Unit 5: Age of Revolutions

Vocabulary

► 1. Scientific Revolution: Change in European thought starting in mid 1500s, where there was study of natural world by observation and questioning of accepted beliefs.

► 2. Scientific Method: Logical procedure for gathering info about the natural world by using experimentation and observation.

► 3. Heliocentric: Theory earth and other planets revolve around the sun.

► 4. Enlightenment: European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society.

► 5. Natural Law: Laws that come from nature and are binding between people and the government.

In what ways was the Scientific Revolution a rejection of traditional authority?

► They began to challenge the idea of ancient thinkers and the church.

Explain how each of the following challenged traditional authority:

► 1. Copernicus: Learned that the stars and earth revolved around the sun.

► 2. Galileo: Looked through the telescope and supported Copernicus.

► 3. Newton: Developed laws of gravity.► 4. Descartes: Reason rather than tradition

should be the way to discover the truth.

Science and the Enlightenment

► Used reason to explain why things happened in the physical universe, natural laws that govern human behavior

► Rationalism: is the belief that logical thought can lead to truth

What did each of the Enlightenment thinkers do?

Thomas Hobbes

► There was a Social Contract between people and their government. All humans acted in their own self interests so the best government was an absolute monarchy.

John Locke

► People are born with 3 natural rights- life, liberty and property.

► Government is there to protect peoples rights and if it doesn’t do it, they need to change the government.

Baron de Montesquieu

► Separation of powers.► Government needs to have different

branches, so that no one person has too much power.

► Checks and Balances.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

► Only good government was 1 that was freely formed by the people.

► Government works for the general will of the people.

How did the ideas of the Enlightenment impact Europe?

► People began to question established beliefs and customs.

How did governments respond to the spread of Enlightened ideas?

► Government & church leaders censored Enlightened ideas and threw thinkers into prison, and banned their books.

What is an Enlightened Despot?

► 18th Century European monarch, which would still have absolute monarch, but try to use its power to reform society.

Enlightened Despots:

► 1. Maria Theresa: Improved tax system, forced all people to pay.

► 2. Joseph II: Modernized government, choose people based on ability not social status.

► 3. Catherine the Great: Wanted to modernize and westernize Russia. Asked the people for advice.

Political Revolutions► 1. Estates General: An assembly of representatives

from all 3 estates or social classes.► 2. National Assembly: Frances congress

established by members of the 3rd Estate to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people.

► 3. Maximilian Robespierre: Dictator who ruled France with a Reign of Terror.

► 4. Napoleon Bonaparte: Emperor of France who led the empire to take over many lands.

► 5. Napoleanic Code: Legal code that included many Enlightenment ideas, such as equality of citizens and religious toleration.

The French Revolution:

► Explain the Basic Causes of the French Revolution:

Absolute Monarchy

► King had total power. ► King often failed to listen to others and had

little patience.► People were denied basic rights and any say

in government.► Spent extravagantly leading to high taxes.

Social Inequality

► There were 3 estates with the 1st and 2nd estates (church and nobles) being granted privileges while the 3rd estate had very few rights and had to pay the highest percentage of taxes.

Economic Injustices

► 3rd estate paid most of the taxes, and they were the people who were the poorest and had very little way to make money.

Enlightenment

► People in the 3rd Estate began to believe that their ideas should spread and be able to question the government and tradition.

English and American Examples

► English:► Magna Carta and Parliament limited the

power of monarchs► English Bill of Rights

► American:► American Revolution used Enlightened

ideals to break free from Great Britain

Describe the French Revolution

► First Stage: What was the National Assembly and its purpose:▪ Delegates of the Estates who were trying to

change the government.▪ Pass laws and reforms in the name of the

French people.

What happened July 14th 1789?

► Fall of the Bastille.► Considered the beginning of the French

Revolution.

What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man?

► Statement of individual rights.► All people have basic rights.► Men are born free and equal.

Second Stage:

► How did the Constitution of 1791 define the purpose of the new government?▪ Limited monarchy and representative assembly.

How did the rest of Europe react to the news of the French Revolution?

► Monarchs and rulers were afraid it would happen to them.

► Nobles were afraid that it would happen in their country.

Third State: Radicals

► What was the slogan of the radicals?▪ Republic by virtue. “Liberty, Equality and

Fraternity”.

What was the Reign of Terror?

► The elimination of those that were against the Revolution by Robespierre.

How did the radical stage end?

► Robespierre went to the guillotine.

Fourth Stage- Directory

► Why was the Directory a failure?▪ It was weak and inefficient.▪ Rising bread prices brought about riots.

Fifth Stage: Napoleon

► How did Napoleon come to power?▪ Coup d'état.

Napoleon’s Achievements

► Economic: Controlled prices, supported new industry, and built roads and canals

► Education: established a gov’t supervised public school system

► Napoleonic Code: legal code of equality for citizens and religious toleration

What were the only nations that Napoleon was unable to conquer?

► 1. Britain because of their navy.► 2. Russia because of the winter.

Why did Napoleon's empire begin to fall?

► Nationalism: People began to look at the French as oppressors.

► Alliance of Russia, Britain , Austria and Prussia.

► Invasion of Russia in the winter.

Effects of the French Revolution

► Democratic Ideals: ► Napoleon’s conquest spread ideals of

democracy through Europe; wanted liberty from absolute rulers

► Liberty, Equality, Fraternity► Nationalism:

► People replaced loyalty to their monarch with pride in their nation

Latin American leaders of independence movements:

► 1. Toussaint L’Overture: Former slave who took control of Haiti and freed all enslaved Africans. Was aware of Enlightenment ideas.

► 2. Simon Bolivar: Helped lead Venezuela to its independence. Used French Revolution and Enlightenment to get his ideas.

Reaction Against Revolutionary Ideas

► 1. Conservatism: Protecting traditional monarchies.

► 2. Nationalism: People’s loyalty to their country, not king or queen.

► 3. Oligarchy: Group of leaders of a country.

Congress of Vienna

► What was its purpose?▪ Establish long-lasting peace and stability on the

continent.

How did the Congress attempt to meet each of its goals?

► To prevent France from going to war again, they would surround France with strong countries.

► To return Europe to the way it was in 1792, before Napoleon, they would restore Europe’s royal families to their throne.

► To protect the new system and maintain peace, create the Concert of Paris an organization to maintain peace in Europe.

New Revolutions in Europe?

► Describe the Causes of the Revolutions of 1830 & 1848► Liberalism: People opposed the power of

monarchs and sought democratic reforms► Nationalism: People wanted independent

nation-states that were free from foreign rule

Revolution of 1830

► France: Successfully revolted against the monarch’s attempt at absolutism and created a constitutional monarchy.

► Belgium: attempt for independence was successful

► Italy: attempt for independence was not successful

► Poland: attempt for independence was not successful

Revolution of 1848

► France: King Louis Philippe was corrupt, leading to a revolution where he stepped down, creating a republic

► Austrian Empire: Student revolt supported by working class caused a revolution, but was eventually stopped by the army

► Italy and Germany: Revolts were successful in Italy for a short time, but in Germany, efforts failed as revolutionaries turned on each other.

Absolutism in Czarist Russia

► What was the impact of the French Revolution on Russia?▪ Russia changed very little- Czars attempted to

keep it out.

What political conditions existed in Czarist Russia?

► It needed to modernize and industrialize.

Social Conditions of Russia

► Russia’s Feudal System: Powerful nobles resisted change, middle class too small to have any influence, while serfs were bound to the land

► Freeing the Serfs: They understood that the country needed to modernize and industrialize

Russification: What is it and how did Russian Czars attempt to deal with Russia’s ethnic

diversity?► Russification is making everyone follow

Russian culture.► Alexander III persecuted non-Russians.► Pogroms were violent attacks on Jews.

Instability in Latin America: Factors that hurt Latin America from revolutions:

► 1. Geographic Barriers: Things like Andes Mountains led to difficulty uniting.

► 2. Social Injustice: Colonial class structure remained intact.

► 3. Military rulers: No experience governing themselves because of colonial empires.

► 4. Power of the Church: Still owned and controlled land and preserved old order.

Economic Problems

► 1. Cash Crop Economies: When a country depends on 1 crop, droughts, crop failure or falling prices can devastate an economy.

► 2. Economic Imperialism: Only upper classes and foreign investors profited because of rigid class structure.

Global Nationalism

► 1. Mazzini: leader of Young Italy. Unify Italy.► 2. Cavour: Prime Minister of Italy. Wanted to gain

control of Northern Italy.► 3. Garibaldi: Leader of the Red Shirts. Unify Italy.► 4. Otto von Bismarck: Chancellor of Prussia.

German unification. Blood and Iron.► 5. Pan-Slavism: Slavic people who shared a

common nationality wanted to unite.

What two effects can Nationalism have on a country or region?

► 1. Break up an empire.► 2. Unite a country.

Explain how the following people helped to unify Italy:

► Mazzini: Created Young Italy, writings and speeches provided inspiration.

► Cavour: Used diplomacy and war to drive Austria out of Italy.

► Garibaldi: Soldier who led forces in the South to unite the North.

Problems in Italy after Unification

► Urban north quarreled with the rural south► Catholic Church resisted the new

government ► Unrest grew in the late 1800s

How did Napoleon’s conquests help unite Germany?

► Feelings of nationalism stirred in those Germans that wanted to be free from French rule

What German state led the Unification movement?

► Prussia

Why did Bismarck want to Unify Germany?

► His loyalty to make the Prussian King ruler of a strong and united German state

What did Bismarck mean by “Blood and Iron”?

► Blood and Iron was how to unify Germany. Blood was the blood of soldiers and Iron was building up of the military.

What is Zionism?

► Movement to build a Jewish state.

How is Zionism a result of increasing Nationalism in Europe?

► Because people became intolerant of outsiders and they began to kill Jews.

Nationalism in Asia

► India

What country controlled India?

► Britain

What was the Indian National Congress?

► Formed by nationalist leaders trying to unify India and get power.

What was Congress looking to achieve?

► 1st, equal opportunity to serve in government.

► Then, greater democracy and western style modernization, looking to self rule.

What was the Muslim League?

► Formed by Muslims who grew distrustful of Indian National Congress because it was Hindu.

What were the goals of the Muslim League?

► 1. Protect own rights and interests.► 2. Setting up a separate Muslim state

(Pakistan).

Turkey

► Who were the Young Turks & what did they achieve► A young group of liberals in the 1890s

that wanted to strengthen the Ottoman empire and end the threat of western imperialism

► 1908, overthrew the sultan and took control of the gov’t

Turkey

► Armenian Massacre ► Young Turks supported nationalism► Muslim Turks turned against Christian

Armenians living in the Ottoman empire► Accused the Armenians of plotting with

Russia against Ottoman empire, the Turks killed over 1 million Armenians over the next 25 years

Nationalism and Conflict in the Balkans

► List all different nationalities located in the Balkans.▪ Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians, Romanians.

What did European nations hope to gain from a declining Ottoman Empire?

► Gain land.

How do you think Russia’s support of Pan-Slavism was received by other European countries? Why?

► Fear: Concern because of the Slavic population and their alliance with Russia.

Economic and Social Revolutions

► 1. Agrarian Revolution: Change of methods of farming.► 2. Industrial Revolution: Change in making goods from

hand made to machine made.► 3. Laissez-Faire: Idea the government shouldn’t interfere

with or regulate industries and businesses.► 4. Adam Smith: Supply and demand, law of competition,

law of self interest. Wealth of Nations.► 5. Socialism: Economic system in which the factors of

production are owned by the public and operate for welfare of all.

► 6. Karl Marx: Came up with idea of Socialism (Communism)

The Agrarian Revolution

In 1750, how did most people live?

► They lived on farms, making everything that they needed (Self-sufficient)

How did each of the following help cause the Industrial Revolution?

► Agrarian Revolution: led to newer, better ways to grow crops, making less farmers needed, people could eat more, live longer, creating a larger population and more workers.

► Enclosure: Led to larger amounts of crops as farming became more efficient.

► Population Explosion: More people to work, as the food became more plentiful and people lived longer and babies were born healthier.

► Energy Revolution: Allowed for things to be produced quickly as they used water and coal.

► Geography: Britain had coal and iron ore, and was located near water which was key.

► Capital: $ which was needed to build factories and Britain had it from its overseas empire.

Factory System and Mass Production

Before the Industrial Revolution, where was the primary location for industry?

► In the home.

Why were the 1st factories created?

► Goods were produced in large quantities, quickly.

How were the new machines powered?

► Water and coal.

What is mass production?

► Making the same product over and over, quickly and at a low cost.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Describe Laissez-Faire economics:

► Economic policy in which the government lets businesses do what they need to do to survive and not get involved in the decision making process.

Why was this a popular thought among the manufacturing class?

► They could make more money.

How are corporations created?

► People (entrepreneurs) will sell stock to raise $ to build factories, buy materials, etc. In return, people who buy stock get to share in the profits.

What led to their creation?

► The need for $ to build factories and to build up their businesses.

How did the Industrial Revolution change the following classes?

► Upper- Became made up of original wealthy landowners, and new business owners (factory owners, merchants and bankers)

► Middle- large middle class, neither rich nor poor emerged. Somewhat comfortable standard of living.

► Lower- Poor, little improvement in working/living conditions.

What is Urbanization?

► Urbanization is the growth of cities.

How did the Industrial Revolution lead to Urbanization?

► Factories developed in clusters of areas where there was energy. People would then move to these areas looking for jobs.

Describe the working conditions of a 19th Century factory.

► Long hours (14 hours a day)► 6 day weeks.► Not well lit.► Easily injured.► If injured and couldn’t work, no pay.

How did the Industrial Revolution improve transportation?

► Steam engine, steamboat came about.► Roads, canals and railroads were built to get

natural resources to factories to make products, then ship products to cities.

Why did various philosophies spring up as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

► Liberalism: Wanted to give more political power to the ELECTED parliaments.

► Conservatism: Wanted to give more political power to the monarchs.

► Social Darwinism: Survival of the Fittest.

Socialism

► Economic system in which factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.

What happens to private property under socialism?

► The state owns all of the property.

What were the 4 main ideas of Marxism?

► 1. History was a class struggle between wealthy capitalists and the working class.

► 2. In order to make profits, capitalists took advantage of proletariat.

► 3. The proletariat would eventually rise up and overthrow the capitalists creating their own society.

► 4. Proletariat society would take control of the means of production and establish a classless, communist society in which power and wealth are shared equally.

Who are the Proletariat?

► The working class.

Education and the Arts

► Industry and Education: taught children to read, write, and obedience

► Romanticism: a reaction to the impersonal nature of industrial society

► Realism: showed the harsh side of industrialization (Charles Dickens)

British Reform Legislation► Right to Vote:

► 1829: Catholics could vote, hold office► 1867: Vote to working class men► 1884: Voting for farmers► 1918: Voting for Women

► Workers Rights:► 1825: Trade unions legalized► 1840-1925:

► limits on child labor and hours for women and children

► Regulations on safety, minimum wage, accident insurance

Global Impact of Industrialization

How did the Industrial Revolution effect the migration of people throughout the world?

► Improvements in transportation led to easier movement for people. Also, people started going to places looking for better social and political conditions.▪ Ex) Polish and Germans went to the US, Russian

Jews left Eastern Europe.

How did the British policy contribute to mass starvation in Ireland?

► Potatoes were the main crop, supported their food.

► Wheat and oats were taken to England.► A disease destroyed the potato crop in

1845, but the British continued taking products out of Ireland.

► Led to mass starvation and about 1 million Irish dying and millions of others moving to the US and Canada.

How did Industrialism lead to a global marketplace?

► New powers emerged around the world.► As these powers emerged, they competed

for their share of wealth around the world.► Led to a new imperialism.

Japan and the Meiji Restoration

What is the Meiji Restoration?

► Rapid period of modernization and industrialization in Japan.

Prior to 1853, why was Japan isolated from the rest of the world?

► It had been banned from contact by the Tokugawa Shoguns.

► They were ethnocentric.

Describe how Japan was finally opened for world trade.

► American warships sailed to Japan and presented a letter to the Japanese from the US president demanding that Japan open up. (Matthew Perry)

What was the Treaty of Kenagwa?

► Opened 2 Japanese ports to US ships.

What impact did it have on Japan?

► 1. Some Japanese felt the Shogun showed weakness in front of foreigners by agreeing to the treaty.

► 2. Some Japanese felt the need to modernized to compete with the industrialized world.

► 3. A rebellion overthrew the Shogun, restored the emperor to power and launched Japan on a road to modernization and industrialization.

Describe how each of the following led to the modernization and industrialization of Japan.

1. Borrowing from the West: They learned about the west’s government, economy, technology and customs.

2. Economic Development: Used western methods and machinery to develop an industrial economy. Government built factories and sold them to wealthy families.

3. Strong Central Government: Chose Germany as a model. Emperor had autocratic power and there was a 2 house legislature.

4. Military Power: Modernized the army and navy. All men had to enter into military service.

5. Social Change: Public education was going to teach modern technology, while women faced inequality.

How did Japan seek to overcome its lack of natural resources?

► Imperialism: Taking over other areas looking for their raw materials.

Imperialism

► Domination of 1 country politically, economically, and/or culturally of another country or region.

How was New Imperialism different from Old Imperialism?

► Old Imperialism: From 1500-1800, established colonies.

► New Imperialism: From 1870-1914, focused on Africa and Asia, in attempts to take over weakened states.

Causes of Imperialism: How did each of the following lead to New Imperialism:

► Nationalism: Idea that their country was superior. They had the right to take over weaker countries.

► Social Darwinism: Survival of the fittest. Stronger nations dominate weaker ones.

► Military Motives: Needed bases to resupply ships. A nation with many colonies had power and security.

► Economic Motives: Raw materials to supply factories. Needed foreign markets to sell finished products. Looking for places to invest.

► Science: New weapons, medicines, ships.► The White Man’s Burden: White imperialists

had a moral duty to educate people in nations considered less developed.

British In India

By the mid 1800s, who controlled India?

► British East India Company

What was the Sepoy Rebellion?

► Uniting of Hindus and Muslims to unite against the British.

How is the Sepoy Rebellion a turning point in Indian-British relations?

► British government took direct command of India which led to the eventual independence of India.

The Scramble for Africa

Why did Europeans meet in Berlin in 1884?

► To set up rules for colonizing Africa.► The Africans were not invited.► There was no regard for the people who

lived there.

Southern Africa

What African tribe controlled South Africa before Europeans arrived?

► Zulu

Who were the Boers?

► Dutch farmers.

What was the outcome of the Boer War?

► The British won control after suffering heavy losses.

Imperialism in China

Why was the Opium War fought in China?

► Because the Chinese didn’t want opium brought into their country and the British wanted to keep trade open in China.

What were the terms of the Treaty of Nanjing?

► 1. China had to pay for Britain’s war cost.► 2. British got Hong Kong.► 3. China had to open ports to British trade.

What are Spheres of Influence?

► An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges in another country.

Describe each of the following responses to European imperialism in China:

► 1. The Taping Rebellion: Chinese peasants rose up because of their poverty and corrupt Qing officials.

► 2. The Boxer Rebellion: Boxers assaulted foreign communities across China trying to get them out.

► 3. Sun Yixian and the Chinese Revolution: Chinese nationalism. Wanted to end foreign domination.

Effects on the Colonies

Short term effects: Some effects were immediate:

► Large number of Asian and African countries under foreign rule.

► Local economies dependent on foreign powers.

► Nations introduced changed to meet imperialist challenges.

► Resistance of European domination.► Western culture spreads.

Long Term: Other effects took longer:

► Western culture influenced the world.► Transportation, medicine and education

improved.► Resistance to imperial rule led to nationalist

movement.► Economies became cash crops.

Effects on Europe and the world: How the West changed because of Imperialism:

► West discovered new crops, food.► West introduced new cultural influences.► Competition for empires. Led to wars.► Industrial nations controlled the new global

economy.