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Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .110-2006
Aggregates from Construction andDemolition Waste
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .210-2006
Foreword
Objectives :• To underline the importance of waste recovery within the framework of the
sustainable use of natural resources• To identify the models and the leverages for recovery of Construction and
Demolition waste.Report carried out :• At the request of Didier Audibert, President of UEPG• By Hafedh Ben arab, Director, Holcim Group
Acknowledgments• European Aggregates Association (UEPG)• European actors working in the recovery of Construction and Demolition waste• Investigations and recent studies relating to the recovery of Construction and
Demolition wasteRevision• The report will be updated on a regular basis to take into account new
developments
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .310-2006
Production ofaggregates in Europe ~ 3 000 Mt
Reference : UEPG annual report 20051) including crushed gravel and marine aggregates* (*: except when specified in (5))
2) excluding crushed gravel
3) coming from Construction & Demolition Waste used in aggregates market
4) industrial & extraction by-products for Building and Civil Works
5) source ZEEGRA and EMSAGG Conference February 2006
(ZEEGRA and EMZAGG are Belgium and European marine aggregates associations)
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .410-2006
Framework Directive on Waste
The proposed revised Waste Framework Directive (COM 2005) 667 final isexpected to be adopted by end 2006
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/strategy.htm
It will repeal the Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste. http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l21197.htm
The new proposal aims at:
• clarifying a number of definitions (1)
• taking in account latest developments in EU environment law
• simplifying current legal provisions
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .510-2006
C&D Waste: a renewableresource for recycled aggregates
According to information published by the Environment Statistics, Eurostat, thetotal production of waste* in EU 25 is increasing and represent approximately3 tons of waste/person/year.
Construction waste represents an average of1 ton/person/year in EU 25
* : covering manufacturing industry, energy prod., water purification & distribution, construction and municipal wasteSource : http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-69-05-755/EN/KS-69-05-755-EN.PDF
2 882 531 38 1 126 281 944 664 64
Kg/person
1 305 522240 75017 329510 005127 276427 491300 75328 935
1 000 t
MunicipalwasteOtherConstruction
Energy prod.Water
Purification &Distribution
Manufacturingand industry
Mining andquarrying
Agricultureand forestry
Waste total (hazardous and non-hazardous waste) by sectors ; year 2002
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .610-2006
Construction materials “Life Cycle”
5.Recycling
1.Planning
2.Construction
3.Use
4.Demolition
RawmaterialConstructionwaste
Waste fromrenovation
Demolitionwaste
Construction wasteWaste from renovation
Demolition waste
Recycled material=
Secondary material
Qualitymanagement
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .710-2006
C&D Waste:a renewable source of recycled aggregates
Materials from inert construction & demolition waste are secondarymaterials since:
• their use does not have an overall negative environmental impact
• there is an existing market for these materials, especially in areas withscarce natural resources
Remark: the two above criteria are those defined in Article 11 of the revised Waste Framework directive
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .810-2006
Secondary materials:various ways of production…
Secondary materials can be produced:
• In a recycling platform
• Directly on the construction site
• As part of the manufacturing process link (2)
Production figures from construction sites and manufacturing processesare generally less accessible.Therefore official recycling figures are often under-estimated.
Recovery performance (3)
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .910-2006
… but recoveryfollows the same value chain
RenovationDemolitionConstruction
Sorting Treatment
Disposal
Recovery
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
The proposed Commissiontext for a revised Waste Framework Directive defines “Treatment” as the operations of Disposal and Recovery.
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .1010-2006
EU uses nearly 7 tonsof aggregates per inhabitant
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
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50,00
60,00
Mil
lio
n t
on
ne
sUnite
d Kin
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man
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herla
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m
France
Swed
en
Poland
Switz
erla
nd
Italy
Aust
ria
Cze
ch R
epublic
Spain
Irlan
dFin
land
Norw
aySlo
vakiaDen
mar
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ugal
Production of recycled aggregates in Europe
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Net
herla
ndsBelgiu
m
Unite
d Kin
gdomGer
man
y
Italy
Switz
erla
nd
Cze
ch R
epublic
Den
mar
k
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Aust
riaFra
nce
Spain
Irlan
dSw
eden
Finland
Norw
ay
Recycling t/km2 Average of density inhab/km2
Reference : UEPG annual report 2005
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
t/in
ha
b
Net
herla
ndsBelgiu
m
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Swed
enSw
itzer
land
Ger
man
yAust
ria
Cze
ch R
epublic
Irlan
dPola
ndFra
nceFin
land
Italy
Norw
aySlo
vakia
Spain
Den
mar
kPort
ugal
Prodution of recycled aggregets in Europe
EU average
0
5
10
15
20
25
t/in
ha
b
Irlan
dFin
land
Aust
riaNorw
ay
Spain
Den
mar
kSw
eden
Portugal
Switz
erland
France
Cze
ch R
epublic Ita
lyBelgiu
mGer
man
yNet
herlands
Slova
kia
Unite
d Kin
gdomPola
nd
Production of aggregates in Europe
EU average
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .1110-2006
Recycled aggregates use
Studies shows that recycled aggregates are used in several segments:• Filling
• Foundation
• Asphalt
• Concrete
The use in ready-mixed concrete is embryonic in spite of the manystudies referring to it:
Mirian thesis 96 (4),Roumiana thesis 98 (5)
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .1210-2006
Environmental benefits
Saving natural resources• Voluntarist policy to limit the exploitation of alluvial in the overexploited
areas (France, Belgium…)• Voluntarist policy to preserve the deposit for future generations (GB)
Reducing landfill sites• The recovery of construction waste leads to the reduction of disposal (NL,…)
Reducing harmful effects of transport• Waste to be recovered is located in urban areas which are also the most
significant consumption areas;• Quarries are in theory located outside the centres of urban areas and tend to
move away;
Therefore, the consumption of recycled aggregates leads to a significantreduction in transport and thus in the harmful effects related.
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .1310-2006
Quality & recycled aggregates standards
When natural materials are in abundance or present, recycled materials can
compete only if their quality is equivalent to that of natural aggregates.
Standards for recycled aggregates are expected to be issued in 2007.
Proposed amendments for recycled aggregates (6)
Classification test for the constituents of coarse recycled aggregate (7)
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .1410-2006
Profitability
The profit margin on recycled aggregates depends on:
• Perception: a better acceptability of recycled materials enhances theireconomic value and thus their margin
• Localisation: to compensate for their production cost which is higher than fornatural materials, the recycled materials are in fact intended for a local market;
• Tax incentives: high landfill taxes support recycling tipping fees (directimprovement of the margin) and induce more volumes towards recycling sites(indirect improvement of the margin ; reduction in the production costs by thevolume effect).
Taxes (8)
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .1510-2006
Profitability
Production cost
Logistics cost to the market
Tipping fees recycling plants or tax on natural materials
Profit margin
* : 15 km around production site
Natural materials
/T
Market price for natural materials
Recycled materials
Market price for recycled materials*
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .1610-2006
Profitability
The market price variation between recycling and natural aggregates(1 to 2 € per ton) is closely related to customer confidence in an area givento recycled materials. This confidence is all the more random as, in themajority of countries, there is no compulsory quality standard for recycledmaterials.
The price of recycled materials is sometimes subject to significantfluctuations related to the management of incoming stock ofrecycling sites.
Recycling cost & micro markets (9)
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .1710-2006
Pros & Cons
• Attraction of “non-professionalrecycling companies”
• Reluctance of certain buildingdesigners & managers
• Lack of support from publicprocurement
• Low acceptability of recycledproducts
• Recycling represents an additionalsource of aggregates
• Supported by the EuropeanCommission
• Existing national recommendationsand regional guidelines
• Standardisation under development
• Positive perception of “recycling"
-+
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .1810-2006
Conclusions
Construction waste is a significant renewable source of recycled aggregates.
Recycled aggregates from inert C&D waste qualify as secondary materials.
Thanks to the continuous improvement of the legal framework, incentivesfrom competent authorities and technical innovation, some countries haveachieved a high recovery rate of construction waste.
Before entering the recycling business, it is essential that operators examinecarefully local conditions.
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .1910-2006
Annexes
1. Definitions2. Concrete plant3. Recovery performance4. Mirian thesis5. Roumiana thesis6. Proposed amendments for recycled aggregates7. Classification test for the constituents of coarse recycled aggregates8. Taxes9. Recycling cost & micro markets10. The industry of recycling11. The French case study12. The Netherlands Case study13. The Belgium case study14. The United Kingdom Case study15. The German Case study
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .2010-2006
List of references
Hans-Peter BrausProf. Ulrich Hahn
www.bks-info.dewww.bv-miro.org
BKSMIROGermany
Simon van der BylJerry Mclaughlin
www.qpa.orgQPAUK
www.brbs.nlBRBSThe Netherlands
Alain Snakkers, Michel Lombertywww.unicem.frwww.fntp.frwww.ffbatiment.frhttp://ofrir.lcpc.fr
UNICEM, UNPG, SNPGRFNTPFFBLCPC
France
Michel LeratMarc RegnierWilly Goossens
www.feredeco.beFEDIEXFEREDECOVVS
Belgium
Gregoire PoissonVincent BasuyauGeert Cuperus
www.uepg.eu
www.fir-recycling.com
UEPG
FIREU
Contact personWeb siteInstitution/addressesCountry
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .2110-2006
Sources
EU summary on waste disposalhttp://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l21197.htm
EC Study on waste generated and treated in Europe http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-69-05-755/EN/KS-69-05-755-EN.PDF
Study on raw materials policy and supply practices in north western Europewww.international.bouwgrondstoffen.Info
Aggregates from Construction & Demolition Waste in Europe .2210-2006
Thanks
To :• W.J. van Bentum BRC• Ivo Berti Gralex• Wim Blonk Holcim• Marcel Carlier Eiffage• Koen Van De Put Holcim• Christophe Joson Eurovia• Jean-Marc Vanbelle Gralex• Jacques Vecoven Holcim
And:• The UEPG members
For their inputs and valuable contributions