Cu 3: c tnh xh ca agent l g?..................................2 Cu 4: So snh agent v i tng? Agent v h chuyn gia......................................................................................2 Cu 5: Phn bit h thng a agent dng Purely Reactive v Perception. ...................................................................3 Cu 1:Gii thiu ngn gn v 5 xu hng pht trin trong lch s tnh ton ni chung dn n s ra i ca cng ngh agent. ..............................................................3 Cu 2 Agent l g?Cc c trng c bn ca Agent. Phn bit tnh phn ng v tnh ch ng ca agent.................3 Cu 6: Phn bit cc dng kin trc agent........................5 Cu 7: Chin lc u th (dominant strategies) v cn bng NASH trong tng tc a agent l g?.....................5 Cu 8: Gii thiu ngn gn v cc m hnh tng tc kiu u gi v chin lc u th ca agent trong cc kiu u gi . ................................................................6 u gi l mt trong nhng hnh thc mua bn ph bin trong thng mi. trong mt m hnh u gi ngi mua s tr gi theo mt cch thc no mua c mt hng. .................................................................................6 Cu 9: Thng lng t ng l g? Gii thiu ngn gn v m hnh thng lng song phng. .........................7 Cu 11: Ontology l gi? Vai tr ca Ontolofy trong tng tc a agent?.........................................................10 Cu 12: Cc phung php biu din Ontology?.............10 Cu 13: Phung php xy dng ontology tng qut......11 Cu 14:Phn loi cc m hnh tung tc a agent.........11 Cu 15: Gii thiu ngn gn cc m hnh tung tc s dng agent trung gian......................................................12 Cu 16: Gii thiu v so snh KQML v FIPA-ACL...13 Cu 17 So snh cc cch tip cn pht trin phn mm hng agent.....................................................................14 Cu 18: gii thiu ngn gn cc bc trong MaSE.......14 Cu 19: Goal l gi? Cc bc xc nh v phn tch goal trong MaSE.....................................................................15 Cu 20: Phng php nh x goal sang role trong MaSE .........................................................................................15 Cu 21: Phng php xc nh lp agent trong MaSE.. 16 Cu 22: Vai tro cua ly thuyt li noi-hanh ng(speechact theory) trong tng tac a agent: Theo thuyt nay,mt hanh ng- li noi y u khng chi inh nghia cu truc li noi ma con xac inh hanh ng lin quan n li noi o-> o la c s xy dng cac thng ip gia cac agent..........................................................................16 Cu 23: Cac c tinh cua agent va h a agent..............16 Cu 25: Cac linh vc ng dung phu hp vi h a agent .........................................................................................16 Cu 24: Kha nng xa hi cua agent................................17 Cu 26: Agent trong thng mai in t (nu xy dng hthng TMDT thi agent co vtro j`):................................17 Cu 27: Cac m hinh tng tac vi agent trung gian (agent mi gii va agent iu phi)................................17 M hnh tng tc vi Agent iu phi (Broker Agent) .........................................................................................17 Cu 28: Mobile Agent l g? Cc vn cn quan tm khi XD h thng vi Mobile Agent................................18 1

Cu 29: Ba cach tip cn xy dng phng phap lun phat trin phn mm hng agent:.................................18 Cu 30: Cu truc biu din ngn ng KQML. Vai tro cua ontology trong cac message s dung KQML.................18 Cu 31: So sanh KQML va FIPA-ACL..........................18 Cu 32: Phng phap lun MASE.................................19

Cu 3: c tnh xh ca agent l g? Cc agent khng ch hung ti ch ring ca mnh m cn c kh nng tung tc vi cc agent khc trong h thng hung ti ch chung ca h thng. Cc hot ng tung tc ny rt a dng bao gm: phi hp, thung lng, cnh tranh.

Agent -Agent c t trong mi trng -Agent th hnh ng

Cu 4: So snh agent v i tng? Agent v h chuyn gia 1. So snh agent v i tng - Xt theo quan im h thng, c th xem mi agent cng l mt i tng nhng mc tru tng cao hn. - S khc bit gia Agent v i tng th hin: Agent Object- Agent c tnh t ch: cc agent c th t quyt nh hnh ng ca mnh m khng hnh ng theo yu cu ca agent khc. - Agent c tnh hng ch: mi agent c mt ch ring v ch ca cc agent trong mt h thng c th thng nht hay khng tng thch vi nhau. Do agent thng phi thng lng vi nhau mt qu trnh tng tc. - Agent thng minh, c cc hnh vi linh hot da trn cc c trng nh kh nng phn ng, kh nng x hi. - Agent hot ng: mi agent c mt hoc nhiu lung iu khin (thread) ring. - C kh nng lin h vi cc agent khc tm kim thng tin cng nh nh s h tr hay thng lng. - Agent s dng ngn ng thng ip chung trao i thng tin vi cc agent khc. - Object thng b ng hay ni cch khc object l cc thnh phn tnh v s tng tc gia chng ch thng qua cc thng ip. Object ch thc s hot ng khi nhn c li gi hm t cc i tng khc. - i tng khng c mc ch ring, chng cng chia s mc ch chung ca c h thng. - Object khng c kh nng phn ng v tnh x hi. - Trong hng i tng cng c iu khin theo lung (thread) nhng khng yu cu mi i tng l c mt thread ring m ngc li c nhiu i tng chung mt thread. - Tng tc thng qua s kch hot ln nhau khng c s lan ta, khi nhn c yu cu, ch thc hin yu cu trong kh nng ca mnh. - Object tng tc vi nhau qua cc thng ip v cc thng ip ca object ch gii hn trong nhng class c lp.

ES( h chuyn gia) -H chuyn gia ( Expert system) :l mt h thng tp trung gii quyt mt -Agent c cc c vn xc nh da trng ring nh: t trn tri thc ca ch, phn ng, ch chuyn gia v vn ng v tnh x hi hoc ua ra li khuyn. -ES is disembodied, rather than being situated -ES khng tng tc vi mi trng no v khng bt buc phi tng tc vi cc agent khc -ES khng c hnh vi phn ng, ch ng, tnh x hi( hp tc, phi hp, cnh tranh)

2. Agent v h chuyn gia2

Cu 1:Gii thiu ngn gn v 5 xu Cu 5: Phn bit h thng a agent hng pht trin trong lch s dng Purely Reactive v tnh ton ni chung dn n s ra Perception. i ca cng ngh agent. 1. Purely Reactive agents: H thng Purely 5 xu hng pht trin trong lch s tnh ton dn n reactive agents l h thng lm vic thc thi nhng s ra i ca CN agent cng vic cn lm. -Ubiqiulity c tnh c mt khp ni - Mt s agent quyt nh lm g m khng cn quan -Interconnection kt hp tm n lch s. Quyt nh lm g ca chng hon -Inteligence Thng minh ton da vo hin ti, khng tham chin n trng thi qu kh. ngha l n thc hin mt cch c lp. -Delegation- i din/thay th Chng ta gi nhng agent ny l purely reactive: -Human oritentation hng con ngi Action: E A Trong : - E: mi trng - A: tp hnh ng. V d: My iu nhit l mt purely reactive agent. Action(e) = off ; nu e = nhit ok on trng hp cn li action(e) = off if e = temperature ok on otherwise e: trng thi (e E) 2. Perception: (cm nhn): Chc nng quyt nh ca mi agent ring l tng ng vi s nhn thc v cng vic mi h thng con trong . Nh vy n c lin quan n cc cng vic lm trong lch s thc thi ca n. Hnh ng ring ca agent: - Hm see l kh nng ca agent quan st chnh n trong mi trng, ni m cc hm action m t quyt nh ca agent. - u ra (output) ca hm see l mt percept. see: E Per - Hm see l hm nh x t cc trng thi ca mi trng ti percept v u ra ca action lc ny l mt hm action: Per* A: ci m nh x chui cm nhn a ra hnh ng. (Per* chuyn gi tr cm nhn vo tp hnh ng) Per* tp gi tr cm nhn. Cu 2 Agent l g?Cc c trng c bn ca Agent. Phn bit tnh phn ng v tnh ch ng ca agent. nh ngha agent - agent l mt h tnh ton hon chnh hay chung trnh uc t trong mt mi trung nht nh, c kh nng hot ng mt cch t ch v mm do trong mi trung nhm t uc mc ch thit k - Mt agent thng minh l mt h thng my tnh c kh nng hot ng linh hot v t ch trong mi trung. Linh hoat ngha l: Phn ng, ch ng, mang tnh x hi. Cc c trng c bn ca agent tnh t ch: kh nng phn ng + tnh ch ng + kh nng x hi + ngoi ra agent cn c mt s c trng khcnh: Tnh thch nghi v t hc hi; Bn vng trong qu trnh hot ng Hot ng hung ch Giao tip v cng tc + Linh hot - Tnh di ng Phn bit tnh phn ng v tnh ch ng ca Agent - Tnh phn ng: l kh nng agent c th nhn bit uc mi trung ( qua b phn cm nhn no ) v da qua nhn bit , agent p ng kp thi nhng thay i xy ra trog mi trung. Tnh phn ng th hin r nht cc agent hot ng trn cc mi trng c tnh thay i nh Internet, mi trung mng phn tn, mi trung vt l,Phn ng ca mi agent i vi 1 mi trung bn ngoi u hung ti vic thc hin mc tiu ( ch) ca agent . - Tnh ch ng: khi c s thay i ca mi trng, agent khng ch phn ng mt cch n gin m cn xc nh mt chui cc hnh ng cn thc3

hin, bn thn mi agent s ch ng trong vic khi ng v thcj hin chui hnh ng ny

4

S e e

Ag ent

a c ti o n

Environ ment

T 1990- nay, mt s la chn thay th xut: lai kin trc, m c gng kt hp tt nht ca l lun Cu v phn ng kin trc 6: Cu 7: Chin lc u th (dominant strategies) v cn bng NASH trong tng tc a agent l g? 1. Chin lc u th (dominant strategies) - Cho rng mi agent c th c 2 hnh ng C (cooperate) v D (defect) -a ra mt chin lc c th no (c C v D) ca agent I, s c mt s cc outcome c th. - Ni S1 chim u th hn S2 nu mi outcome c th c bi i khi thc hin S1 u u th hn mi outcome c th c b i khi thc hin bi S2. - Mt rational agent s khng ng vai tr mt chin lc u th (tc l s khng l mt u th ti u - hot ng tt nht ti thi im hin ti).- V th, trong khi quyt nh lm g, chng ta cn loi b cc chin lc chim u th. - Khng may rng, khng phi lc no cng c duy nht mt chin lc chim u th.

2. Cn bng Nash: - Ni rng, hai chin lc S1 v S2 c cn bng Nash nu gi thit rng: agent i thc hin S1, agent j khng th thc hin S2 tt hn v gi thit rng agent j thc hin S2, agent i khng th Phn bit cc dng kin trc thc hin S1 tt hn. Note: Khng agent no c ng agent c (hnh ng) i ra khi cn bng Nash: Agent l mt h thng c kh nng t ch hnh Lu : - Khng phi mi tng tc u c cn bng ng linh hot C s xy dng h thng i l da trn 3 kin trc: Nash - Mt vi tng tc c th c nhiu hn mt cn bng Nash. 1. Tngtrng/ logic(symbolic/logic) 2.Phn ng(reactive) 3.Lai (hybrid) T nm 1956-1985, kh nhiu cc agents c thit k trong vng AI l nhng agents l l tng trng. Mc ch din t l cc agent s dng nhng l lun r rng quyt nh cng vic cn lm Vn vi l lun mang tnh tng trng dn ti phn ng chng li iu ny d m chng c gi l hot ng ca phn ng agents. V d 1:Trong mt tr chi gm 2 i th cng chn mt s bt k t 0 10. Ngi no chn s ln hn s thua v phi tr tin cho ngi kia. Tr chi ny ch c mt cn bng duy nht: c 2 cng chn s 0. Bt k s la chn no khc (m khng cn bit s la chn ca i th kia) cng c th lm i th thua cuc. Khi thay i lut chi, mi i th s c hng s tin bng mt con s m c hai cng chn, nu chn trng nhau th khng ai c tin, ta s c 11 cn bng Nash. V d 2:Vi vn Th tri buc tin thoi lng nan ca ngi t nhn Song ny minh ha s5

mu thun gia hnh vi c nhn, c nng lc suy on v li ch ca vic hp tc. Vn mu cht l mi khi i th u c gng ti a ha li ch ca mnh m khng quan tm n li ch ca nhng ngi khc, tc l i th c tnh ch k. Song t nhn c mt cn bng Nash khi c hai i th u khng tn trng giao c. Tuy nhin c 2 u sai r rng khng bng c hai cng hp tc. Chin lc hp tc khng bn v mt i th c th lm tt hn bng cch khng tn trng giao c trong khi i th ca anh ta vn hp tc.

Cu 8: Gii thiu ngn gn v cc m hnh tng tc kiu u gi v chin lc u th ca agent trong cc kiu u gi . u gi l mt trong nhng hnh thc mua bn ph bin trong thng mi. trong mt m hnh u gi ngi mua s tr gi theo mt cch thc no mua c mt hng. - Mt cuc u gi din ra gia mt agent c xem (ng vai tr) l ngi bn u gi v mt s t hp ca cc agent c bit n nh nhng ngi tr gi (trong cuc u gi). - Vi nhng ngi bn u gi th mc ch ca cuc u gi l (phn pht) hng ha (sn phm) cho mt trong s nhng ngi tr gi. - Trong hu ht vic u gi, ngi bn u gi thng mong mun mt ga cao nht (ti a ha li ch cho mnh); nhng ngi tr gi li mong mun gi tr thp nht. Cc tham s ca mt cuc u gi: 1. Hng ha c th c: - Gi tr ring - Gi tr chung- Gi tr tng quan 2. Quyt nh ca ngi thng cuc (trong cuc u gi) c th: - Gi th nht - Gi th hai 3. Tr gi (u gi) c th: +Open - cry + u gi kn (sealed bid) 4. S u gi (S tr gi) c th: - One shot - Tng dn - Gim dn C 4 hnh thc u gi: - English auctions (u gi kiu Anh) - Dutch auctions (u gi H Lan) - First-Price Sealed Bid (u gi kn nhng ch mua vi gi u tin) - Vickrey auctions (u gi Vickrey) English Auctions (First-Price OpenCry) - Mi ngi u gi t do nng mc gi ln. Khi khng c ngi tr gi cao hn na th cuc u gi kt thc v ngi u gi (tr gi) cao nht s dnh c vt u gi. - Chin lc u th cho agent l lun tr gi nh hn gi cao nht hin ti v dng li khi t c gi th ring.6

Dutch Auctions (u gi H Lan) - Dutch auctions l mt v d ca cc cuc u gi m gim dn (open-cry descending auctions) . Ngi bn u gi bt u a ra hng ha (sn phm) mc gi o cao . Ngi bn u gi gim dn mc gi c a ra ti khi mt s agent tr gi bng gi c a ra hin ti. . Sau hng ha (sn phm) c phn pht cho agent m (agent) a ra gi hp l. - Chin lc cho agent: u gi H Lan c chin lc bng u gi kn nhng ch mua vi gi u tin. . First-Price Swaled-Bid Auctions (Tr gi kn nhng ch mua vi gi th nht) - L u gi kiu one-shot . Ch c mt vng duy nht. . Ngi u gi chp nhn u gi kn hng ha (sn phm) . Hng ha c phn pht cho agent m tr gi cao nht . Ngi thng cuc phi tr gi cao nht - Trong cuc u gi ny th khng c mt s tr gi no c mt chin lc u th Chin lc tt nht l: Tr gi thp hn gi tr thc. . Vickrey Auctions - u gi l: . Gi th hai: Tr gi kn nhng ch u gi kn mua vi gi th hai. - Hng ha c cp cho agent tr gi cao nht: mc gi ca ln u gi cao nht th hai. -Chin lc chim u th cho agent trong u gi Vickrey l: tr gi bng vi gi thc ca bn.

Cu 9: Thng lng t ng l g? Gii thiu ngn gn v m hnh thng lng song phng. 1.Thng ln t ng l g? - Thng lng l mt tin trnh c to ra bi hai hay nhiu bn tham gia, mi bn tham gia tin hnh ngh cc yu cu v tr li cc yu cu cho i tc nhm i n mt tho thun chung tho mn tt c cc bn . - Thng lng t ng l mt qu trnh thng lng, trong , ngi mua v ngi bn c thay th bng cc agent. Vic tm kim, mua bn v tho thun gia ngi mua v ngi bn c thc hin t ng bi cc agent. 2.M hnh thng lng song phng: Thng lng song phng l dng thng lng ch c mt bn mua v mt bn bn tham gia vo qu trnh giao dch. Thng lng c th lin quan n nhiu thuc tnh ca hng ha nh gi bn, cht lng Trong thng lng song phng ngi ta chia ra 3 cch tip cn: Cch tip cn da trn l thuyt tr chi Cch tip cn da trn Heuristic Cch tip cn da trn lp lun M hnh thng lng song phng Chin lc thng lng cho agent bn Trong m hnh thng lng song phng, agent bn c nhim v qun l vic giao dich ng thi vi nhiu khch hng ca mnh. Mt agent bn c trang bi mt tp cc tri thc sau: + Tp O=(O1, O2,..., Om} cc n v hng ha c th cung cp, mi n v hng ha Oi c m t thng qua n thuc tnh {o1,o2,...on} v c mt gi tr li ch gi nu bn c n v hng ha +Mt tp R={r1,r2,...,rm} cc rng buc i vi ngi mua ca cc n v hng ha. Tp ny c min gi tr kiu boolean +Mt tp C={c1,c2,..cn} cc hnh thc khuyn mi cho cc n v hng ha, tp ny cng c gi tr kiu boolean +Mt tp B={B1,B2,..Bk) cc khch hang ang thng lng vi agent bn Khi , hot ng thng lng ca agent bn nh sau:

7

Qu trnh trn c th din ra nhiu ln vi mt or nhiu agent mua khc nhau Chin lc thng lng cho agent mua: Trong m hnh thng lng song phuong, mi agent mua i din cho mt khch hng,s thng lng vi mt i tc duy nht v do mi agent mua c trag b cc tri thc sau: +Tp A={A1,A2,..,An} cc thuc tnh hng ha.Mi thuc tnh Ai c u tin ui tng ng +Mi thuc tnh Ai c mt gi tr gi l ngng nhng b ca thuc tnh + Mt gi tr ngng chp nhn c trng cho kh nng chp nhn ca ngi dng +Mt tp D cc cp thuc tnh v cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh gi i cho bn agent bn Qu trnh thng lng ca agent mua din ra nh sau:

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Cu 10: Ngn ng truyn thng a agent l g? Th no l l thuyt li ni hnh ng (Speech-act theory). 1.Ngn ng truyn thng a agent Cc agent trao i vi nhau thng qua cc thng ip. Khc vi cc h hng i tng trong h a agent khng ch biu din cc li gi hm n gin m cn phi biu din thng tin v tri thc cn trao i gia cc agent. Cc thng ip ny c biu din theo cc ngn ng truyn thng agent (ACL agent communication language) nhm: - nh ngha khun dng cc thng ip trao i gia cc agent trong h thng - Thit lp mt giao thc trao i gia cc agent, gm: nh ngha cc kiu thng ip gi v nhn, cc m hnh trao i thng ip gia cc agent Cc ngn ng truyn thng u da trn l thuyt hnh ng li ni 1.L thuyt hnh ng li ni Mi speech act c 3 phng din: - Locution (kiu ni/cch ni): nh ngha 1 cu trc li ni - Illocution (hnh vi ngn ng thc hin bi ngi ni) - Perlocution ( sc thuyt phc, li cun ca li ni): kt qu ca li pht biu: Mt hnh ng li ni ( speech act) y khng ch nh ngha cu trc li ni m cn xc nh hnh ng lin quan n li ni . V d: John ni vi Mary : Lm n, ng ca li - Hnh ng ny bao gm kiu din t( t ng) ca chnh JohnLocution - Mc ch ca thng ip ny nh mooth yu cu or mnh lnhIllocution - Nu s vic din ra sun s,( li ni c sc thuyt phc) th ca s c ngPerlocution Nhng mc ch ca thng ip thng khng c xc nh d dng V d: Ti lnh - Speech act y c th xem l 1 khng nh, 1 yu cu cho mn chic o len or nhu cu tng nhit phng

- i vi cc giao tip gia cc agent cn m bo rng khng c s nhp nhng v loi thng ip truyn i. C 5 kiu speech act: - Representtatives ( M t/din t/ thng bo) Vd: Tri ag ma ( speech act mag tnh cht thng bo v mt hin tng t nhin) - Directives (ra lnh): yu cu ngi nghe lm g .Vd: Hy pha tr - Commisive ( ha hn) - Expressive ( li ni mag tnh cht biu cm) - Declarations ( tuyn b) L thuyt li ni hnh ng s dng thut ng performative xc inh hnh vi ngn ng bi ngi ni trong cc pht biu in hnh Nhn chung mt speech act gm 2 thnh phn: - ng t performative V d: yu cu, thng bo, ha hn. -Ni dung (content) ca speech act Chng hn: -Nu performative = reaquest (yu cu) Content =the door is closed Speech act = please close the door -Nu performative =inform (thng bo) Content =the door is close Speech act = the door is closed -Nu performative =inquire (Hi han/iu tra/thm d) Content = the door is closed Speech act = is the door closed? Tm li: L thuyt hnh ng li ni gip xc nh loi thng ip bng cch s dng cc khi nin ca hnh vi ngn ng thc hin bi ngi ni m bc l ngha ca cc hnh vi giao tip ca chnh n hng ti ch chung ca h thng Tuy nhin cc thng ip cha trong cc giao thc c th c nhiu hn 1 ngha C th khng c phn hi n gin -Hoc c th yu cu s phn tch v tr gip ca cc agent khc

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Cu 11: Ontology l gi? Vai tr ca Ontolofy trong tng tc a agent? 1. Ontology l g? Ontology l mt thut ng ca trit hc, c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc tr tu nhn to v c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v Ontology trong nh ngha ca T.Gruber l c chp nhn rng ri nht. Theo T. Gruber, Ontology l mt c t hnh thc v khi nhim. Cc yu cu cho biu din Ontology l: - Cc khi nim c dng trong Ontology v cc rng buc gia cc khi nim c nh ngha mt cch r rng. - Ontology phi l dng thng tin sao cho my c th hiu c. - Thng tin biu din trong Ontology phi c tnh ph qut ngha l thng tin khng ch cho mt thnh phn m cn c chp nhn bi mt nhm cc thnh phn khc nhau. C th ni , Ontology xc nh tp cc thut ng dng m t v biu din cc khi nim da trn mi quan h qua li gia cc khi nim . Cc khi nim trong Ontology gip cho vic dng chung v chia s tri thc gia 2 min tri thc khc. Trong h agent, Ontology biu din thng tin v tri thc v min quan tm ca cc agent nhm h tr tng tc. Mi Ontology l mt cu trc phn lp cc khi nim, thut ng, mi quan h gia khi nim, thut ng . Thng qua Ontology cc agent s hiu c ni dung cc thng tin p truyn thng m n nhn c trong qu trnh tng tc. 2. Vai tr ca Ontology trong tng tc gia cc agent: Ontology c xem nhu mt khun mu chung biu din ng ngha thng tin trong mt min xc nh thng qua mt tp khi nim, cc mi quan h v mt tp cc lut c s dng rng buc cc khi nim v mi quan h cn thit. Ontology c s dng cho cc mc ch sau: - H tr truyn thng tin gia con ngi; gia con ngi vi my tnh v gia cc h thng my tnh c lp vi nhau. - Cho php cc h thng s dng li min tri thc. - Lm cho min tri thc tr nn r rng hn. - Phn tch hay kt hp cc min tri thc nh cc php ton. Trong trng hp s dng Ontology h tr truyn thng gia cc agent phn mm th cc Ontology s biu din cc khi nim v cc thut ng c s dng trong qu trnh tng tc gia cc agent cng vi cc mi quan h cng nh cc lut

rng buc gia cc khi nim, thut ng . thc hin truyn thng gi cc agent, mi mt agent trong h thng phi bit cc thng tin: - Kh nng v dch v ca cc agent khc. - Ontology nh ngha cc khi nim trao i. - Ngn ng truyn thng agent m cc agent dng biu din thng ip. Nh vy, cc agent trong h thng phi dng chung mt ngn ng truyn thng biu din cc thng ip v trong mi thng ip phi c Ontology tng ng m agent gi thng ip s dng Cu 12: Cc phung php biu din Ontology? C hai cch tip cn biu din Ontology: - Cch tip cn biu din Ontology theo kiu hnh thc: Theo cch tip cn ny, Ontology s uc biu din da trn th t ta c th xy dng uc cu trc i s vi cc php ton trn ontology - Cch tip cn biu din ontology theo kiu khng hnh thc: Theo cch ny ontology s uc biu din v s dng cho pht trin cc h thng theo mt ngn ng no uc xy dng cho mc ch ring. ( v d : OIL, RDF,DAML,..) hoc s dng trc tip ngn ng lp trnh ( nh Java)

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Cu 13: Phung php xy dng ontology tng qut Cc pha trong qu trnh xy dng ontology tng qut gm: 1.c t:Pha ny nhm xc nh mc ch v phm vi ca ontology. Mc ch l tr li cho cu hi Ti sao ontology uc xy dng?. Cn phm vi ca Ontolo gy tr li cho cu hi Ontology hng ti ci g, i tung s dng ontology l ngui dng hay trnh ng dng? 2.Hnh thnh khi nim Buc ny tin hnh tp hp cc khi nim cn c trong Ontology v mi khi nim uc m t trong mt m hnh khi nim. M hnh khi nim ny phi m bo tha mn v tt c cc c t v mc ch v phm vi ca Ontology trong buc truc. 3.Hnh thc ha Buc ny nhm hnh thc ha cc khi nim trong ontology. Buc ny uc thc hin thng qua vic chuyn m hnh khi nim trong buc truc vo mt m hnh hnh thc 4.Ci t Mi thnh phn trong m hnh ontology hnh thc c trong buc truc s uc ci t theo mt ngn ng biu din ontology no 5.Bo tr Mi thnh phn s uc cp nht v sa i to nn ontology hon chnh Ngoi cc pha trn, trong vng i pht trin ca ontology tng qut cn c cc hot ng tn ti song song trong ton b qu trnh pht trin ca ontology. Cc hot ng ny bao gm: 1.Thu thp tri thc: Mi tri thc lin quan n ontology s c thu thp nh sd cc k thut suy lun hoc tham chiu n 1 danh mc tri thc ph hp. 2.nh gi Trong h/ ny, ngi pt sd 1 k thut c lng c th nh gi cc pha xd ontology 3.Vit ti liu H/ vit ti liu cn thit trong tt c cc pha ca vng i pt ontology tng qut. Vi mi cng vic, ngi pt vit ti liu tr li cc cu hi nh: lm cng vic g, lm ntn & ti sao li t/h cng vic . 4.S dng l Ngi pt cng c th sd li cc ontology c trong qu trnh xd ontology ca mnh. y chnh l vn tch hp ontology Cu 14:Phn loi cc m hnh tung tc a agent Da vo mc ch ca cc bn tham gia tung tc, c th chia cc hnh thc tung tc thnh hai loi chnh: Hp tc v cnh tranh

-hp tc: hai bn cng thc hin mt cng vic chung( cng tc) hoc cng vic ca bn ny l buc tin cho bn kia ( phi hp). Hnh thc tung tc ny thung xut hin khi cc agent c chung mc ch, nhim v hoc cng thc hin mt tin trnh phc tp nht nh. -Canh tranh: hai bn cnh tranh nhau v thng tin, hoc quyn li ( thung lng) hoc hon ton tri nguc nhau v li ch ( i u) Nh vy, c th c cc loi hnh tung tc sau:

Tung tc

Hp tc

Cnh tranh

Phi hp

Cng tc

Thung lung

i u

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Cu 15: Gii thiu ngn gn cc m hnh tung tc s dng agent trung gian 1. M hnh tung tc vi Agent trung tm Trong m hnh ny, nhim v ca cc agent trung tm l ch ng lin lc vi cc agent khc c d liu hay tri thc cn thit trong h thng. Cc dch v m agent trung tm c th cung cp l: -T ng xc nh cc dch v thng tin -Xc nh vai tr ca cc agent trong h thng -T thu thp va to ra thng tin t cc agent cung cp sau gi tr li cho cc agent yu cu thc hin cc nhim v trn cc agent trung tm s dng m hnh thng tin ton cc bg cch thu thp v tch hp cc thng tin cn thit gii quyt cc yu cu c th chuyn cho cc agent ph hp trong h thng gii quyt.. Nh vy agent trung tm ng vai tr l agent trc tip qun l cc agent khc li va t tm ra thng tin cn thit gii quyt v gi tr li kt qu cho cc agent yu cu. Hiu qu hot ng ca h thng ph thuc vo kh nng ca agent ny. 1.m hnh tung tc vi agent i u Trong m hnh ny, Midagent( agent trung gian) ng vai tr Agent iu phi ( Brocker Agent). Cng vic m Agent iu phi thc hin l mt phn cng vic ca agent trung tm v uc biu din nh sau: 1: Yu cu dich v Agent yu cu4: Trli kt qu dch v

Trong m hnh ny, Midagent ng vai tr nh mt agent mi gii m nhim v chnh ca n l to ra c ch lin lc trc tip gia Agent yu cu v Agent cung cp nh hnh minh ha:1: Yu cu dch v

Agent yu cu

2: Tr li tn agent cung cp

Agent mi gii0: ng k, hy ng k dch v

Agent cung cp4: Tr li kt qu dch v

Agent iu phi0: ng k, hy ang k dch v

Khi mun tham gia vo h thng, mi agent ng k dich v mi gii vi agent mi gii v tr thnh nh cung cp dich v( agent cung cp). agent mi gii s cp nht vo c s tri thc ca n tn v kh nng dch v ca agent cung cp. Trong 1 tng tc c th, khi c mt agent yu cu mt dch v th n s gi yu cu n agent mi gii, agent mi gii xem xt v gi cho agent cung cp tn v a ch ca agent cung cp. qu trnh tng tc sau s din ra trc tip gia agent yu cu v agent cung cp

Agent cung cp

2: Yu cu dch v v giao tc

3: chuyn kt qu dch v

Nh vy trong m hnh tng tc ny, bt k mt lin lc gia agent yu cu v agent cung cp du phi thng qua agent iu phi. 1M hnh tng tc vi agent mi gii12

Cu 16: Gii thiu v so snh KQML v FIPA-ACL KQML (Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language) KQML nh ngha ba mc l mc ni dung, mc thng ip v mc truyn thng. Mi thng ip KQML nh ngha mt hnh ng thoi, ng ngha i km hnh ng thoi , giao thc v mt tp cc thuc tnh. Cu trc chung ca mt thng ip KQML nh sau (performative-name : sender A : receiver B : content X :language L :ontology N :reply-with W :in-reply-to P) Mi mt thng ip KQML tng ng vi mt dng tng tc trong trng performative-name. C ti 25 dng tng tc (performative) c nh ngha bao gm ask-one, advertise, broadcast, insert... ng thi, KQML cho php m rng v nh ngha thm cc dng tng tc khc khi cn thit. Trng content m t ni dung ca thng ip. Ni dung ny c th rt phc tp tu thuc vo nhu cu trao i thng tin ca hai agent trong phin lin lc . Agent nhn s hiu c ni dung trong trng content bng cch tham chiu vo trng ontology ca thng ip m n nhn c. KQML cng nh ngha cc giao thc truyn thng bao gm c th t cc thng ip, cc perormative. V d mt giao thc truyn thng c nhnghatrong g KQML nh Hnh 2.1:

FIPAF advertise(ask(X))

broker(ask(X)) tell(X)

A tell(X)

ask(X)

B

ACL (Foudation for Intelligent Physical Agent) -L mt chun ca ACL-C cu trc tng t nh KQML + performative: c 20 dng performative trong FIPA -FIPA-ACL cng da trn l thuyt hnh ng - li ni . FIPA-ACL s dng XML theo dng nh sau [10]: /conversationid> - Inform v Request l hai performative c bn trong FIPA-ACL. - ngha ca Inform v Request c xc nh 2 phn: + Pre-condition ( iu kin tin quyt): nhng g phi ng s tht cc speech act thnh cng +rational effect (nh hng mang tnh l lun): nhng g ngi gi thng ip hy vng mang li So vi KQML, FIPA-ACl linh ng hn v c th d dng thm vo cc cc dng tng tc mi. Tuy nhin , FIPA-ACL khng nh ngha cc performative theo kiu s dng cc thnh phn trung gian nh trong KQML. l cc performative nh broker hay advertise

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Cu 17 So snh cc cch tip cn pht trin phn mm hng agent 1. Cch tip cn theo Agent v cng ngh agent: - Xut pht t nhn nh: + Agent c nhng c trng ring nh tnh t ch, ch ng, khi nim phn ng. Cc c trng ny l hon ton khc object v to cho agent kh nng tng tc ch ng v kh nng suy lun m object khng c. khng th m hnh ha agent bng cc phng php lun dnh cho hng i tng. + Agent hot ng nh mt x hi vi cc lut chi phi ring nn c th xem agent t cc kha cnh x hi v s dng cc khi nim tru tng mc x hi m hnh ha cc agent trong h thng. - Cc khi nim tr tng mc x hi theo cch tip cn ny: agent, nhm (group), t chc (organization) - Vi cch tip cn ny, qu trnh pht trin h thng c phn chia thnh 2 pha: + pha phn tch - ng m hnh t chc (organization model) + pha thit k - ng m hnh agent (agent model) - Phng php lun tiu biu theo hng tip cn ny: + GaiA + SODA+ AALAADIN 2. Cch tip cn pht trin t phng hng i tng: - Cch tip cn ny xem mi agent cng l mt i tng nhng mc tru tng cao hn. Cng c s dng v biu din i tng v phn tch thng k h thng hng i tng UML hon ton c th m rng biu din cc c trng ca agent. - Cch tip cn ny tp trung vo cc cng vic sau: + pht trin cc cng c da trn nn tng sn c ca hng i tng p dng cho h a agent. V d: m rng UML AUML. + B sung cc bc, pha mang tnh c trng ca agent v cng ngh nh ch (goal), vai tr (role) v Ontology. - Phng php lun tiu biu: + MASE (Multiagent System Engenerring) + MASSIVE+ KGR 3. Cch tip cn da trn cng ngh tri thc: - Phng php lun ny tp trung vo cc qu trnh thu thp tri thc (Knowledge acquisition), m hnh tri thc (Knowledge modelling) v lp lun c s dng bi cc thnh phn agent trong h thng phn mm. - Phng php lun tiu biu: CoMoMAS, MAS_comonKADS.

Cu 18: gii thiu ngn gn cc bc trong MaSE Gm 8 bc bao gm 2 pha, pha phn tch v pha thit k. - Pha phn tch: bc 15 - Pha thit k: bc 58 C th:Bc 1: Xc nh cc ch. Bc 2: Xy dng use case Bc 3: Xy dng Ontology Bc 4: Xy dng s role Bc 5: Xc nh cc lp agent Bc 6: xy dng cc phin hi thoi Bc 7: Hon thin cc agent Bc 8: Trin khai h thng.

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Cu 19: Goal l gi? Cc bc xc nh v phn tch goal trong MaSE * Khi nim - ch (goal) l mt khi nim ch mc ch m h thng cn t c. + Cc goal s phi thc hin c mt hoc nhiu agent + ch s c phn r thnh cc ch con, cc ch con tip tc c phn r v cc ch mc thp hn ny s khng c coi l ch m ch c xem xt a vo cc bc sau ca ta phn tch. * Cc bc xc nh - xy dng cy ch cn xc nh: + Tp hp cc ch+ Xy dng cy phn tch cp ch * Tp hp ch: - Bc ny thc hin trch cc yu cu chc nng c trong ti liu c t h thng, mi yu cu chc nng c m t bng mt ch. Cc yu cu chc nng c xc nh bng cch tr li cu hi H thng phi lm ci g? - ch u tin xc nh mt cch trc quan thng qua vic xc nh mc tiu cn t c ca h thng - Cc ch tip theo c xc nh thng qua ch trc bng cch tr li cu hi Mun t c ch X th cn phi c ci g? Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh phn r, t cc ch ban u s tr thnh cc ch con. Qu trnh dng li khi cc chc nng con sinh ra khng phi l nhim v mc h thng (khng ng vai tr ch cu h thng). * T chc cy ch: - Mt s phn cp ch l mt th c hng v khng c chu trnh (dng ta hnh cy). Trong : + Cc nh biu din cc ch, c tn trng ch m n biu din. + Cc mi tn ch ra quan h ch cha-con v quan h vi cc ch khc. - C 2 trng hp xy ra: + Nu xc nh c ch tng th ca h thng th t n gc ca cy ch. + Nu ch tng th khng xc nh c trc tip t yu cu th phi kt hp cc ch mc cao nht li thnh mt ch tng th cho h thng. Cc ch cn li c th phn c thnh cc quan h cha-con hoc ngang hng bng cch lp cc th tc sau: Bc 1: Cc ch c phn r t cc ch khc trong cc bc con trc phi l ch con vi ch cha tng ng.

Bc 2: Nu cc ch khng c phn r t bt k mt ch no, xc nh quan h cha-con, th tr li cu hi chng c thc hin mt phn nhim v cho mt ch no khng?. Nu c, n s tr thnh ch con ca ch m n h tr. Nu khng, phi xem xt li rng ch c cn thit cho h thng hay khng. Nu khng cn thit th n s b loi b v ngc li nu cn thit n s to mt nhnh mi ngay t nt gc ca cy ch. Cu 20: Phng php nh x goal sang role trong MaSE - Input: - Goal hierarchy diagram ( cy phn cp ch) - Product: Agent roles + Concurrent Tasks (Tc v ng thi) - Mc tiu ca bc ny l chuyn tp cc ch (goal) ca h thng vo tp cc role cng vi cc nhim v ca n: Thng thng vic nh x t ch sang role l tng ng 1-1, ngha l mi role thc hin mt ch. - Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, mt role c th tng ng vi nhiu ch khi cc ch ny c quan h cht ch hoc gn ging nhau. - Cc giao tip vi bn ngoi s c xy dng thnh mt role ring bit v hot ng tng t nh mt tng tc t mt ngun ti nguyn bn ngoi vi phn cn li ca h thng. Cc thnh phn c coi l ngun ti nguyn bn ngoi bao gm: c s d liu, cc file, h thng b sung v con ngi. Sau khi xc nh cc role ph hp ca h thng, phi xc nh c tp cc giao thc giao tip ban u gia cc role ny. - S role ban u s c chi tit ha bng cch gn task cho cc role. Task l m nhim v c th, chi tit m cc role phi thc hin nhm t c ch m n c trch nhim phi thc hin. Mi task c th giao tip vi cc task khc m nhim ch ca chng. - Cc role c th hot ng vi 2 loi tng tc: 1. Tng tc trong: cc tng tc gia cc task trong cng mt role. 2. Tng tc ngoi: cc tng tc gia cc task ca cc role khc nhau. - Thng thng, mi ch nn cho tng ng mt task, bi v mun t c mt ch, th t nht mt task cn phi hon thnh.

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Cu 21: Phng php xc nh lp agent trong MaSE. -Input: + Agent roles +Tasks( cc tc v) -Product: + s lp agent v cc phin hi thoi lin lc gia chng -Diagram ( S ) + S lp agent -S dng role xc nh cc agent Mi lp agent s m nhim 1 hoc nhiu role Nhiu lp agent c cng m nhn mt role -Thng thng l nh x 1-1 ( mi role phi m nhim bi t nht mt lp agent). Trong trng hp mt lp agent m nhim nhiu role th cc agent ca lp s lun phin m nhim cng vic cho tng role. Trng hp ny xy ra khi cc role phc v cho cc ch lin quan cht ch vi nhau hoc co khi lng tng tc vi nhau ln, chng c xp vo cng mt lp agent nhm gim chi ph truyn thng -Nhim v cn li ca bc ny l xc nh cc phin hi thoi xut hin gia cc lp agent hon thin s lp agent ca h thng. Cc phin hi thoi c xc nh t cc quan h gia cc role m cc lp agent tng ng cn thc hin. -Mi phin hi thoi gm hai s lp truyn thng, mt cho bn khi xng v mt cho bn p ng phin hi thoi -Cc phin hi thoi biu din tng tc gia cc lp agent din ra mc ng ngha thng qua ontology. Cu 22: Vai tro cua ly thuyt li noi hanh ng(speech-act theory) trong tng tac a agent: Theo thuyt nay,mt hanh ng- li noi y u khng chi inh nghia cu truc li noi ma con xac inh hanh ng lin quan n li noi o-> o la c s xy dng cac thng ip gia cac agent Cu 23: Cac c tinh cua agent va h a agent a) c tinh cua agent -Tinh t chu: Mi agent co mt trang thai ring, c lp vi cac agent khac, co th t quyt inh hanh ng cua minh -Kha nng phan ng: Cac agent co kha nng nhn bit mi trng va ap ng lai cac thay i cua mi trng -Tinh chu ng: Khi co s thay i cua mi trng cac agent khng chi phan ng n gian ma con xac inh mt chui hanh ng cn thc hin,mi agent se chu ng trong vic khi ng va thc hin chui hanh ng nay -Tinh xa hi: Cac agent co th tng tac vi cac agent khac trong h thng hng ti ich chung b) c tinh cua h a agent:

-La h thng gm nhiu agent co kha nng tng tac vi nhau hng ti ich chung -Cho phep giai quyt cac vn qua phc tap i vi tng agent ring le -Cho phep tich hp cac h thng chng trinh co sn -Cho phep m hinh hoa mt cach t nhin va trc giac nhiu vn co cu truc ging h a agent -Cho phep giai quyt cac vn trong o thng tin, tri thc co tinh phn tan -Thng tin hoc kha nng giai quyt vn cua tng agent la han ch, khng y u - Khng co s iu khin tp trung cho toan h thng -D liu co tinh phn tan -Qua trinh tinh toan c thc hin khng ng b

Cu 25: Cac linh vc ng dung phu hp vi h a agent H a agent c ng dung trong cac bai toan lin quan n phn tan -Cac h ng dung trong cng nghip: agent c ap dung rng rai trong cac h thng nh: . H san xut: cng vic c phn chia thanh cac nhom cng vic va giao cho agent thc hin . H thng iu khin tin trinh: h a agent c xem nh mt b iu khin tin trinh vi tinh t chu va linh hoat .H thng vin thng: la h thng ln, phn tan yu cu qua trinh giam sat va quan ly theo thi gian thc .H quan ly khng lu, lu lng giao thng... - Cac ng dung trong thng mai: . H quan ly thng tin: thc hin vic loc, tach va thu thp thng tin cung cp cho ngi dung nhng thng tin cn thit . H thng mai in t: cac agent ai din cho ngi ban, ngi mua, mi gii trong giao dich in t. Cac agent t trao i vi nhau thng qua cac chin lc thng lng . Cac ng dung quan ly tin trinh kinh doanh: cac agent ai din cho cac thanh vin thc hin vai tro xac inh . Cac ng dung giai tri: tro chi in t, nha hat hay rap chiu phim tng tac - ng dung trong y t: . Giam sat bnh nhn: cac agent hoat ng nh cac chuyn gia nh kham bnh, chn oan bnh . Cac ng dung chm soc sc khoe: thc hin cac nhim vu cua mang li y t cng ng

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Cu 24: Kha nng xa hi cua agent -Kha nng xa hi la mt trong nhng c tinh cua agent -Cac agent khng chi hng ti ich ring cua minh ma con co kha nng tng tac vi cac agent khac trong h thng hng ti ich chung cua h thng -Cac hoat ng tng tac nay gm: phi hp, thng lng, canh tranh Cu 26: Agent trong thng mai in t (nu xy dng hthng TMDT thi agent co vtro j`): -T ng hoa qua trinh giao dich TMDT: Trao i hang ho v dch v thng qua Internet,tin hnh y cc kha cnh ca giao dch thng mi -H tr ti a cho ngi ban va ngi mua -tng tnh hiu qu -rt ngn qu trnh thng lng -y mnh tc v cht lng ca giao dch -tng cng s truy nhp ca th trng -khu ch c c cu t chc ph hp vi cc nn cng nghip khc nhau -h tr trong vic a ra nhng quyt nh, nhng thng lng thng mi Cu 27: Cac m hinh tng tac vi agent trung gian (agent mi gii va agent iu phi) M hnh tng tc vi Agent iu phi (Broker Agent) Trong m hnh ny, MidAgent ng vai tr l Agent iu phi (Broker Agent).Cng vic m Agent iu phi cn t/h l 1 phn cng vic ca AgentTrung tm & c biu din hnh di y. Khi c 1 agent mi tham gia vo h thng, th n phi ng k kh nng cung cp dch v ca mnh cho Agent iu phi. Dch v, tn & /c ca Agent Cung cp ny s c cp nht vo c s tri thc ca Agent iu phi.

Khi c 1 agent Agent Yu cu gi cho Agent iu phi 1yu cu dch v no , Agent iu phi s tm kim trong c s tri thc ca mnh xem c Agent Cung cp no c th gii quyt c yu cu ca Agent Yu cu khng & sau lin lc trc tip vi agent gii quyt yu cu. Sau cng, Agent iu phi s gi li KQ cho Agent Yu cu & kt thc qu trnh tng tc. Nh vy, trong m hnh tng tc ny, bt c 1 lin lc no gia Agent Yu cu & Agent Cung cp u phi thng qua Agent iu phi. Trong 1s ti liu, Agent iu phi cn c gi l Facilitator. u im ca m hnh ny l kh nng m rng h thng. 1 agent mi mun tham gia vo h thng th agent ch cn ng k dch v vi Agent iu phi. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca m hnh ny l Agent yu cu phi gi ton b yu cu ca mnh cho Agent iu phi m iu ny thng khng thc t c bit trong TMT. M hnh tng tc vi Agent Mi gii (MatchMaker Agent) Trong m hnh ny, MidAgent ng vai tr nh 1 Agent Mi gii m nhim v chnh ca n l to ra c ch lin lc trc tip gia Agent Yu cu & Agent Cung cp nh hnh minh ho sau.

Tng t nh m hnh Agent iu phi, khi mun tham gia vo h thng, mi agent phi ng k dch v vi Agent Mi gii & tr thnh nh cung cp dch v (Agent Cung cp). Agent Mi gii s cp nht vo c s tri thc ca n tn & kh nng dch v ca Agent Cung cp. Trong 1 tng tc c th, khi c 1 Agent Yu cu yu cu 1 dch v, n s gi yu cu n Agent Mi gii. Agent Mi gii s xem xt trong c s tri thc ca n tm ra Agent Cung cp c th t/h yu cu & s gi cho Agent Yu cu tn, /c ca Agent Cung cp . Qu trnh tng tc sau s din ra trc tip gia Agent Yu cu & Agent Cung cp. Nh vy, cng vic m Agent Mi gii phi t/h l 1 phn cng vic ca Agent iu phi. Trong m hnh ny, Agent Yu cu ch cn gi i yu cu no lin quan n vic tm ra Agent Cung cp ph hp.

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Cu 28: Mobile Agent l g? Cc vn cn quan tm khi XD h thng vi Mobile Agent Mobile Agent l mt chng trnh t tr c kh nng di chuyn t my ny sang my khc trong mng sut qu trnh thi hnh tc v. khi di chuyn, Mobile Agent ng gi c d liu, m thi hnh v trng thi thi hnh mang theo v s phc hi qu trnh x l ti im n. Moble Agent ang c quan tm nh 1 gii php nhiu ha hn trong vic gii quyt cc bi ton phn tn. cc vn cn quan tm: - An toan h thng: Vic cac agent di chuyn t may nay sang may khac thc hin 1 nhim vu gy ra nhng vn v tinh an toan cua h thng-> v la cn bao v tinh ring t va toan ven cua agent trong mi trng mi,agent phai co kha nng t bao v khi di chuyn ma ngun khng thay i -Thc hin tinh nng di ng: Mt s h thng v nguyn tc h tr tinh di ng cua agent nhng cha c tt vi vy cn co c ch chuyn di ma ngun tt hn cho phep agent di chuyn thun tin hn - Chun hoa: La iu kin quan trng a m hnh agent vo ng dng thc t trong cho php cc h thng agent ca nhng cng ty, t chc khc bit c th tng tc vi nhau. Cc c gng chun ho ca nhng t chc nh OMG , FIPA vn ang c b sung hon thin dn. Bn cnh , cc chun cho ngn ng giao tip gia cc agent nh KQML, KIFcng l mt hng nghin cu c quan tm -Cc thit b di ng: vic cung cp cc PM cho cc thit b thng gp kh khn khi cc thit b di ng thng c ti nguyn hn hp, cc kt ni vi bng thng thp, tr cao ca mng. -Mi trng khng ng nht: cc ng dng v ngi dung phi i mt vi mt mi trng khng ng nht c v phn cng ln v kin trc ca HDH -S khp khing v ng truyn: Mc d c cc loi cab quang nhng vn b gii hn vi cc thit b kt ni nh Modem hay cc ng bng thng thp

- a ra cac h thng ring: Cach tip cn nay am bao tinh cht c lp cua agent vi cac h thng khac - Phat trin t i tng cua MASE: Agent dung lai cac c tinh cua i tng trong MASE Cu 30: Cu truc biu din ngn ng KQML. Vai tro cua ontology trong cac message s dung KQML - Cu truc biu din ngn ng KQML: (Performative-name : sender A : receiver B : content X : language L : ontology N : reply-with W : in-reply-to P) Mi thng ip KQML tng ng vi mt dang tng tac trong trng Performative-name Ni dung thng ip thc t nh nh hnh vi li ni c trng l trng content. Ngn ng c s dng khng c nh ngha, c m t trong trng Language. B nhn c th s dng trng language xc nh ngn ng c s dng m ho ni dung thng ip, sau c ni dung trng Content. T c th hiu v gii thch ngn ng s dng. Trng Ontology nh ngha t in c bit hoc b t vng c s dng cho cc ni dung thng ip. - Vai tro cua ontology trong cac messeage s dung KQML: Khi gi va nhn message bng KQML thi cac agent dung ontology hiu nhau Cu 31: So sanh KQML va FIPA-ACL + Ging nhau: Ca 2 cung da trn ly thuyt hanh ng- li noi va co cu truc tng t nhau + Khac nhau: - KQML khng dung XML con FIPA-ACL thi co - Vi FIPA-ACL dung XML nn no c dung rng rai vi co th m rng cho nhiu h thng khac nhau - FIPA-ACL khng inh nghia cac performative theo kiu s dung thanh phn trung gian nh trong KQML

Cu 29: Ba cach tip cn xy dng phng phap lun phat trin phn mm hng agent: - Phat trin t tri tu nhn tao: (khng chep kip, ban nao chep kip thi b sung jum minh)18

Cu 32: Phng phap lun MASE a. Mi lin h gia task, role, goal: cung nm trong pha phn tich h thng, role phai thc hin cac task hoan thanh goal cua h thng b. C s xac inh cac lp agent: Cc lp agent c nh ngha t cc role v m t trong s lp agent N m t cc lp agent nh l cc hp v cc tnh hung gia chng nh l cc ng thng kt ni cc lp agent.Thng th chng ta xc nh nh x mt mt gia cc role. Tuy nhin, c th tng hp nhiu role trong 1 lp agent n hay nh x mt role n ti nhiu lp agent. T agent tha k cc giao tip gia cc role, bt k ng dn no gia 2 role cng tr thnh tnh hung m thoi gia cc lp tng ng ca chng. c) So sanh cach hinh thanh lp agent va lp i tng trong thit k hng i tng: + Lp agent c biu din ngay trong pha phn tich con lp i tng c xac inh trong pha thit th + Lp agent c xac inh t task, role, goal con lp i tng c xac inh t usecase va stdio + Lp agent co chc nng ro rang va tach bit nhau, thng khng co lp trung gian con lp i tng thng co lp trung gian, lp iu khin, lp bin + Khi hinh thanh lp agent ngi ta quan tm nhiu n kin truc bn trong cua agent con thit k hng i tng thng quan tm n tng tac ngoai d)Thit k phin hi thoai: C th thc hin 2 bc to tnh hung m thoi v ghp cc agent mt cch song song. 2 bc ny gn nh l c lin kt, t khi cu trc agent c nh ngha trong cc agent ghp phi thc hin cc tnh hung hi thoi v cc phng thc xc nh trong vic xy dng cc tnh hung hi thoi. mt tnh hung hi thoi bao gm 2 s lp giao tip, mt cho B khi to v mt cho b p ng. S lp giao tip l mt phn cu cc my mc trng thi hu hn m xc nh 1 tnh hung gia 2 lp agent tham gia. B khi to lun bt u cuc dm thoi = cch gi message u tin. S khc nhau c bn gia cc tnh hung hi thoi v task ng thi l cc task ng thi c th bao gm nhiu tnh hung gia cc role khc nhau v cc task, trong khi cc tnh hung hi thoi l s trao i nh phn gia cc agent ring bit.

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