Unit VI: The Renaissance, European Exploration, and the Tudors
Age of Exploration and Discovery in the Renaissance New Empires in the East and West.
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Transcript of Age of Exploration and Discovery in the Renaissance New Empires in the East and West.
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Age of Exploration and Discovery in the
Renaissance
New Empires in the East and West
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On the Brink of a New WorldThose who had gone before…MAYBE
• Magical Kingdom of Prester John (12th century tale that a Christian kingdom existed in the East)
• Travelogues of Marco Polo (13TH century - Asia) • The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century – Supposed
adventures in the East)
Motives: God, Glory, GoldEconomic motives
• Access to the East – spices, silk, coffee• The New World of the West – gold, silver, coffee, sugar,
tobacco
National and personal pride/fameReligious Zeal
• Jesuits, Franciscans, Dominicans,
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Means
Centralization of political authority Maps
new maps – more advanced cartography
Ships and SailingNaval technology – compass, astrolabe, back-staff, lateen (triangular) sail coupled with square sailIncreased size and structure of ships Knowledge of wind patterns
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Ptolemy’s World Map ca. 150 A.D.
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Ortelius - 1579
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Mercator – 1596
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A Seventeenth-Century World Map
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Sundial & Compass
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Mariner’s Astrolabe
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Back-StaffCross-Staff
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The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
In Search of SpicesTravel the coast of Africa searching for all-water route
1511 – Albuquerque wants to control Malacca = destroy Arab trade & provide a way station on route to Moluccas (Spice Islands)
Reasons for SuccessExcellent naval technology
More advanced weaponry (gun ships)
Unable to maintain long-term empire abroadLacked the power as a European nation
Lacked the population necessary to expand abroad
Lacked the desire to colonize Asia
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So why was Spain able to Succeed?
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Map 14.1: Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – decreed by Spanish pope Alexander VI, that all trade to the west go to Spain and to the east to Portugal.
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Slaughter of the Natives
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The Spanish Empire in the New World
Administration of the Spanish EmpireEncomienda – natives = subjects of Castile (taxed and put to work) to be protected, paid and spiritually supervised – instead they were exploited and abused
• Anton Montecino and Bartholome las Casas decry abuse• Encomienda abolished in 1542!!
Viceroys &– chief civil and military officer to the king (in Mexico City and Lima)audiencias – advisory group that also functioned as supreme judicial bodyThe Church – Spanish monarchs allowed to appoint bishops & clergy, build churches, collect fees, supervise religious orders in New World; Spanish Inquisition in Peru (1570) and Mexico (1571)
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Consequences: intended or otherwise
In your opinion, in what way(s) did exploration of 15th and 16th centuries impact the conquerors and the conquered the most
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Price Revolution (aka Inflation)Price revolution (a very slow “revolution”)
rise in prices = fall in value of currency Causes for the Price Revolution “Bullionism” influx of gold & silver bullion, provided primarily by Spain Increase in population also increases demand for land and food = higher prices
Who suffers from higher prices?Peasant and laborer wages rose the least = drop in standard of livingSome governments – excessive borrowing from bankers = new and higher taxes
Who benefits?Landowners and Entrepreneurs profit from higher rents, higher prices, bigger markets, and cheap labor costs
Increased Social TensionContinuing cracks in breakdown of feudal society; clergy vs. laity, nobility vs. peasantry, urban elite vs. guilds/artisans