect  towards  the  aged  because  they  are  seen  as  a  “Financial  burden,”  (A  Snapshot  of  Ageism  in  the  UK  and  across  Europe).  The  aged  in  Scotland  also  report  experiencing  more  discrimination  in  the  health  care  field  than  the  aged  in  America.  They  report  that  they  often  don’t  receive  the  care  they  want  and/or  need  (A  Snapshot  of  Ageism  in  the  UK  and  across  Europe).  Similar  forms  of  discrimination  are  seen  in  both  Scotland  and  the  U.S.,  but  the  government  also  has  good  things  to  offer  for  the  aging  populations.    

Scotland  and  the  U.S.  both  provide  government  funded  retirement  plans  for  the  elderly  population.  They  are  both  plans  that  the  person  pays  into  for  a  number  of  years  in  order  to  receive  a  set  amount  of  money  once  they  retire.  Both  countries  have  a  retirement  age.  Once  the  citizen  reaches  this  age,  if  they’ve  been  paying  into  the  government  fund,  they  can  claim  their  retirement  money.  In  Scotland,  the  age  is  65  for  men  and  is  slowly  increasing  from  60  to  65  for  women  (Understanding  the  Basic  State  Pension).  In  order  for  a  citizen  of  Scotland  to  claim  their  pension,  they  must  have  paid  into  the  government  fund  for  30  years  (Understanding  the  Basic  State  Pension).  In  America  the  retirement  age  is  67  for  both  men  and  women,  but  they  only  have  to  pay  approximately  10  years  (Social  Security).  Also,  the  amount  Americans  receive  is  less  than  people  in  Scotland.  In  both  countries,  you  can  claim  the  retirement  money  early  or  late.  They  both  work  so  that  if  the  money  is  claimed  early  the  amount  is  less,  and  if  the  money  is  claimed  later  the  amount  increases.  They  both  increase  more  as  more  time  passes.  Both  countries  also  offer  a  kind  of  plan  to  receive  retirement  money  even  if  the  citizen  is  continuing  to  work.  They  both  allow  people  to  work  and  receive  money  as  long  as  they  don’t  go  over  the  minimum  amount  of  income  (Social  Security;  Understanding  the  Basic  State  Pension).  Along  with  retirement  plans  for  the  elderly,  the  governments  also  both  provide  multiple  benefits  for  the  aging  population.    

Scotland  and  America  both  provide  many  benefits  to  their  citizens.  They  have  benefits  for  health  care,  housing,  bereavement,  and  disability.  Scotland’s  health  care  benefits  for  the  elderly  are  very  different  from  America’s.  In  Scotland,  only  a  couple  of  aspects  of  health  care  are  paid  for  by  the  government.  Citizens  over  60  receive  free  prescriptions  and  eye  test.  They  also  can  be  screened  for  certain  types  of  cancer  every  2  years  (Benefits  and  Entitlements).    If  the  individual  qualifies  for  the  pensions  in  the  retirement  plans,  they  can  also  receive  a  weekly  entitlement  or  financial  vouchers  for  eye  wear,  wigs,  and  financial  support  for  travel  related  to  health  care  (Benefits  and  Entitlements).  In  America  health  care  coverage  is  much  different.  Medicare  is  the  government  program  that  provides  citizens  over  65  with  services  including  hospital  care,  some  nursing  home  care,  medically  necessary  services  like  screenings,  and  preventative  services  (Your  Medicare  Coverage  Choices).  Also,  prescriptions  aren’t  covered,  but  Americans  over  65  can  enroll  in  a  plan  that  covers  prescription  drugs.  Not  as  much  is  free  like  it  is  in  Scotland,  but  a  wider  range  of  services  are  covered  (Your  Medicare  Coverage  Choices).  Both  Scotland  and  America  provide  a  few  housing  benefits.  They  both  offer  financial  help  

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to  those  over  65  if  they  qualify.  Scotland  provides  funds  for  mortgage  interest,  while  America  has  help  like  reverse  mortgages  where  the  elderly  receive  financial  support  by  allowing  the  company  to  have  ownership  of  the  home  once  they  are  gone  (Housing  for  Seniors).  The  bereavement  benefits  are  extremely  similar.  They  both  provide  financial  support  and  stability  for  a  spouse  or  partner  of  someone  who  qualified  for  government  retirement  money  (Housing  for  Seniors;  Benefits  and  Entitlements).  The  final  major  benefit  the  countries  provide  is  benefit  based  on  disability.  Both  countries  provide  money  for  those  unable  to  work  due  to  a  disability  or  mental  illness  (Housing  for  Seniors;  Benefits  and  Entitlements).  On  top  of  all  of  these  benefits,  Scotland  also  provides  benefits  for  people  in  the  process  of  finding  a  job.  Scotland  focuses  on  having  a  broader  range  of  benefits,  but  America  focuses  on  providing  more  in-­‐depth  benefits  for  what  it  does  cover.  Even  though  the  benefits  are  different  in  American  and  Scotland,  they  both  have  good  benefits  to  offer  their  elderly  population.    

Facilities  and  housing  for  the  older  individuals  in  Scotland  and  America  are  also  similar.    Both  countries  have  homes  for  the  elderly  that  have  different  amenities  and  are  good  for  different  reasons.  There  are  homes  for  those  who  are  generally  healthy,  but  want  somewhere  with  a  community  of  other  elderly  people  and  some  services  provided.  In  the  U.S.  they  are  called  retirement  homes,  and  in  Scotland  it  is  called  sheltered  housing  (Housing;  Home  and  Care).  There  are  also  places  where  there  is  full  time  care  for  the  elderly  who  need  more  assistance.  These  are  Scottish  care  homes  and  American  nursing  homes.  Scotland  also  offers  an  extra  care  sheltered  housing  which  is  a  more  supportive  sheltered  home  that  may  provide  more  meals  or  more  available  services  and  assistance.  Retirement  homes  in  America  vary  enough  to  where  they  can  be  like  a  sheltered  house  or  an  extra  care  sheltered  house  just  depending  on  what  the  retirement  home  has  to  offer  (Housing).  Both  Scotland  and  America  have  individually  and  privately  owned  homes  for  the  elderly,  but  they  are  less  common  and  typically  much  smaller  than  public  housing  for  the  aged.  Housing  for  the  elderly  is  very  similar  in  Scotland  and  the  U.S.  even  though  their  perception  of  the  aging  is  different.  

Although  the  perceptions  of  aging  are  different  along  with  other  qualities  of  the  countries’  management  of  aging,  Scotland  and  American  have  fairly  similar  systems.  They  both  provide  retirement  plans  and  appropriate  housing  for  the  elderly,  and  they  have  many  benefits  for  the  older  population.  Overall  discrimination  towards  aging  is  present  in  both  countries  even  though  awareness  is  increasing,  it’s  still  a  problem.  Scotland  and  America  have  some  differences,  but  overall  they  have  fairly  similar  perceptions  and  management  of  aging.        

                 

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