AGING BABY BOOMERS 1 AGING BABY BOOMERS Anticipating Boomers’ Changing Needs in Cars Pete Montero.

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

AGINGBABY BOOMERS

Anticipating Boomers’ Changing Needs in Cars

Pete Montero

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

Background

I. Societal TrendA. General Population Trends (“Age Wave”)

II. Market TrendA. DemographicsB. Purchase ReasonsC. Personal Attitudes

III. Effects of AgingA. Physiological ChangesB. Vehicle Safety C. Industry Efforts

IV. Attitudes Towards TechnologyA. Current Technology OwnedB. Future Feature PreferencesC. Research Results

V. RecommendationsA. SummaryB. Package LayoutC. FeaturesD. Execution

VI. Appendix

Contents

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

By 2010, the 65 & older age group will enter a period of accelerating growth, exceeding 40 million

I. Societal TrendA. Population Trend (“Age Wave”)

Population Trends (2000-2030)25.7%

24.9%24.1% 23.6%23.8%23.9%23.9%

19.7%

18.2%

16.3%

14.5%

13.0%12.4%12.4%

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

90,000,000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

0%

3%

6%

9%

12%

15%

18%

21%

24%

27%Under 18 (TTL)

Over 65 (TTL)

Under 18 (% of TTL)

Over 65 (% of TTL)

Population % of Total

SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau

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T tl Market A ge Dis tribution (2001-v-2006)

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

2001

2006

Shift in Large Car Age DistributionShift in Segment for Aging Buyer

Total Market Age Distribution shifting, with largest group now 55-59 yrs old. A high % of Large Car, Mid-size Car & Compact Van owners are Over 55 yrs old

Segment Age Distribution

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

Under

20

20-2

4

25-2

9

30-3

4

35-3

9

40-4

4

45-4

9

50-5

4

55-5

9

60-6

4

65-6

9

70-7

4

75-7

9

80-8

4

85-8

9

Compact CarMid-Size CarLarge CarCompact Van

SOURCE: Strategic Vision, 2006 NVES 3rd WAVE

II. Market TrendA. Demographics

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

Top 10 Most Important Purchase Reasons (by Age Group )

Older Large Car owners are more Price & Safety oriented, with Seat Comfort a unique Top 10; Younger owners are more Style, Image & Fun-To-Drive oriented

II. Market TrendB. Purchase Reasons


All Ages 60 & Over

Exterior Styling

12.04%A Well Made

Vehicle11.54%

A Well Made Vehicle

10.59%Price Or Deal

Offered11.26%

Price Or Deal Offered

9.36%Exterior Styling

9.43%

Value For The Money

7.17%Value For

The Money8.76%

Reliability 6.16% Reliability 6.21%

Riding Comfort

4.82%Safety

Features4.10%

Fuel Economy

3.69%Riding

Comfort3.70%

Power & Pickup

3.21%Power & Pickup

2.58%

Safety Features

2.81%Interior

Roominess2.34%

Interior Roominess

2.39%Seating comfort

2.06%

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Personal Attitude Statements (Top 2 Box- % Agree)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Under 4040-5960 & OverTotal

Older Large Car owners generally most conservative (least adventurous, least interest in new Experiences/ Technology)

II. Market TrendC. Personal Attitudes

I See

Life

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of E

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I Bel

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Whe

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Exc

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xper

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I'm C

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xper

ienc

es

I Lov

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Exp

lore

New

Pla

ces

I See

k V

arie

ty in

My

Life

I Enj

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xpre

ssin

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ysel

f Cre

ativ

ely


Buyer Innovation Tendency

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Under 40 40-59 60 & Over Total

Non-Innovator

Occasional Innovator with Trusted Brands

Likely Innovator with Trusted Brands

Pure Innovator

"Statements that best describe you…"

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According to the U.S.D.O.T., reduction in ability to See, Recognize & physically Do basic duties, play key role in Aging Driver’s abilities to safely drive

III. Effects of AgingA. Physiological Changes

SOURCE: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration- Guidelines & Recommendations to Accommodate Older Drivers and Pedestrians

SEE

RECOGNIZE

Reductions in Ability to… Ability to…

Ability to See…

Specific Age Effects Examples of Effect on Driving

Reductions in Ability to… Ability to See…

Discriminate high contrast features Information on road signs

Detect low-contrast features Worn lane lines; Detect (non retroreflectorized) curbs & median boundaries; See other road users at dusk.

See objects on the edge of field of vision Road signs, signals, vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, etc. outside of a limited field of view directly ahead

See objects moving from areas of Light to Dark On highway interchanges; In transitions from commercial-to-residential areas at night

See objects in bright light/ high glare conditions In presence of Headlights (at night) or in looking towards Sun (in daytime)

Reductions in Ability to… Ability to…

See potential conflicts in the edge of field of vision Respond quickly and appropriately to a constantly changing traffic scene.

Discriminate relevant from irrelevant information

Accurately estimate closing speeds & distances Judge gaps to safely perform left turns at intersections with oncoming traffic; Cross an intersecting traffic stream from a minor road or driveway; Merge with traffic.

Filter out less critical information and continuously refocus on the most critical information

Detect a lane-use restricted message on an approach to a busy intersection; Detect a pedestrian crossing while watching oncoming traffic to locate a safe gap

Perform multiple tasks simultaneously and process information from multiple sources

Maintain position in lane, read signs, notice traffic signals and changing phases, while maintaining a safe headway with other traffic during an intersection approach

Store & retrieve information for later use Carry out a series of navigational instructions while negotiating in heavy traffic

Quickly understand & respond to changing conditions

Make a decision about what response is appropriate for specific road & traffic conditions, and then make a vehicle control movement such as steering and/or braking

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Reductions in … Ability to…

Head/Neck Flexibility Rapidly glance in each direction from which a vehicle conflict may be expected in a given situation ; Comfortably execute "left-right-left" check before crossing an intersection ; Look over shoulder before merging with traffic or changing lanes

Spinal (Shoulder, Back & Pelvic) Flexibility

Arm & Leg Strength Quickly shift (the right foot) from accelerator to brake pedal when the situation demands ; Apply correct pressure for appropriate speed control ; Smooth, accurate arm movements to safely maneuver the car around obstacles ; Quickly, accurately reach for interior controls

Arm & Leg Flexibility & Range of Motion

Sensitivity of Motion of Arms / Hands / Fingers & Legs / Feet

DO

Specific Age Effects Examples of Effect on Driving

Older Drivers’ Common Counter-measures (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging)

• Most older persons avoid rush hour and drive fewer miles, shorter distances, and less at night.

• 2/3 of older adults who stop driving say it was because of physical impairments.

Older Drivers’ Common Counter-measures (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Aging)


• 2/3 of older adults who stop driving say it was because of physical impairments.

Reach


During night driving, I have difficulty reading road signs

Rear visibility on my vehicle is a concern

The simpler the displays and gauges are the better

I prefer gentle acceleration over a quick acceleration

I try to maintain a generous distance between my carand the vehicles around me

Strongly Agree Somewhat Agree

About 50%

According to the U.S.D.O.T., reduction in ability to See, Recognize & physically Do basic duties, play key role in Aging Driver’s abilities to safely drive

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Drivers Over 65 have increasing rates of fatal vehicle crashes, higher than other age groups except teenagers & young adults (‘Per 100-million miles traveled’)

Driver Fatality Rate

(per 100-Million Vehic le Miles Traveled)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

16 17 18 19

20-2

4

25-2

9

30-3

4

35-3

9

40-4

4

45-4

9

50-5

4

55-5

9

60-6

4

65-6

9

70-7

4

75-7

9

80-8

4

85+

Driver Age Group

Fa

talit

y R

ate

Older Driver Safety Facts & StatisticsMore susceptible to medical complications from crash injuries & more likely to die from injuries.

Crash Types• About half of fatal crashes involving drivers 80 years and older

occur at intersections and involve more than one vehicle. This compares with 23 percent among drivers up to age 50.

• Older drivers don't deal as well as younger ones with complex traffic situations, and multiple-vehicle crashes at intersections increase markedly with age.

III. Effects of AgingB. Vehicle Safety

SOURCE: FARS 2001National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA)

Injuries

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UNIVERSAL DESIGN (Industrial Design principle)

Clearly distinct from designing Adaptive Equipment only for the physically handicapped• Helps people with limitations lead a more “normal” life but also makes product easier to use for general public a

nd, just as importantly, does so with beautiful aesthetics.• Instead of just providing products that are needed, provide aspirational product that is wanted

SOURCE: 2002 IDSA National Education Conference (Published Paper by Michael A. Kahwaji)Universal Design- How Do we Understand It? An Establishment of Tools to Understand Universal Design(QUOTE)- Center for Universal Design

Automatic DoorDoor HandleDoor Knob

Difficult to grip & open, especially while carrying objects

Most “universal”; No strength or

dexterity required

Easy opening door for those with limited grip strength

LEAST MOST

“Design of products, communications & built environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without adaptation or specialized design.”

III. Effects of AgingC. Industry Efforts

CORPORATE EXAMPLE

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SOURCE: GfK NOP 2007AutoWeek (April 2, 2007); Ford Motor Company, North Carolina State University (ncsu.edu

OEMs beginning to study physical limitations and evaluate vehicle design with Older Driver’s needs in mind

“Third Age Suit” helps Ford engineers to understand Older Driver’s maneuverability & design vehicle appropriately

• Added bulk to restrict movement in knees, elbows, stomach and back• Gloves which reduce the sense of touch• Goggles that simulate cataracts

The 2000 Focus was the first Ford product to benefit from extensive use of the suit (Package & Ergonomics)

• More Headroom than any competitor Ease of Ingress/Egress, Comfort• Class-leading H-point Ease of Ingress/Egress, Visibility

Weights on wrists limit

movement & generate fatigue

Goggles simulate different eye conditions

Ear plugs reduce hearing

Gloves reduce tactile sensation and dexterity

Weights on ankles limit movement & generate fatigue

Armbands & bulky clothing restrict arm

movement

III. Effects of AgingC. Industry Efforts (Automotive)

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SOURCE: JD Power & Associates 2006 Emerging Technologies Studies

IV. Attitudes toward TechA. Current Technology Owned

Current Personal Technology (Large Car Owner)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Cellularphone

High SpeedInternet

LaptopComputer

DVDRecorder

HomeComputerNetwork

Portabledigitalmusicplayer

Digital TVRecorder

(e.g., DVR,TiVO)

Satellite TV Portablepersonal

DVD player

Bluetooth-Enabled

Cell Phone

Personaldigital

assistant

Portablenavigation

system

Portablesatellite

radio

Under 40

40-59

60 & Over

TOTAL

2nd

2nd2nd

2nd

Generally, Younger Large Car owners most likely to have Personal Technology;Older owners have relatively higher rates on certain household technologies.

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS


IV. Attitudes toward TechA. Current Car Technology Owned

Older Large Car owners most likely to have Safety related Feature such asESC, On-star (Emergency call), Side A-bags and Comfort feature (Heated Seats)

• But least likely to have New audio related Technology and Navi.

T ec hnology on Current Car (L arge Car Ow ner)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

CD player capableof playing

additional form ats

Prem ium audiosys tem

Satellite radio Auxiliary Input Navigation sys tem(ins talled into

vehicle)

Heated seats Side im pactairbags

Stability control Personalass is tance safety

services

Under 40

40-59

60 & Over

TOTAL

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

Interest in Emerging Tec hnologies (Large Car Ow ner)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%Under 40

40-59

60 & Over

Total


Over 60: Safety (Protection)

40-59: Safety (Avoidance)

Under 40: Audio/ InfotainmentElectronics

Older Large Car owners show the most interest in Safety and least interest in Audio & Infotainment (i.e. Wireless Connectivity, Rear Seat Entertainment, etc.)

• Boomers show strong interest in both Safety & Audio Technologies

IV. Attitudes toward TechB. Future Feature Preferences

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IV. Attitudes toward TechC. Research Results

Though all Ergonomic Areas are important to Older Drivers, Exterior Visibility, Enty/Exit & Interior Visibility are Most Important

Driver’s EnvironmentAdjustability

Entry/ Exit

Exterior Visibility

Interior Visibility

Switch & StorageAccessibility

MOSTIMPORTANT

1. Rear & Right Side Visibility (Parking & Lane Changes)MERITS: Five Hundred Tall Seating Position, Commanding View

DEMERITS: Avalon Thick C-pillar, Low-profile Rear Window, Tall Rear Deck 11

22

33

2.Side Sill Depth, Seat Height, A-pillar Intrusion & Reach to Door to CloseMERITS: Five Hundred Tall Seating Position, Tall Roof, Shallow/Narrow Side Sill

DEMERITS: All Others Long reach to Door (Women), Low Seat Height, Tall Side Sill

3.Quick identification of various Controls & DisplaysMERITS: Five Hundred Simple, Clear Display and Controls

DEMERITS: All Others Clutter, Controls look too much alike

Top 3 Important Ergonomic Areas

Inter-related

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

Though Safety, Comfort & Convenience are all important to Older Drivers, Safety is generally considered most important

MOSTIMPORTANT

SAFETY• Strong appeal, particularly to those with past accidents • Many recognize their driving ability has deteriorated • Many “crazy” drivers on the road, increasing danger

COMFORT• Some appeal because “I deserve creature comforts”

at this stage in life• “Older- Get tired sooner”

CONVENIENCE• Limited appeal for Communications features due to opposition to Phone usage while Driving• Some approval of “Hands-Free” tech (i.e. OnStar)

HOWEVER,“Flashy Technology would have been more important when I was Younger…”

OVERLAP

Safety & Comfort features overlap.

• “If I’m not comfortable, I’m probably not as safe of a driver.”

• “When you feel protected, you are naturally going to relax more and be more comfortable.”


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Recommendations

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V. RecommendationsA. Summary

Focus first on Safety that provides triple layer protection (Warning, Avoidance & Protection), Comfort that helps Customer remain Alert yet Relaxed & Convenience that supports both

Overlap

1. SAFETY WARNINGAVOIDANCEPROTECTION

Active

Passive

Reactive

2. COMFORT ALERT (related to SAFETY-WARNING)

RELAXENTERTAIN

3. CONVENIENCE “DO FOR ME”EASE (related to COMFORT-RELAX)

INFORM (related to SAFETY-WARNING)

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

V. RecommendationsB. Package Layout

Maintain good Exterior sightlines (6-window Greenhouse, relatively low beltline, etc.) & Target improvement of Ingress/Egress

Poor rear sightlines in AvalonPoor rear sightlines in Avalon6’3” Male

in Ford 5006’3” Male

in Ford 500Impala OwnerImpala Owner

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

Improve Interior Reach and Visibility, with some re-location of key Interior components (Shifter, Console Armrest, Seat Controls, etc.)

V. RecommendationsB. Package Layout

Infiniti EX Concept

Shifter to same level as Center ArmrestShifter to same level as Center Armrest

Shifter back to same plane asSteering WheelShifter back to same plane asSteering Wheel

Seat Controls to Door Panel (as in Amanti)Seat Controls to Door Panel (as in Amanti)

Top of Center Stack back towards DriverTop of Center Stack back towards Driver

Raised height of ConsoleRaised height of Console

Extend front edge of Center Armrest to equal Door ArmrestExtend front edge of Center Armrest to equal Door Armrest

Toyota Avalon

Ford 500Offset Shifterto Driver side

of Console & Cupholder

alongside it (Avalon & 500)

Offset Shifterto Driver side

of Console & Cupholder

alongside it (Avalon & 500)

Kia AmantiSeat Controls to

Door PanelSeat Controls to

Door Panel

RELOCATE:Accessory controls out from behind S/W

RELOCATE:Accessory controls out from behind S/W

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

V. RecommendationsD. Execution

Focus on Execution that focuses on Ease of Use, “Invisible” applications (that do not distract or intimidate) & optimized Sight Line Management

1. EASY TO USE: Does not require specialized training

2. INVISIBLE: Does not draw attention unless needed

3. SIGHT-LINES: Not difficult to see & understand for Older Users

HVACAudio

Voice Activation/Bluetooth

OnStar modelPositives• One-touch, assisted operation• “Security & Safety First”

Negatives• Redundant to personal technologies (Cell Phone)• Monthly subscription cost• Potentially vulnerable to obsolescence

Park Assist modelPositives• Not distracting• Audible & Visible feedback

describes proximity without requiring Driver to look at screen

• Reliable, accepted technology

Negatives• Low-Profile, potentially Low-Tech, Image

Toyota Avalon Cockpit modelPositives• All controls within easy reach of

Steering Wheel & Shifter• All displays at nearly same level,

don’t require eyes to shift & re-focus• Steering Wheel controls for Audio,

Voice Activated Controls (incl.Phone), HVAC & Cruise Control

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Top 5 Vehicle Segments by Age Bracket

SOURCE: Strategic Vision, 2006 NVES

Compact Car

16.6%Compact

Car48.5%

Compact Car

40.6%Compact

Car20.3%

Full-Size Pickup

15.0%Compact

Car16.2%

Full-Size Pickup

15.5%Full-Size Pickup

14.2%Mid-Size

Car19.1%

Full-Size Pickup

13.6%Sporty Coupe

12.9%Mid-Size

Car14.9%

Mid-Size Car

13.0%Compact

Car14.6%

Full-Size Pickup

14.5%Compact

Car13.9%

Mid-Size Car

14.0% Large Car 17.0%

Mid-Size Car

12.6%Mid-Size

Car11.6%

Sporty Coupe


12.0%Mid-Size

Car9.5%

Mid-Size Car

12.0%Mid-Size

Car12.4%

Compact Car

12.8%Compact

Car15.2%

Mid-Size SUV

8.3% Entry Car 5.8%Full-Size Pickup

7.8%Mid-Size

SUV10.2%

Mid-Size SUV

9.5%Compact

SUV9.2%

Compact SUV

8.9% Large Car 10.8%Compact

Van7.6%

Compact SUV

7.9%Compact Pickup

5.2%Compact

SUV5.4%

Compact SUV

7.4%Compact

SUV8.0%

Mid-Size SUV

8.8%Mid-Size

SUV8.2%

Compact Van


6.4%

Under 20 20-24 25-34 35-44All Ages 45-54 55-64 65-74 75 & Over

Though Top 5 Vehicle Segments are consistent across most Age Brackets, Large Car & Compact Van appear in Top 5 in 65-74 and 75 & Over Brackets

II. Market TrendB. Vehicle Choices

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

Top 10 Purchase Reasons by Age Group (Compact Van)


Older Compact Van buyers are more Interior-conscious, with Interior Versatility, Safety, Riding Comfort (65-74), Interior Pkg., Cargo Space (75 & Over) key Top 10

Passenger Seating Capacity

12.41%Interior

versatility/ convertability

18.21%Value For The

Money23.37%

Price Or Deal Offered

10.83%Price Or Deal

Offered9.11% American Made 12.27%

Reliability 9.68%Previous

Experience With Mfg

8.71%Price Or Deal

Offered10.11%

Value For The Money

9.16%Interior

Roominess6.95% Interior package 7.16%

Interior Roominess

7.76%Manufacturer's

Reputation6.15% Reliability 6.82%

Safety Features 6.06%Warranty Coverage

4.81%Previous

Experience With Mfg

6.23%

Interior versatility/

convertability

5.82% Safety Features 4.73% Leasing Terms 5.44%

A Well Made Vehicle

5.48% Riding Comfort 4.60%Large Trunk Or Cargo Space

4.95%

Previous Experience With

Mfg

5.25%A Well Made

Vehicle4.44%

Passenger Seating Capacity

4.89%

American Made 3.67% Reliability 4.04%Alternative To A

Family Car3.23%

Compact Van

All Ages 65-74 75 & Over

II. Market TrendC. Purchase Reasons

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

Personal Emotional Des ires

3.003.103.203.303.403.503.603.703.803.904.004.104.204.304.404.504.604.704.804.905.00 Under 40

40-5960 & OverTotal

Top Emotional Desires (What Owners Want for Themselves & in Their Vehicles)


Older Large Car owners are most likely to want to feel Safe, Free & Confident while also most likely to want Sophisticated Style & Refinement in their vehicle

P ersonal Vehic le Emotional Des ires

3.003.103.203.303.403.503.603.703.803.904.004.104.204.304.404.504.604.704.804.905.00 Under 40

40-5960 & OverTotal

II. Market TrendD. Personal Attitudes

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

• Reduced Muscle StrengthMuscles shrink & lose mass as they ageMuscle fibers decrease in number & size, taking longer to respondHeart loses capacity to move blood quickly, resulting in loss of stamina

• Reduced FlexibilityTendon water content decreases, making tendons stiffer/ less durableLigaments become less elasticCartilage water content decreases, degenerating, leading to arthritis

• Increased ObesityMetabolism slows downReduced Muscle Strength & Flexibility results in less active lifestyle

• Fragile Bone StructureBalance between “Bone Absorption” & “Bone Formation” changes, resulting in loss of Bone TissueMineral content of Bones decreases, becoming less dense/more fragileAs Bones lose mass, Osteoporosis develops

• Shrinking Body SizeOsteoporosis leads to crush fractures of vertebrae, resulting in “Dowager’s Hump”

• Reduced Number of Neurons in BrainMemory becomes less efficientReflexes become slowerCoordination decreases

SOURCE: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons

Aging effects result in rising physical limitations, cognitive disruption, emotional/ mental health issues & increased fragility

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Transportation/ Federal Highway Administration- Guidelines & Recommendations to Accommodate Older Drivers & Pedestrians


• Decreased Visual AcuityTaking longer to adjust from light to dark; More sensitivity to glare from sunlight or unshielded light bulbs; Loss of depth perception, which makes it difficult to judge distances; Difficulty in seeing contrasts and color; Less tears produced, resulting in more discomfort & eyes getting tired quickerRetinas thin and lenses become less clearCataracts & glaucoma develop

• Disturbed Sleep PatternsIncreased exhaustion

• Dry MouthMouth feels drier

• Aging SkinSkin thins, drier and more wrinklesSkin cancer possibility

• Disrupted Bodily FunctionsKidneys become less efficient, resulting in IncontinenceConstipation

• Increased Blood PressureLess elastic Blood Vessels, stiffer ArteriesAccumulated fatty deposits on wall of ArteriesDisrupted cognitive effects

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

SOURCE: Medical Conditions and Driving: A Review of the Literature (1960-2000), September 2005US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

According to the U.S.D.O.T., Visual & Cognitive factors, along with Motor Skill degradation play key role in Aging Driver’s abilities to safely drive

III. Effects of AgingB. Relevance to Driving Performance

Begins to deteriorate around 40, Sharp deterioration after age of 60

20% between 45 & 54 experience difficulties hearing vs. 75% between 70 & 79

Individuals with hearing loss tend to compensate with increase visual attentiveness

No significant association demonstrated between impaired hearing & injury collision

Estimated that 90% of information required for driving is acquired visually

Decreased static & dynamic visual acuity

- Static visual acuity occurs at later age and progresses slowly

- Deterioration in dynamic visual acuity

begins earlier & accelerates faster

- Dynamic visual acuity may be more reliable predictor for crash probability

Decreased temporal fields

Decreased resistance to Glare

Reduced low luminescence vision

Strongest predictor of crashes was size of useful field of vision (UFOV)

Neck & Trunk Mobility, Range of Motion (Extremities)lead to correlated reductions in physical driving abilities

Ability to place self in “space” without applying other senses;A motorist would not be able to steer or use the foot pedals while looking at the road ahead, without Proprioception

Motor Response & Reaction Times are known to increasewith Age, though studies suggest that central processing changes are major contributor to slowing response times.

The ability to selectively attend to target stimulus in presence of distracters - Significant age differences, with older

adults affected by presence ofirrelevant stimulus

- Age differences in ability to locate task

relevant information on visual field

The process of alternately monitoring two or more sources of input - Though relationship to normal aging

needs further study, patients with mild Alzheimer’s have impaired ability to

disengage

Tied to Useful Field of Vision, the ability todistill information in dynamically changingconditions, recognizing emerging inputs early in orderto respond appropriately - Visual attention at Pre-Attentive level one of better

predictors for Crash frequency.

Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia - Degenerative disorder impairs multiple cognitive funtions - Early symptoms include difficulties in recent memory,

orientation and concentration - Slowed rates of information processing, attention deficits

impairments in language & perception eventuallyinterfere with driving ability

Aging

Driver

Dementia

Motor Decline

Cognitive

Decline

Sensory

Decline

Vision

Flexibility

Range of

Motion

Stre

ngth

Proprio-ceptionR

eact

ion

Tim

eMot

orRe

spon

ses

Pre-

Attentio

n

Selective

Attention

AttentionSwitching

Hea

ring

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

SOURCE: Avoiding Crashes: Older Drivers and Sports Cars, Daniel Formosa, Ph.D. , Smart Design USA, New York, NYAutomobile Instrument Panel Design: Reach Capabilities of Younger and Older Drivers. Daniel Formosa, Doctoral thesis at New York University

Every reach to an Instrument Panel target results in some loss of control & is less accurate for Older Drivers, though all ages experience this to some degree

• Reaches closest to & furthest from the steering wheel are most accurate while those to areas in-between – areas where most instrument panel controls are typically located – exhibit less accuracy

– Proprioceptors, sensors in the arm that detect and signal back to the brain the positions of the arm and hand, appeared to be more accurate at closer, flexed arm positions, and at further, more extended positions

• Older drivers made slightly faster (and less accurate) reach movements in order to more quickly return hand to wheel • Reaches, across all age groups, tended to consistently be below and to the right of actual target location (“over-reaching”)

Study with New York University• Timing & Accuracy of In-Vehicle reaches to I/P• Glance times• Effect on Steering Accuracy• 23 intended targets positioned at intersections of

grid lines shown here• Left-side steering wheels• Each driver reached with his or her right hand

20-40 yr olds) 60-80 yr olds

NOTE: Bigger Ellipses= Larger variance of Reaches= More innacurate

Steering Wheel Steering Wheel

III. Effects of AgingB. Relevance to Driving Performance

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August, 2003 Public Site for Self-Assessment

Assessing Your Driving Skills

Answer the following questions for a quick, initial

assessment of your driving performance. Do you sometimes or frequently:

• Neglect to buckle up?• Have difficulty working the pedals?• Have difficulty merging onto freeways, or turning

onto busy streets?• Have trouble seeing other vehicles, cyclists or

pedestrians, especially at night?• Ignore or miss stop signs & other traffic signals?• React slowly to sirens and flashing lights of

emergency vehicles?• Weave, straddle lanes, drift into other lanes or

change lanes without signaling?• Get lost or disoriented easily, even in familiar

places?• Have near misses or collisions or get more traffic

tickets?• Take new medications or over-the-counter

medicines that may affect your driving?

November, 2004 Public Site for Care-Giver Assessment

Older Persons And Driving

• The number of older persons making trips is rapidly increasing, as is the frequency of those trips and the distance traveled.


• Collision rates decrease steadily with age. By the time a driver is 65, the risk of a major accident drops to less than 1%.

• Two-thirds of older adults who stop driving say it was because of physical impairments.

U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesAdministration on Aging

Aging results in recognized degradation of driving skills, oftentimes resulting in drivers limiting themselves

III. Effects of AgingC. Vehicle Safety

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Key Facts• Injuries brought on by Chest Compression & Rate of Compression (high)• Observed Age Effects contributing to injury risk are changes in Rib Angle, loss of Bone Density, reduction in Rib Cross-sectional Area an

d Decreases in Lung Elasticity• Hemo/Pneumothorax Injury is a punctured Chest cavity, with bleeding and air accumulation, often leading to collapsed lungs

SOURCE: Alterations in Body Compostion and Injury Patterns with AgingJonathan D. Rupp, Ph. D. of the Universtiy of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) and Stewart Wang, M.D., Ph.D. of the University of Michigan Trauma Burn CenterPresented at March, 2006 meeting of Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN), Office of Human-Centered Research National Highway Traffic Safety Admin (NHTSA)

20 30 40 50 60 70 80Age

20 30 40 50 60 70 80Age

Though there is a correlation between Age & Severity of all injuries in Accidents, the greatest risk is for serious Thoracic Injuries (such as Rib Fractures, Hemo/ Pneumothoraces & Pulmonary Contusions)

III. Effects of AgingC. Vehicle Safety

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AGINGBABY BOOMERS

Problems Safety-related EquipmentNavigation/ Route GuidanceTraffic Information

Difficulty seeing Pedestrians & Other Objects at Night Night Vision EnhancementDifficulty reading Road Signs at Night In-Vehicle SignsFailure to perceive Conflicting Vehicles Collision WarningAccidents at Junctions Automated Lane ChangingFailure to comply with Yield Signs, Traffic Signals and Rail Crossings

In-Vehicle Signs and Warnings

Slow to appreciate Hazards Intelligent Cruise ControlFailure to notice Obstacles while maneuvering Blind Spot/ Obstacle Detection SystemsMerging and Lane Changes Automated Lane Changing & Merging

Intelligent Cruise ControlAutomated Lane Following

Concern over Fitness to Drive Driver Condition Monitoring

Get tired on Long Journeys

Difficulty driving in Unfamiliar or Congested Areas

Car/ Driver Safety Problems & Safety-related Equipment

SOURCE: Application of Intelligent Transportation Systems to Enhance Vehicle Safety for Elderly and Less Able Travellers, 1998S. Ling Suen & C.G.B. MitchellTransportation Development Center, Transport Canada, Paper # 98-S2-O-03

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies offer potential in addressing needs of Aging Driver for Safe personal transportation


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Projected

Number of People 65 and Over, 1960-2050 (Projected 2010-2050)

16.220.1

25.5

31.235

40.2

54.6

71.5

80

86.7

1.5 2.2 3.1

20.9

15.4

9.67.3

4.20.9

6.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Years

Nu

mb

er

(x 1

,000,0

00)

65 and Over85 and Over

65 and Over 16.2 20.1 25.5 31.2 35 40.2 54.6 71.5 80 86.7

85 and Over 0.9 1.5 2.2 3.1 4.2 6.1 7.3 9.6 15.4 20.9

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

SOURCE: Older Americans (Update 2006) Key Indicators of Well BeingFederal Interagency Forum on Aging: Related Statisics

US Census Bureau, Decennial Census and Projections

Projected

By 2050, the 65 & older age group will total 86.7 million

I. Societal TrendA. Population Trend (“Age Wave”)

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Life Expectancy Trends (65 & 85 year olds)

78

81.480.8

84.4

90.789.4

91.9

89.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

Years

Exp

ecte

d Y

ear

s o

f L

ife

Men at 65

Women at 65

Men at 85

Women at 85

Men at 65 13 13 14.2 15.1 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8

Women at 65 15.8 16.8 18.4 19 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.8

Men at 85 4.4 4.7 5.1 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.7 6

Women at 85 4.7 5.6 6.4 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.2

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003

SOURCE: Older Americans (Update 2006) Key Indicators of Well BeingFederal Interagency Forum on Aging: Related Statisics

Life expectancy for older Americans has improved since 1960 (over 92 for women Over 65 in 2003)

II. Market TrendA. Demographics

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% of People Over 65 reporting any trouble Hearing or Seeing, 2004

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

%

Men Women

Men 47.7 14.4

Women 33.9 18.7

Any Trouble Hearing Any Trouble Seeing

SOURCE: Older Americans (Update 2006) Key Indicators of Well BeingFederal Interagency Forum on Aging: Related StatisicsCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey

Vision problems are more common with Women Over 65 than with Men; Hearing problems are more common with Men Over 65 than with Women


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% of People Over 65 with Moderate or Severe Memory Loss, 2002

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

%

65 and Over65-6970-7475-79

65 and Over 14.9 11.2

65-69 7.8 3.1

70-74 10.9 6.1

75-79 17.2 11.2

Men Women

SOURCE: Older Americans (Update 2006) Key Indicators of Well BeingFederal Interagency Forum on Aging: Related StatisicsHealth and Retirement Study

Memory loss increase significantly among Men & Women over the age of 75


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% of People Over 65 who are Obese, 1988-2004

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

%

1988-1994 1999-2000

2001-2002 2003-2004

1988-1994 20.3 23.6 24.1 26.9 13.2 19.2

1999-2000 28.7 32.9 33.4 38.8 20.4 25.1

2001-2002 25.3 32.1 30.8 40.1 16 22.1

2003-2004 28.9 30.4 33 36.1 22.7 24.1

Men65 & Over

Wom en65 & Over

Men65-74

Wom en65-74

Men75 & Over

Wom en75 & Over

SOURCE: Older Americans (Update 2006) Key Indicators of Well BeingFederal Interagency Forum on Aging: Related StatisicsCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Obesity becomes more common Over 65 for both Men and Women


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Average Number of Prescriptions Filled, Non-institutionalized Medicare enrollees, 65 and Over, 1992-2002

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

%

Average number ofPresriptions Filled

18.4 22.5 29.7 32.1

1992 1996 2000 2002

SOURCE: Older Americans (Update 2006) Key Indicators of Well BeingFederal Interagency Forum on Aging: Related StatisicsCenters for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey

The number of prescriptions for Over 65 has increased significantly since 1992


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According to the U.S. Dept. of Transportation, "per mile driven, drivers 75 years & older have higher rates of fatal vehicle crashes than other age groups except teenagers."

U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway Administration

AGING AND DRIVER CAPABILITIESReductions in AcuityThe ability to discriminate high contrast features

• Necessary for reading information on road signs.

Visual acuity of 20/40 with or without corrective lenses for both eyes or one blind eye is the predominant minimum standard for licensing for passenger car drivers throughout the U.S.

• An increasing number of states (including Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, Florida, Illinois, and others) grant restricted license to low-vision drivers with acuities as poor as 20/70 to 20/100

• Restrictions may include daytime only, area, and speed limitations.

Aging is also associated with yellowing of the eyes' lenses and increased density (or thickening). • Affects the way color is perceived • Reduces the amount of light reaching retina, making low light vision more difficult

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AGING AND DRIVER CAPABILITIESReductions in Contrast SensitivityThe ability needed to detect low-contrast features

• Necessary for seeing worn lane lines, detect (non retro-reflectorized) curbs & median boundaries and see other road users at dusk.

Begins to decline after about age 40, as a result of normal aging• Age 61and Over have an increasing risk for the development of cataracts & other eye conditions

that reduce contrast sensitivity. • Many people with reductions in contrast sensitivity are not aware that their vision is impaired

Some people with “perfect” 20/20 visual acuity still have “cloudy” or washed out vision• Standard vision testing for vehicle licensing does not identify this condition

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AGING AND DRIVER CAPABILITIESReductions in Visual FieldThe ability to see objects in the periphery

• Necessary for detecting signs, signals, vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, etc. outside of a limited field of view directly ahead

A limitation in visual field size is a physiological limitation• The person’s visual system is not capable of detecting a stimulus outside of his/her visual field

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AGING AND DRIVER CAPABILITIESRestrictions in the Area of Visual AttentionThe ability to see potential conflicts in the periphery & discriminate relevant from irrelevant information

• Necessary for responding quickly and appropriately to a constantly changing traffic scene. • Sometimes termed "useful field of view," "functional field of view, " or "attentional window," this refe

rs to a subset of the total field of view.

Represents a limitation at the attentional stage of visual information processing, rather than a physiological limitation.

• Can lead to "looked but didn't see" crashes, where stimuli can be detected, but cannot be recognized and understood sufficiently to permit a timely driver response.

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AGING AND DRIVER CAPABILITIESIncreased Sensitivity to GlareThe ability to see in the presence of oncoming headlights (at night) or sun glare in daytime

• Introduces stray light into the eye, reducing contrast of important safety targets.

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AGING AND DRIVER CAPABILITIESSlower Dark AdaptationThe ability needed to see targets when moving from areas of light to dark

• Enables vision on highway interchanges, commercial-to-residential areas at night

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AGING AND DRIVER CAPABILITIESDecreased Motion SensitivityThe ability needed to accurately estimate closing speeds and distances

• Enables driver to judge gaps in oncoming traffic in order to safely perform left turns at intersections, merge with traffic & cross traffic from a minor road or driveway

Age-related deficits in visual performance compounded by overall slowing of mental processes over the age of 70

• Declines demonstrated in attentional, decisional and response-selection functions

Selective AttentionThe ability to filter out less critical information & continuously re-focus on the most critical information

• Enables driver to detect lane-use restricted message on approach to busy intersection, a pedestrian crossing while watching oncoming traffic to locate a safe gap.

Divided AttentionThe ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously and process information from multiple sources

• Enables accurate lane-keeping, reading signs, noticing traffic signals and changing phases, while maintaining a safe headway with other traffic during an intersection approach.

Perception-Reaction Time (PRT)The time required to make a decision about what response is appropriate for specific road and traffic conditions, and then make a vehicle control movement such as steering and/or braking.

• As mental processing of information slows with aging, PRT increases. As the complexity of the driving situation increases, PRT increases disproportionately for older motorists.



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AGING AND DRIVER CAPABILITIESWorking MemoryThe ability to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for later use while driving

• Enables driver to carry out a series of navigational instructions while negotiating in heavy traffic; or remembering, integrating, and understanding successive phases of a changeable message sign



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AGING AND DRIVER CAPABILITIESDeclining Physical CapabilitiesAging brings about changes in the components and structure of the cartilage near the joints, underlying bones, ligaments and muscles. These changes impair the ability of the musculoskeletal system to perform driving acts. The physical capabilities (motor functions) needed for safe and effective vehicle control are described below.

Limb Strength, Flexibility, Sensitivity, and/or Range of Motion The ability to quickly shift (the right foot) from accelerator to brake pedal when the situation demands, and apply correct pressure for appropriate speed control; also, for arm movements to safely maneuver the car around obstacles.

Head/Neck and Trunk FlexibilityThe ability to rapidly glance in each direction from which a vehicle conflict may be expected in a given situation; this includes the familiar "left-right-left" check before crossing an intersection, as well as looking over one's shoulder before merging with traffic or changing lanes.



AGING BABY BOOMERS 1 AGING BABY BOOMERS Anticipating Boomers’ Changing Needs in Cars Pete Montero.

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