Age of industry in america
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Transcript of Age of industry in america
AGE OF INDUSTRY IN AMERICATRAINS, STEEL, CORPORATIONS
ANDUNIONS
WHAT IS A NETWORK? ◦A SYSTEM OF CONNECTED LINES USED FOR BUILDING RAILROADS Brought benefits to shippers in the U.S.
How did Train companies help train schedules? ◦Railroads setup a system of standardized
time zones in 1883.
RAILROADS AND INDUSTRY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDWHM00sZJc
THE TIME ZONES
Here we go: ◦ Q: If you were living in Pennsylvania and wanted to call
your brother in California during his lunch break (Noon), what time would you call from in Pennsylvania?
◦ A: 3:00pm
◦ Q: If you were in Chicago and you wanted to call your buddy in Las Vegas, NV at 9:00pm his/her time what time would you call?
◦ A: 10:00pm
A LITTLE FUN WITH TIME ZONES
GEORGE PULLMAN◦ INVENTOR OF THE RAILROAD SLEEPING CAR
INCLUDED: BATHROOMS, DINING CARS, BEDS
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE◦ INVENTOR OF THE AIR BRAKE
ALLOWED TRAINS TO STOP ON A DIME AND CAUSED LESS CRASHES TO HAPPEN ON THE RAILS.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THERAILS
PROBLEM: ◦ TO MANY COMPANIES EQUALED LESS PROFITS
ANSWER:◦ CONSOLIDATE OR COMBINE
RAILROAD COMPANIES COMBINED TO FORM LARGE COMPANIES
HURTING THE FARMERS: ◦ COMPANIES GAVE REBATES TO LARGE COMPANIES FOR
SHIPPING LARGE ITEMS◦ FARMERS WERE GIVEN LESS REBATES BECAUSE THEY
SHIPPED LITTLE
HURTING THE FARMERS, HELPING THE
CORPORATIONS
WHAT ARE POOLS? • DUE TO THE LARGE NUMBER OF COMPANIES IN THE UNITED STATES• COMPANIES CONSOLIDATED
•PROBLEM: • COMPETITION WAS HARSH AND “CUT THROAT”
•ANSWER: • COMPANIES SEPARATED INTO REGIONS AND CHARGED AND
“POOLED” THEIR PRICES TOGETHER TO CHARGE ONE PRICE.
• HURT FARMERS BECAUSE THEY HAD TO PAY HIGH PRICES FOR LITTLE SUPPLIES, WHEREAS CORPORATIONS PAID THE SAME PRICE FOR LARGER BULK ITEMS.
HOW DO WE MAKE STEEL? ◦ BESSEMER PROCESS
ENABLED STEELMAKERS TO PRODUCE STRONG STEAL AT A LOWER COST.
WHO WAS ANDREW CARNEGIE? ◦ STEEL MOGUL ◦ STARTED THE IDEA OF VERTICAL INTEGRATION
ACQUIRING CONTROL OF ALL THE STEPS REQUIRED TO CHANGE RAW MATERIALS INTO FINISHED PRODUCTS
GOSPEL OF WEALTH ◦ BELIEF THAT THE RICH HAD A DUTY TO HELP THE POOR
AND IMRPOVE SOCIETY
GROWTH OF THE STEEL INDUSTRY
ANDREW CARNEGIE: MAN OF STEEL
WHAT IS A CORPORATION? ◦ A BUSINESS THAT IS OWNED BY INVESTORS
WHAT IS A STOCK? ◦ SHARES OF A CORPORATION
WHAT IS A DIVIDEND? ◦ SHARES OF A CORPORATIONS PROFIT
RISE OF CORPORATIONS
WHO WAS J. PIERPONT MORGAN?
◦ THE MOST POWERFUL BANKER OF THE LATE 1800’S
◦ USED BANKING PROFITS TO GAIN CONTROL OF MAJOR CORPORATIONS
THE BANKING INDUSTRY
WHO WAS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER?
◦ PENNSYLVANIAN OIL TYCOON WHO USED OIL TO MAKE KEROSENE USES
HEATING, LIGHT FUEL John D. Rockefeller
◦ CREATED THE CALLED STANDARD OIL USED PROFITS FROM HIS REFINERIES TO BUY UP ALL
OTHER REFINERIES Conspiracy of Standard oil
ROCKEFELLER’S STANDARD OIL
WHAT IS A TRUST? ◦ A GROUP OF CORPORATIONS THAT ARE RUN BY A SINGLE
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
WHAT IS A MONOPOLY? ◦ WHEN A CORPORATIONS CONTROLS ALL OR NEARLY ALL
THE BUSINESSES INAN INDUSTRY.
HOW DID GOVERNMENTS COMBAT TRUSTS AND MONOPOLIES? ◦ SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT OF 1890
COMBATTING TRUSTS AND
MONOPOLIES
1866◦ Cyrus Fields runs cable underwater in the Atlantic
Ocean
◦ Impact: The United States and Europe was brought together
through this invention.
TRANSATLANTIC CABLE
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL◦ SCOTTISH BORN TEACHER OF THE DEAF◦ WANTED TO TRANSMIT SOUND◦ CREAT ION OF THE TELEPHONE
SPILLED BATTERY ACID ON HIMSELF AND CALLED FOR HIS ASSISTANT TO COME HELP HIM AND “Mr. Watson come here, I want you!”
THE TELEPHONE
THOMAS EDISON◦ ‘THE INVENTION FACTORY”
MENLO PARK, NEW JERSEY
◦ INVENTIONS: MOTION PICTURE PROJECTOR ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Short Story of Thomas Edison
THOMAS EDISON
HENRY FORD ◦ CREATOR OF THE “AFFORDABLE “AUTOMOBILE
◦ ASSEMBLY LINE CREATED IN 1913 METHOD OF PRODUCTION, WORKERS ARE
STATIONED IN ONE PLACE AS PRODUCTS EDGE ALONG ON A MOVING BELT
◦ MASS PRODUCTION MAKING LARGE QUANTITIES OF A PRODUCT
QUICKLY AND CHEAPLY
BECOMING MOBILE
THE ASSEMBLY LINE
ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT◦ EXPERIMENTED WITH ANOTHER NEW METHOD OF
TRANSPORTATION FLYING!
◦ TESTED FIRST FLYING MACHINE ON DECEMBER 17, 1903 CALLED THE “FLYING MACHINE” FLEW FOR 12 SECOND WITH A DISTANCE OF 120 FEET
LET’S ALL GO AIRBORNE!
Gonna FLY NOW!!!
LABORERS IN THE LATE 1800’S◦ WORKERS
MOSTLY NATIVE BORN WHITE MEN LEFT THE FARMS FOR LUCRATIVE JOBS IN THE CITIES
◦ OTHER TYPES OF WORKERS: AFRICAN AMERICAN-MIGRATED FROM SOUTH IMMIGRANTS-LARGE NUMBERS
EUROPE ASIA MEXICO
EARNED LESS WAGES THAN NATIVE BORN WHITE-MEN
LABOR IN THE AGE OF INDUSTRY
WORKPLACE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR◦ FACTORIES WERE SMALL AND FAMILY RUN
AFTER THE WAR CIVIL WAR THINGS CHANGED◦ WORKERS STOOD ALL DAY AND WORKED◦ LOUD NOISY MACHINES ◦ WORKED FOR WAGES FIXED BY BOSSES
SWEATSHOP WORKPLACE WHERE PEOPLE LABOR LONG HOURS
IN POOR CONDITIONS FOR LOW PAY
WORKERS AND EMPLOYERS
CHILD LABOR
◦ CENSUS BUREAU REPORT: NEARLY 2 MILLION CHILDREN UNDER AGE 15 WORKED
THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY
◦ PROBLEMS WITH WORK LACK OF SCHOOLING=NO CHANCE TO BETTER THEIR LIFE
DANGERS OF THE WORKPLACE
◦ Dust filled the air hurting the lungs◦ Cave-ins and gas explosions◦ Owners more concerned with profit than
safety Example: one year 195 workers killed in Pittsburgh alone!
CHILD LABOR AND DANGER
KNIGHTS OF LABOR http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SteWSnKVhOE◦ UNION OPENED TO SKILLED WORKERS ONLY◦ TERENCE POWDERLY WAS FIRST PRESIDENT
OPENED MEMEBERSHIP TO WOMEN BLACKS IMMIGRANTS UNSKILLED WORKERS
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR◦ LED BY SAMUEL GOMPERS◦ OPENED TO SKILLED WORKERS ONLY◦ LIMITED GOALS
SHORTER HOURS, IMPROVED WAGES, COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:
RIGHTS OF UNIONS TO NEGOTIATE WITH MANAGEMENT FOR WORKERS AS A GROUP.
WORKERS ORGANIZE
HAYMARKET RIOTS◦ MCCORMICK HARVESTER COMPANY WORKERS
GO ON STRIKE◦ COMPANY HIRES STRIKEBREAKERS
REPLACEMENTS FOR STRIKING WORKERS WORKERS CLASH WITH POLICE
4 WORKERS WERE KILLED
◦ NEXT DAY: WORKERS CLASH WITH POLICE IN HAYMARKET
SQUARE-CHICAGO ANACRCHISTS
PEOPLE WHO OPPOSE ALL FORMS OF GOVERNMENT; SETOFF A BOMB THAT KILLS MANY AND WOUNDING OTHERS
RESULT: KNIGHTS OF LABOR LOSE MEMBERSHIP
EVENTS OF THE INDUSTRY
IN 1911,
◦ FIRE BROKE OUT IN THE TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FACTORY IN CHICAGO
◦ WORKERS RACED FOR THE DOORS TO FIND THEM LOCKED! RESULT:
WORKERS RAN INTO DOORS BLOCKING THE DOORS WITH THEIR BODIES
OVERALL RESULT: NEARLY 150 PEOPLE, MOSTLY WOMEN LOST THEIR LIVES
EFFECT: IMPROVED SAFETY LAWS ENACTED
THE TRIANGLE FIRE
THE TRAGEDY OF THE FIRE