Agenda Morris LeBlanc: CMC Project update CSCW Ubicomp.
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Transcript of Agenda Morris LeBlanc: CMC Project update CSCW Ubicomp.
Part 3 Presentation next week
15 minutes each (including questions) Load slides onto swiki
Motivation Requirements
learning from users Design
learning from prototyping Evaluation Conclusions Q&A
CSCW
Study how people work together as a group and how technology affects this
Support the social processes of work, whether co-located or distributed
Support the social processes of a group of people communicating or collaborating in any situation
Examples
Awareness of people in your family, community, workplace...
Mobile communication Online discussions, blogs Sharing photos, stories, experiences Recommender systems Playing games
Groupware
Software specifically designed to support group working or playing with cooperative requirements in mind
NOT just tools for communication Groupware can be classified by
when and where the participants are working the function it performs for cooperative work
Specific and difficult problems with groupware implementation
The Time/Space Matrix Classify groupware by:
when the participants are working,at the same time or not
where the participants are working,at the same place or not
Common names for axes:time:
synchronous/asynchronousplace:
co-located/remote
differenttime
sametime
sameplace
differentplace
Time/Space Matrix Examples
Time
Place
Synchronous
Co-located
Asynchronous
Remote
Face-to-face
E-meeting room
Post-it note
Argument. tool
Phone call
Video window,wall
Letter
A More-fleshed Out Taxonomy
A typical space/time matrix (after Baecker, Grudin, Buxton, & Greenberg, 1995, p.742)
Styles of Systems
Computer-mediated communication
Meeting and decision support systems
Shared applications and tools
Computer-mediated Communication (CMC) Aids Examples
Email, Chats, virtual worlds Desktop videoconferencing -- Examples:
CUSee-Me MS NetMeeting SGI InPerson
Food for thought…
Why aren’t videophones more popular? How and when do you use Instant
Messaging? How does this differ from email? What communication technology do you still
want?
Meeting and Decision Support Systems Examples
Corporate decision-support conference room Provides ways of rationalizing decisions, voting,
presenting cases, etc. Concurrency control is important
Shared computer classroom/cluster Group discussion/design aid tools
Shared Applications and Tools
Shared editors, design tools, etc. Want to avoid “locking” and allow multiple
people to concurrently work on document Requires some form of contention resolution How do you show what others are doing?
Food for thought: What applications do you use concurrently
with someone else? Why? Do they work? What applications would you want to use
concurrently with someone else? Why?
Social Issues
People bring in different perspectives and views to a collaboration environment
Goal of CSCW systems is often to establish some common ground and to facilitate understanding and interaction
Turn Taking
There are many subtle social conventions about turn taking in an interaction Personal space, closeness Eye contact Gestures Body language Conversation cues
How is turn taking handled in IM?
In group dynamics, the physical layout of individuals matters a lot “Power positions”
How can you tell power in a videoconference?
Geography, Position
Awareness
What is happening? Who is there?
e.g. IM buddy list What has happened
… and why?
How do you use awareness in IM? What other systems have awareness?
Groupware implementation
Often more complicated feedback and network delays architectures for groupware feedthrough and network traffic robustness and scaling
Groupware Challenges (Grudin)
Who does work vs. who gets benefit The system may require extra effort for people
not really receiving benefit
Critical mass Need enough people before system is
successful
Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for DevelopersBy Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft)http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html
More Grudin challenges
Social, political, and motivational factors Outside factors can affect system success
No “standard procedures” Many procedures and exceptions when it
comes to groups interacting
Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for DevelopersBy Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft)http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html
More Grudin challenges
Infrequent features How often do we actually use groupware
anyway? Solution: add groupware features to existing
individual software
Need to manage deployment and acceptance
Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for DevelopersBy Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft)http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html
Evaluation
Evaluating the usability and utility of CSCW tools is quite challenging Need more participants Logistically difficult Apples - oranges
Often use field studies and ethnographic evaluations to assist
Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for DevelopersBy Jonathan Grudin (now at Microsoft)http://www.ics.uci.edu/~grudin/Papers/CACM94/cacm94.html
Recommendations
Add group features to existing apps Benefit all group members Start with niches were application is highly
needed Consider evaluation and adoption early Expect and plan for development and
evaluation to take longer
Example: TeamSpace
Distributed meeting recording and access system Web interface – groups had workspace, required
username to log in Capture interface – distributed, real time system Access interface – individual review
TeamSpace issues
Implementation was tough! Responsiveness important, but then how to handle
message delivery and conflicts? What to do when network goes down? Debugging was very difficult
Whole group had to agree to be recorded One person needed to record, then all could review Infrequently used – easy to forget it was there Required log in – hard to just try out the system Good evaluation required adoption, which required all
of the above…
Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp)
Move beyond desktop machine
Computing is embedded everywhere in the environment
A new paradigm?? “off the desktop”, “out of the box”, pervasive, invisible,
wearable, calm, anytime/anywhere/any place, …
Ubicomp Notions
Computing capabilities, any time, any place
“Invisible” resources
Machines sense users’ presence and act accordingly
Some videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXuXBROyV-g&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muibPAUvOXk&feature=related
Marc Weiser: The father of ubicomp Chief Technologist Xerox
PARC
Began Ubiquitous Computing Project in 1988
1991 Scientific American article got the ball rolling
http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html
Ubicomp is ...
Related to: mobile computing wearable computing augmented reality
In contrast with: virtual reality
HCI Themes in Ubicomp
Some of the themes: Natural interaction Context-aware computing Automated capture and access Everyday computing
How does interaction change?
More “natural” and situated dialogue Speech & audio Gesture Pen Tangible UIs Distributed & ambient displays
Plus… sensed context …and actuating physical objects
Distributed Displays
The Everywhere Display Project at IBM
Dynamic Shader Lamps – virtual painting on real objectshttp://www.cs.unc.edu/~raskar/Shaderlamps/
Ambient Displays
The Information Percolator http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~hudson/bubbles/
Ambient Orb http://www.ambientdevices.com/
One take on scales
Based on ownership and location
body desk room building
From the GMD Darmstadt web site on I-Land
What is Context?
Any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity
Who, what, where, when
Why is it important? information, usually implicit, that applications
do not have access to It’s input that you don’t get in a GUI
Example: Location services
Outdoor Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) wireless/cellular networks
Indoor active badges, electronic tags vision motion detectors, keyboard activity
How to Use Context
To present relevant information to someone Mobile tour guide
To perform an action automatically Print to nearest printer
To show an action that user can choose Want to phone the number in this email?
Context-aware scenarios
Walk into room, lights, audio, etc. adjust to the presence of people
Communication between people (intercoms, phones, etc. ring to room with person)
Security, emergency calls based on people in the home
Monitor health, alert when needed
Automated capture and access
Use of computers to preserve records of the live experience for future use (Abowd & Mynatt 2000)
Points of consideration: capture needs to be natural user access is important details of an experience are recorded as streams of
information
Capture & access applications
Compelling applications Design records Evidence based care Everyday communication Family memories
Annotations Fusion, indexing, summarization
Designing for Everyday Activities
No clear beginning or end Closure vs. flexibility and simplicity
Interruption is expected Design for resumption
Concurrent activities Monitoring for opportunity
Time is important discriminator Interpret events
Associative models needed Reacquire information from multiple pts of view
Technical Challenges
Connectivity – almost constant How to gracefully handle changes?
Sensing How to gather useful info? (i.e. location?)
Integration and analysis of data How to recognize activity and recover when incorrect? How to function at acceptable speeds?
Scale – both in information and size of displays
Challenge of Evaluation
Bleeding edge technology
Novelty
Unanticipated uses
Quantitative metrics
Variety of social implications/issues