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IntroductionsIntroductions Syllabus Syllabus Policy ReviewPolicy Review What is Biotechnology?What is Biotechnology? General BiologyGeneral Biology AssignmentAssignment
One who asks a question One who asks a question is a fool for five minutes; is a fool for five minutes;
One who does not ask a One who does not ask a question remains a fool question remains a fool foreverforever..
Have you ever...
… Had a “flu shot”?
… received an insulin injection?
… taken a home pregnancy test?
… taken penicillin?
… eaten bread or cheese?
The most exciting phrase to hear The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds in science, the one that heralds the most discoveries, is not the most discoveries, is not "Eureka!" (I found it!) but "That's "Eureka!" (I found it!) but "That's funny..." ~Isaac Asimovfunny..." ~Isaac Asimov
Applications of BiotechApplications of Biotech1. Medical
• Treatment • Diagnosis• Cure?
2. Forensic
3. AgriculturalFood production
4. Evolutionary Studies
In US…In US…
1,473 biotechnology 1,473 biotechnology
companies companies
Biotech industry Biotech industry
employed 198,300 employed 198,300
20032003
The Biotech IndustryThe Biotech Industry
$51 billion a year industry (2005)$51 billion a year industry (2005)
165 drugs and vaccines 165 drugs and vaccines – (370 in clinical trials) (370 in clinical trials)
U.S. revenues $8 billion in 1992 - U.S. revenues $8 billion in 1992 - to $39.2 billion in 2003.to $39.2 billion in 2003.
Fig 22.2b Testing for the expanded trinucleotide Fig 22.2b Testing for the expanded trinucleotide repeat regions in the repeat regions in the huntingtinhuntingtin gene that are gene that are responsible for Huntington’s disease by PCR .responsible for Huntington’s disease by PCR .© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Credit: from Cell 72:971-983 Fig. 7 March 26, 1993, Copyright © 1993 Cell Press
Diagnosis of Huntington’s Disease
Activase (tissue plasminogen activator) heart attack Humulin (Insulin) diabetes
Engerix-B (Hepatitis B Vaccine) hepatitis B infection
Epogen (erythropoietin) anemia
Herceptin Breast Cancer
Reopro cardiac ischemia
Benefix hemophilia
Rituxan non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Medicinal Applications -Approved DrugsProduct Indication
Study of genetic variation underlying differential responses to drugs
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/txg/members/2003/111-11/focus/header.jpg?section=toxicogenomics
Gene TherapyGene Therapy
Insert the working gene into the cells of patient
10 Plus years ago…Ashi DeSilvaEnzyme deficiencyNo Immune System
An eight-cell human pre-embryo.An eight-cell human pre-embryo.
© 2003 John Wiley and
Sons Publishers
Credit: Courtesy Susan Lanzendorf, Ph.D., Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine/Eastern Virginia Medical School
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
Fig 22.11 DNA fingerprints Fig 22.11 DNA fingerprints prepared from DNA prepared from DNA isolated from a bloodstain isolated from a bloodstain at the site of a crime and at the site of a crime and from blood obtained from from blood obtained from three individuals three individuals suspected of committing suspected of committing the crime. the crime.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Credit: Courtesy of Cellmark Diagnostics, Germantown, Maryland.
Forensic ApplicationsForensic Applications
Plant and Animal Plant and Animal ApplicationsApplications
•Pesticide
•Herbicide Resistance
•Growth
•Shelf-life
Resistance to infection
Production of ‘human’ protein
Better growth
Industrial ApplicationsIndustrial Applications
Paper ProductionPaper Production
Food IndustryFood Industry
TanningTanning
FuelFuel
APPLICATIONSBread
Wine
Selective Breeding (Plants and Animals)
Cheese
Reproductive cloning
Genetic fingerprinting
Medicine
Agricultural purposes (food processing)
Applications Continued
Gene therapy
Pollution Control (Bioremediation)
Mining
Energy Production
Forestry
Aquaculture
A SHORT HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Neolithic Age: Move from hunting/gathering to agricultural lifestyle
save the seeds of the best specimens yeast for fermenting foods and beverages.
1665 Robert Hook coined term ‘cell’, thought the function of cell was transport
1675 Leeuwenhookenhanced microscopesfirst to observe bacteria and sperm‘mysterious male contribution stimulating egg to
grow’
1859 Charles Darwin Natural Selection as Means of Evolution
Galapagos Island
Populations change as they adapt to environment New species!
GENE – Never heard of it.
1866: Gregor Mendel Principles of Heredity
Originated the Science of Genetics
Two copies of each ‘factor’
GENE- What you talkin about Willis?
•1869 Miescher discovers/isolates DNA
•1928 Frederic Griffith DNA is ‘transforming principle’
•1944 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty genetic material is composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
194? ChargaffA = T and G = C
1953 Wilkins and Franklin X-ray crystallographs of DNA
1953 Watson and Crickdouble helix structure of DNA
1971 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer , Paul BergRecombinant DNA technologyBoyer becomes co-founder of Genentech,Inc.
makes recombinant insulin.
1982. First rDNA pharmaceutical (insulin) approved for usein the U.S.
1983 Kary Mullis develops PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
1985: First environmental release of genetically engineeredmicroorganisms ("ice-minus" bacteria) approved in the U.S.
1997: Cloning of Dolly
2000: Human Genome Project Complete
AssignmentAssignment
Create a Profile in WebBoardCreate a Profile in WebBoard
Biotech NewsBiotech News
NumbersNumbers
10 billion10 billion– Number of cells humans replace Number of cells humans replace
every dayevery day
Scientific Thought for Scientific Thought for the Daythe Day
Causative?Causative?
Coincidental (Bystander)?Coincidental (Bystander)?
Consequence?Consequence?