ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti eTnologiis saswavlo-samecniero instituti

roland TofCiSvili

afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebis eTnogenezis Sesaxeb

 

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2015

2

UDC(uak) 39(=352.2)+39(=352.3) T - 778

Roland Topchishvili.To the question of the ethno-genesis of

Abkhazian-Adigean ethnic contacts. Роланд Топчишвили. Об этногенезе абхазо-адыгских

этнических общностей. wignSi saistorio, eTnologiuri, lingvisturi da sxva

mecnierebis monacemebis safuZvelze dadgenilia, rom enobrivad monaTesave eTnosebis _ afxazebis, abazebis, ubixebis da adiRelebis/Cerqezebis/yabardoelebis wina-parTa Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis areali CrdiloeTiT iyo: azovis zRvis mimdebare aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi arealebi, donis SesarTavi delta, CrdiloeTi Savi-zRvispireTi da samxreT ukraina. afxazebisa da adiRe-elebis eTnogenezSi monawileoba miiRes meotebma (pro-toadiReelebma), iranulenovanma momTabareebma da qarT-velurma erTobebma (zanebma da svanebma).

redaqtori: salome baxia-oqruaSvili

recenzentebi:

nugzar mgelaZe naTia jalabaZe

    ©roland TofCiSvili, 2015  

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2015

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge

ISBN 978-9941-22-483-6 

3

zogadad afxazur-adiReur eTnikur erTobaTa Sesaxeb

afaxzebi samxreT kavkasiaSi, saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi mcxovrebi patara eTnosia. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde maTi raodenoba 90 aTasi kaci iyo. afxazeTSi ruseTis Sesvlas daumorCilebloba da afxa-zTa osmaleTis imperiaSi gadasaxleba moyva. pirveli muhajirobis dros (1867 wels) 19 342 kaci gadasaxlda, meore muhajirobis dros (1877 weli) _ 31 964 kaci. afxazebTan enobrivad Zalze axlos arian CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi abazebi (1989 wlis aRweriT _ 27 500 kaci). afxazebs CrdiloeTiT emezoblebodnen ubi-xebi. isini mdinareebs Saxesa da xostas Soris cxov-robdnen. 1884 wels ubixebi mTlianad aiyarnen da os-maleTSi gadasaxldnen. dReisaTvis ubixuri ena aRar arsebobs. osmaleTSi isini Cerqezebs Seerivnen da asi-milirdnen. aRniSnul eTnikur jgufTa enobriv monaTesaveebs warmoadgenen adiReelebi, romlebic muhajirobamde CrdiloeT kavkasiis yvelaze did eTnoss warmoadgend-nen. dRevandeli nomenklaturiT isini iyofian da Sesa-bamisad aRiricxebian adiReelebad, yabardoelebad da Cerqezebad. 2002 wlis monacemebiT ruseTis federaciaSi 131 aTasi adiReeli iyo aRricxuli, yabardoelad saku-Tari Tavis identificirebas 500 aTasi kaci axdenda. yabardoelTa lokalur jgufad miiCnevian `mozdokeli adiReelebi~ (daaxloebiT 14-15 aTasi). danarCeni adiRe-elebisagan ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdebian, rom isini qristianebi arian. faqtobrivad eTnikuri yabardoelebi arian Cerqezebad identificirebulni (maT Semadgen-lobaSi arian e. w. beslenelebic). Cerqezebis raodenoba 50 aTasia. adiReelebi muhajirobamde 14 teritoriuli erTeulisagan Sedebodnen, romelTagan winaparTa gan-saxlebis arealSi mxolod ramdenime SemorCa. eseni arian bJeduxebi, TemirRoelebi da abaZexebi...

4

naSromis ZiriTadi debuleba

             sxvadasxva wyaroebis da mecnierebis mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT, winamdebare naSromSi naCvenebia, rom af-xazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebis (afxaz-abazebi, ubixebi/jiqebi, adiReelebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi) eTnogenezi moxda ara maTi Sua saukuneebSi gansax-lebis arealSi (SavizRvispireTsa da Crdilo-dasav-leT kavkasiaSi), aramed kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT _ azovispireTSi, donis SesarTavTan, yirimsa da sam-xreT ukrainaSi. afxazuri da adiReuri eTnosebis eT-nogenezSi sul cota samma eTnikurma komponentma mi-iRo monawileoba: protoadiReelebma/meotebma, ira-nulenovanma momTabareebma da qarTvelurma erTobeb-ma (zanebi, svanebi). afxazebis eTnogenezSi qarTvelu-ri eTnikuri erTobis wvlili ufro meti iyo, vidre adiReelTa eTnogenezSi. protoafxaz-adiReelTa samx-reTiT Camoweva erTdjeradi aqti ar yofila; isini ramdenjerme migrirdnen TaviaanTi Tavdapirveli gan-saxlebis arealidan. migraciis gamomwvevi mizezi ki gaxldaT evraziisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis stepebSi jer iranulenovani da Semdeg Turqulenovani momTa-bare eTnosebis xSiri Semosevebi. geografiul arael-Si, sadac afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebis formireba moxda istoriisaTvis xelmisawvdom mTel periodSi aramdgradi eTnikuri viTareba iyo. aramdg-rad eTnikur viTarebas evraziis sivrceSi aRmosav-leTidan dasavleTisaken mudmivad moZravi nomadebi iwvevdnen. protoafxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobe-bic (meotebi) am arealSi aRmosavleTidan iyvnen mo-suli da isinic Tavdapirvelad nomadebi iyvnen.

5

*** eTnogenezis procesi ori an ramdenime eTnikuri er-Tobis urTierTSerevas warmoadgens. procesis Sedega-d axali ena, kultura da cnobiereba warmoiqmneba. eTnogenezis problemebidan, enisa da kulturis Camo-yalibebasTan erTad, umniSvnelovanesi teritoriis sakiTxia.1 am problemas gansakuTrebuli istoriuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia da is TanamedroveobasTanac mWi-dro kavSirSia, radgan Tanamedroveni sakuTari eTno-sis warsulis Sesaxeb bevr miTologemas qmnian. am mi-Tologemebs ki sxvadasxva ambiciebis dasakmayofi-leblad iyeneben, rom teritoriuli pretenziebi wauyenon sxva xalxebs. kacobriobis istoriis sxada-sxva epoqaSi eTnosebi da eTnosTa nawilebi xSirad erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadiodnen. amjerad Cveni mizani araa am migraciuli procesebis mizezebze sa-ubari, magram, faqtia, rom eTnosebis warmoqmnas (da gaqrobasac) migraciuli procesebi ganapirobebda. faqtia, rom ar yofiliyo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze/qarTvelTa gansaxlebis arealze Tavdasxmebi, ucxo, sxva eTnosebis Semosvla da damkvidreba qarTvelebi TavianT gansaxlebis are-als SeinarCunebdnen da is iseTi mcire ar iqneboda, rogorc dResaa. qarTuli eTnosi misma landSaftma, bunebriv-geografiulma garemom gadaarCina.2 sxvebi ki, romlebsac aseTi TavdacviTi saSaleba ar gaaCndaT,

                                                            1 r. TofCiSvili. eTnogenezis procesisa da qarTvelTa eTno-genezis Sesaxeb. _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis institu-tis Sromebi. VI, Tb., 2012, gv. 35-62. 2r. TofCiSvili. qarTvelTa gadarCenis mizezebi. _ saqarTve-los eTnografia/eTnologia. r. TofCiSvilis saerTo redaq-ciiT, Tb., 2010, gv. 76-84; r. TofCiSvili. qarTvelTa eTno-genezisa da eTnikuri istoriis problemebi, Tb., 2008, gv. 106-127.

6

saerTod gaqrnen; gaqrnen ara fizikuri Tvalsaz-risiT, aramed enobrivi da kulturuli Tvalsaz-risiT, anu monawileoba miiRes axali, sxva eTnosis warmoqmnaSi, e. i. asimilirebulni iqnen mosuli eTno-sis mier. sxvagan araerTxel xazgasmiT aRgviniSnavs, rom SedarebiT advilia axalgazrda eTnosebis eTno-genezis kvleva, xolo istoriis siRrmeSi war-moqmnili eTnosebis kvleva erTob rTulia. es sir-Tule ki mecnierebs bevri subieqturi interpretaciis saSualebas aZlevs. esaa varaudebi, romlebsac TviT am varaudebis Semqmnelni miTologemebad gardaqmnian. miTologemebis CarCoebSi ufro xSirad eTnosTa teritoriis sakiTxi eqceva. iSviaTia istoriografia-Si faqtebi, rodesac esa Tu is eTnosi avtoqtonad ar cxaddebodes. Zalian xSirad, rodesac eTnogenezis problemaze weren, mecnierebi xalxebisa da ama Tu im xalxis winapari eTnosiebis/protoeTnosis faqtebs erTmaneTisagan ver asxvaveben. bunebrivia, yvela xalxs Tavisi eTnosis war-moqnis faqtebi ainteresebs da es interesi xSirad me-zobeli xalxebis mimarTac arsebobs. aseTi interesi qarTvelebs mezobeli CrdiloeT kavkasieli xalxebis eTnogenezis Sesaxebac gaaCniaT, radgan am xalxebTan qarTvel xalxs istoriulad garkveuli gadakveTis wertilebi aqvT. es interesi gansakuTrebulia imito-mac, rom istoriografiis erT etapze mecnierebi da-bejiTebiT werdnen da dResac weren kavkasiaSi mcxov-rebi xalxebis saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, enob-rivi naTesaobis Sesaxeb. es mecnierebi CvenSi am prob-lemas sabolood gadawyvetilad miiCnevdnen da miiC-neven da sxvaTa mecnierul argumentebs yuradRebis Rirsadac ki ar xdidnen. qarTvelTa eTnogenezisa da teritoriis Sesaxeb erT dros gabatonebuli iyo Sexeduleba samxreTidan

7

migraciis Sesaxeb. es procesi isev CrdiloeT kavka-siur eTnosebTan iyo mibmuli. am Sexedulebis avto-rebi darwmunebiT acxadebdnen, rom qarTvelTa mosv-lamde Tanamedrove da istoriuli saqarTvelos te-ritoriaze CrdiloeT kavkasielebi _ naxur-daRestnu-ri da afxazur-adiReuri tomebi _ cxovrobdnen, pirvelni _ aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da meoreni _ dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rom am ukanasknelTa kavka-sionis mTavari qedis CrdiloeTiT gadanacvleba mox-da qarTvelebis zewolis Sedegad. magliTad SeiZle-ba erTi amonaridi moviyvanoT: «Адыгейские элементы в топонимике Западной Грузии, как-то sufsa, aWyva, malTayva, akamfsis (древнее название Чороха) явление не случайное; имеются серьезные основания предполагать, что на территории Западной Грузии картвельским племенам предшествовали абха-зско-адыгейские племена.»3 saamisod am mkvlevarebis wya-ros ramdenime toponimi warmoadgenda, romlebsac Crdilo kavkasiuri enebiT xsnidnen; isini am toponi-mebs substratul toponimebad acxadebdnen. magram aravin ar fiqrobda imis Sesaxeb, rom garda sub-stratuli toponimebisa, adstratuli toponimebic arsebobs, romlebic ama Tu im eTnosis garkveuli jgufis sakuTari teritoriidan sxvaTa teritoriaze gadasaxlebis Semdeg Cndeba. aRmosavleT saqarTve-los mTianeTSi (da dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeT-Sic) CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi vainaxebis jgu-furi gadmosaxleba Zv. w. III saukuneSi, mefe saur-magis dros, qarTul wyaroSi dadasturebuli faqtia.4 magram Cveni interesis sferoSi amjerad mxolod afxazur-adiReuri modgmis tomebis eTnogenezis,

                                                            3 Арн. Чикобава. Картвельские языки, их исторический состав и древний лингвистический облик. _ iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, II, Tb., 1948, gv. 263. 4qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelna-weris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tb., 1955, gv. 27.

8

ufro metad ki maTi Tavdapirveli gansxlebis are-alis sakiTxi Sedis. jer kidev 2012 wels dastambul naSromSi Zalian mokled SevexeT afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebis eTnogenezs, upirveles yovlisa, maTi Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis areals: `ukanaskneli periodis gamokvlevebiT afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobis, ufro swored, protoadiReelebis Tavdapir-veli gansaxlebis areali iyo stepebis zona _ mdi-nare yubanis CrdiloeTiT teritoria _ azovispireTi da mimdebare Savi zRvis CrdiloeTi. protoadiRe-elabad miiCnevian aRniSnul geografiul arealSi antikur wyaroebSi moxseniebuli meotebi da sindebi, romelTa winaprebmac samxreTiT SedarebiT gvian wa-moiwies (В. В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ в системе межэтнических отношений с древнейших времен до 60-х годов XIX века. – СПб, 2007). protoadiReelebs jer indoevro-pelebi (skviTebi da sarmatebi) Seerivnen, Semdeg _ protoqarTvelebi. migvaCnia, rom samxreTiT gadmosax-lebis Semdeg unda momxdariyo protoadiReelebis protoqarTul enobriv-eTnkur erTobasTan kontaqti. aq sakmarisia jer maikopis kulturis (Zv. w. III aTa-swleuli) monaTesaveoba gavixsenoT mtkvar-araqsis kulturasTan (o. jafariZe. qarTvel tomTa eTnikuri istoriis sakiTxisaTvis, gv. 193-251) da Semdeg ki yo-banuri kultura, romelic, faqtobrivad, kolxuri kulturis nairsaxeobas warmoadgenda. protoadiRe-elebis enobriv-eTnikuri kontaqti qarTul enobriv-eTnikur erTobasTan, e. i. yobanuri kulturis mqone erTobasTan, Zveli welTaRricxvis bolos Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi Camowevis Sedegad moxda.~5

                                                            5r. TofCiSvili. eTnogenezis procesisa da qarTvelTa eTno-genezis Sesaxeb. _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis institu-tis Sromebi. VI, Tb., 2012, gv. 56-57 (sqolio). aqve davamatebT, rom maikopis kulturis SesaZlo qarTveluri warmomavlobis

9

rodesac afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebis eTnogenezze da maT teritoriaze vsaubrobT, aucile-belia erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT adiReelebi da pro-toadiReelebi, iseve rogorc qarTvelebi da proto-qarTvelebi. sruliad dasaSvebia, rom adiReelebisa da protoadiReelebis, qarTvelebisa da protoqarT-velebis warmoqmnis teritoriebi sxvadasxva yofili-yo. jer kidev XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde miiC-nevdnen, rom Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis xalxebi istoriuli xalxebis (antebi, abisinielebi, arabebi, indusebi, mitanielebi da sxvebis) `Camonatexi~ nawi-lebi iyvnen, romlebic Zvelad ama Tu im mizeziT So-reuli winaresamSoblodan Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasi-aSi gadasaxldnen. Tavis adrindel naSromebSi niko mari aseve mxars uWerda Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis xalxebis warmo-Sobis migraciul Teorias. SavizRvispireTs tamanamde

n. mari megrel-WanTa Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis area-lad miiCnevda. sxva SemTxvevaSi marma aq yovelgvari damajereblobis gareSe moaTavsa romeliRac `p-xal-xi~, romlebmac TavianTi nakvalevi toponimebSi dato-ves: sinopi, maikopi, anapa, pantikapea.6 aq is skviTebisa da sarmatebis nakvalevsac poulobda. lingvistur hi-poTezaze dayrdnobiT n. mari imasac werda, rom Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi skviTebamde kimiriele-bis gverdiT, cxovrobda agreTve `CuvaSuri elementi~. bunebrivia, Tanamedrove mecnierebis gadasaxedidan maris es mecnieruli Sexedulebebi Rimilis momgvre-

                                                                                                              Sesaxeb miuTiTebda i. diakonovi (ix.: И. М. Дьяконов. Языковые контакты на Кавказе и Ближнем Востоке. – Кавказ и цивилизации древнего Востока. Орджоникидзе, 1989. С. 16-17). 6es saxelwodebebi berZnuli Cans, zogjer damaxinjebuli. maTgan ori sxvaganac moixsenieba: anapa (Anapos, Anapo) aseve hqvia mdinares siciliaSi (Tukidide, 6, 96; 7, 78). pantikape ki evropis sarmatiis mdinarec iyo (herodote, istoria, 4,18).

10

lia, gansakuTrebiT ki `CuvaSri elementis~ Sesaxeb. maris am da sxva Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb samarTlia-nad SeniSnavda l. lavrovi, rom Crdilo-dasavleTi kavkasiis xalxebis Sesaxeb n. marma ar Seqmna mwyobri mecnieruli Teoria da mas mxolod qaoturi, sustad argumentirebuli da xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebi aqvs gamoTqmuli.7 n. mari eTnogenezis Sesaxeb migraciis Teoriis mimdevari gaxldaT. Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirSi migra-ciis Teoriis kritikis periodi dadga da TiTqmis yvela eTnosi avtoqtonad cxaddeboda, maT Soris, af-xazur-adiReuri modgmis afxazebi, abazebi, ubixebi, adiReelebi da yabardoelebi. am Sexedulebis yvela-ze aqtiuri propagandisti gaxldaT l. lavrovi. is werda, rom CamoTvlili eTnosebi Soreul warsulSi, ZvelTaZvel dros cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT-dasavleT kavkasiaSi.8 es daskvna gamomdinareobda misive sxva daskvnidan, rom Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi eTniku-ri mdgradoba SeiniSneba. l. lavrovis meore argu-menti ki is gaxldaT, rom adrerkinis xanidan moyolebuli arqeologiuri kulturebi memkvidreobi-TobiT xasiaTdeba. saamisod rusi mecnieri moixmobda afxazebis, abazebis, adiReelebisa da yabardoelebis istoriul folklorsac, romlebSic, rogorc is mi-uTiTebda, yvela fena asaxavs Crdilo-dasavleT kav-kasiis geografiul da istoriul garemoebebs.Mmis meoTxe arguments Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi anti-kur da Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli geografiul da eTnikur saxelwodebaTa lingvisturi analizi warmo-adgenda. yovelive es aradamajerebelia: l. lavrovis mier moxmobili wyaroebi verafriT ver wvdeba `So-reul warsuls~.

                                                            7 Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды по культуре абазин, адыгов, карачаевцев, балкарцев. Нальчик, 2009, стр. 56-51. 8Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 56-51.

11

Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis mTieli xalxebis av-toqtonobis miuxedavad l. lavrovi ar gamoricxavda migraciasac, romelic aq araerTgzis xdeboda.9 ase, magaliTad, cnobili faqtia, rom guTebma kerketebi gamoaZeves Tanamedrove anapidan yubanispireTSi. saer-Tod, afxazur-adiReuri tomebis migracia, erTi adgilidan meoreze gadasaxleba Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi TiTqmis mudmivi procesi iyo. saamisod XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi yabardoelebis yubanispire-Tidan centralur kavkasiaSi _ alan-osTa yofil gan-saxlebis arealSi gadasaxlebis dasaxelebac ki sak-marisia. saerTod afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri jgufe-bisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebeli iyo cxovrebis naxevradmomTabaruli wesi, rac odindeli momTabare tradiciis erTgvar SenarCunebas warmoadgenda. Cveni TemisaTvis sayuradReboa mecnierTa mier Se-niSnuli faqti, rom skviTebamdel periodSi Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasias gacxovelebuli urTierTobebi ga-aCnda mezobel teritoriebTan, kerZod, yirimsa da samxreT ukrainasTan. xSirad miuTiTeben yirimis tav-riis qvis yuTebis kavSirs kavkasiis dolmenebTan. yu-banispireTis, samxreT ukrainisa da yirimis es kav-Sirebi Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSic aSkara. sam-xreT ukrainisa da yirimis Crdilo-dasavleT kavka-siasTan II-I aTaswleulebSi arqeologTa mier SeniS-nul kavSirs toponimikis zogierT msgavsebaSic xe-daven, gansakuTrebiT skviTur-sarmatul epoqaSi.10 sa-amiso magaliTad moyavT is faqti, rom azovispireTis sindebis gverdiT plinius ufrosi samxreT ukrainaSi `sindeTis skviTiasac~ moixseniebs. l. lavrovi aseTi faqtebis moyvanis Semdeg aRniSnavda, rom kavkasiism-codneebi miCveuli arian eZebon Crdilo-dasavleT ka-

                                                            9 Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 56-51. 10 Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 56-51.

12

vkasiuri elementebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis samxreT-dasavleT mxaris samxreTiT mdebare raionebis (dasav-leT saqarTvelo) hidronimiaSi. araa gasakviri, rom Seiqmna nairnairi eTnogenetikuri Teoriebi Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasieli xalxebis samxreTuli warmomav-lobis Sesaxeb. p. uslars, uSakovs, n. mars (Tavis yve-laze adreul naSromebSi), ivane javaxiSvils da sxvebs isini wina aziidan gamosulebad miaCndaT. Tanamedrove adiReeli/yabardoeli avtorebis hi-poTeziT, afxazur-adiReuri modgmis xalxebi monaTe-saveni arian Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolos wina aziaSi mcxovrebi xaTebisa da Zveli da axali welTaR-ricxvis mijnis sindo-meoturi tomebis calkeuli jgufebisa. amave hipoTeziT, am periodSi (e. i. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan axali da Zveli welTaR-ricxvis mijnamde) afxazur-adiReuri socialur-kul-turuli samyaro sakmaod did sivrces moicavda Crdi-loeT kavkasiidan anatoliamde. savaraudod, VI-VII sa-ukuneebSi am safuZvelze formirda adiReli xalxis ori Sto _ zixebis (jiqebis) da kasogebis (qaSa-gebis).11 ra SeiZleba iTqvas aRniSnulis Sesaxeb? ro-gorc Cans, Zalian didia zogierTi avtoris survili, rom sakuTari eTnosi Zalian Zvel da istoriis mqone eTnoss _ xaTebs daukavSiron. sindebi da meotebi ma-rTlac arian adiReuri modgmis eTnosebis winaprebi, romlebic antikur wyaroebSi azovispireTSi arian moxseniebuli. rac mTavaria, am xaTebisa da sind-meotebis anu adiReelTa winaprebis gansaxlebis are-ali, Turme, imdenad didi yofila, rom moicavda mTel CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da anatolias da anato-liasa da CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris moqceul sam-xreT kavkasias. Tavi rom davaneboT imas, rom Zv. w. I

                                                            11 Б. Бгажнаков. Черкесы (Адыги). Под редакцией М. Курдиани, Тб., 2010, с. 9.

13

aTaswleulidan axali welTaRricxvis IV saukunis CaTvliT qarTvelebsa (Tu protoqarTvelebs) da sxva eTnosebs gansaxlebis areals arTmeven, im droisa-Tvis iseTi didi eTnosebi ar arsebobdnen, rom da-saxelebuli vrceli teritoria hqonodaT dakavebu-li. mecnierebi samarTlian eWvs gamoTqvamen qasqebis (qaSagebis) da abeSlaelebis qaSagebTan da afsileb-Tan naTesaobis hipoTezis Sesaxeb, radgan, cnobilia, rom eTnonimebiT es sakiTxi ar wydeba _ sruliad sxvadasxva warmomavlobis xalxebi wyaroebSi msgavsi eTnonimebiT arian moxseniebuli (Tanac am eTnoni-mebis umravlesoba egzoeTnonimia). isic sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom eTnonimebi arc Tu ise iSviaTad dro-Ta ganmavlobaSi erTi xalxidan sxva xalxs gadaece-moda. arcerTi enobrivi monacemi qasqebisa da abeSla-elebis monaTesaobas ar adasturebs. piriqiT, qaSqebi-sa da abeSlaelebis onomastikas Zalian bevri msgav-seba gaaCnia dasavlurqarTulTan (zanurTan). gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis fonemaTa ganawilebis iden-turobaze qasqursa da kolxurs (lazur-megruls) Soris, gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia afiqsTa identu-roba.12    xolo d. gulia ufro Sors wavida da afxazebi abisiniidan mosulebad miiCnia. kavkasiismcodneebi ki zemoT naxseneb saerTo niSnebs, gansakuTrebiT topo-nimebsa da eTnonimikaSi, erTi mxriv, Crdilo-dasav-leT kavkasiisa da, meore mxriv, yirimisa da samxreT ukrainisas verafriT ver amCnevdnen. dasavleT saqar-

                                                            12 gr. giorgaZe. xeTuri da asuruli lursmnuli teqstebis qasqebis (qaSqebis) da abeSlaelebis eTnikuri warmomavlo-bisaTvis, axalcixe, 2000. gr. giorgaZis aRniSnuli migneba sa-gulisyuroa da am mxriv momaval mkvlevarT axali monace-mebis gamovlena marTebT. Tumca aRniSnuli naSromis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi ukiduresad negatiuri damokidebulebac arse-bobs (g. yoranaSvili).

14

Tvelos teritoriaze winareafxzur-adiReuri eTniku-ri jgufebis mkvidrobis raime faqti saerTod gamo-iricxa Tanamedrove lingvistTa gamokvlevebiT: `af-xazuri mosaxleoba arasodes binadrobda guriaSi da akad. n. maris `Teorias~ mTel dasavleT saqarTve-loSi Tavdapirvelad afxazTa winaprebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb ara aqvs arc lingvisturi da arc isto-riuli safuZvlebi.~ `igive iTqmis dasavleT saqar-TveloSi fs(a), yva, ra elementebiani da zogi sxva tipis toponimebis, hidronimebisa da satomo saxe-lebis mcdari analizis safuZvelze Seqmnili Sexe-dulebebis Sesaxeb, TiTqos aseTi enobrivi faqtebi adasturebdnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi winare-afxa-zur-adiReur tomTa cxovrebasa da maT Semdgom asimilacias gvian mosuli qarTveluri mosaxleobis mier. Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi ukve aRar iziareben am dausabuTebel `Teoriebs~ da axleburad xsnian amg-var faqtebs (ix.: a. onianis, t. futkaraZis, m. Cuxuas da sxvaTa axali gamokvlevebi).~13 ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT isic, rom arsebobda Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasielTa kimiriuli warmoSobis hipoTezac, gansakuTrebiT arqeologebs Soris. am Se-xedulebis avtorTagan v. bladovskisa da m. arta-manovis dasaxelebac sakmarisia.14 rodesac Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaze vsaubrobT, arc imis uTqmeloba SeiZleba, rom antikur periodSi is eTnikurad iseTi-ve Wreli iyo, rogorc aRmosavleTi kavkasia. aq sak-maod bevri mcirericxovani xalxi cxovrobda (saami-sod strabonis cnobis gaxsenebac sakmarisia, rome-lic dioskuriaSi kavkasiidan savaWrod Camosuli 70 xalxis Sesaxeb saubrobda: `qalaqSi Tavs iyris 70

                                                            13T. gvancelaZe. afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis lingvisturi safuZvlebi. _ narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan: afxazeTi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde). Tb., 2007, gv. 180. 14Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 56-51.

15

tomi, xolo meoreni amboben, rom 300-io ... yvela tomi gansxvavevul enaze laparakobs, radgan dafantulad cxovroben Tavisi siamayisa da velurobis mizeziT~15), romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi eTnogenetikuri pro-cesebis Sedegad gaqrnen.16 mecnierebi SeTanxmebulni arian im faqtze, rom kerketebi da toretebi igive Cerqezebi/adiReelebi arian. V saukunis avtori fsevdo-ariani miuTiTebda kerketebisa da toretebis igiveobaze.17 pliniusi to-retebis adgilsacxovrisad sindikis samxreTs miuTi-Tebda. xolo straboni maTi gansaxlebis arealad

                                                            15straboni. geografia. _ antikuri kavkasia. enciklopedia. to-mi I, wyaroebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 222. 16kavkasiis eTnodemografiul viTarebaze did gavlenas axden-da epidemiebic. evropaSi am daavadebis mZvinvare Tvisebebis Sesaxeb wyaroebSi bevri faqtia dafiqsirebuli. kavkasiis Se-saxeb ki monacemebi ar gagvaCnia. mxolod zogierTi gadmo-cemiTa da arapirdapiri monacemebiT dasturdeba kavkasiaSi Savi Wiris sayovelTao gavcelebis Sesaxeb. es movlena, iseve rogorc sxvagan, aqac mTeli rigi eTnosebis gaqrobas iwvev-da. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis gadmocemebidan am mxriv friad sainteresoa xevsuruli gadmocemebi Jamnis/Savi Wiris Sesaxeb. erT-erTi adiReuri teritoriuli jgufis xega-kebis (romlebic anapasa da sujuk-kales (novorosiiski) So-ris SavizRvispireTSi cxovrobdnen) gaqrobaSi, marTalia, mni-Svnelovani roli osmalur-yirimulma permanentulma eqspan-siam iTamaSa, magram maTi saboloo gaqroba 1812 wlis Savma Wirma ganapiroba. paneSis monacemebiT, Savi Wiris gamo, XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebisaTvis yabardelTa raodenoba 200 aTasidan 30-35 aTasamde Semcirda. 1347-1348 wlebSi mTel evro-pas moedo Savi Wiris epidemia, romelmac milionobiT adami-anis sicocxle Seiwira. evvropaSi Savi Wiris epidemia kafa-dan (axlandeli feodosia) gavrcelda. kafaSi ki epidemia mo-nRolebma Seitanes. monRoleT-CineTSi ki man 1342 wels ife-Tqa. bunebrivia, Savi Wiris epidemias im dros kavkasiis xal-xebic ver gadaurCebodnen _ kafa (feodosia) xom CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan yurisZirSia. 17 Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 56-51.

16

mdinare yubanis CrdiloeTs asaxelebda. kerketebis kidev erTi gadasaxleba IV saukunis dasawyisSi moxda _ maT sacxovrebeli adgili guTebma Seacv-levines. samecniero literaturaSi adiReelTa eTni-kuri erTeulebis winaprebad arian moxseniebulni azovispira meotebi, romlebic yubanispireTis stepeb-Si cxovrobdnen. isini aq jer kidev axali welT-aRricxvis dasawyisamde Canan. varaudoben, rom meote-bis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen ara marto afxazur-Cerqezuli jgufis enebze molaparake, aramed iranul enebze molaparake tomebic. 370 wels hunebis Tav-dasxmebi meotebsac Seexo. hunebis Semosevamde meote-bi cxovrobdnen azovis zRvasa da donis SesarTavs Soris da yubanis qvemo dinebaze. am dros moxda me-otebis gansaxlebis arealis Secvla da marjvena na-piris yubanispireTidan marcxena napirze gadanacv-leba.Hhunebis Semosevebis Semdeg aRar ixseniebian sxva adiReuri modgmis eTnikuri erTeulebi: sindebi, aspurgianebi, fsesebi, dosxebi, dandarebi..., romlebic azovispireTSi cxovrobdnen. am droidan adiReuri tomebis adgili yubansa da dons Soris momTabareebma daiWires.18 ar SeiZleba gverdis avla im hipoTezisTvisac, romliTac varaudoben, rom Crdilo-dasavleT kavka-sielebi mcire aziidan gadmosaxlebuli qaSqebis STa-momavalni arian. zogierTi miiCnevs, rom Crdilo-da-savleT kavkasiaSi qaSqebis gadmosaxleba dasturdeba `enaTmecnierebis zogierTi uaxloesi monacemebiT~19. imasac aRniSnaven, rom maikopis kulturis (brinjaos epoqa; Zv. w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevari) warmo-madgenlebi aq maxlobeli aRmosavleTidan movidnen. magram xazi imasac esmeba, rom Crdilo-dasavleT kav-

                                                            18 Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 56-51. 19В. Б. Виноградов. Средняя Кубань: земляки и соседи (формирование тра-диционного населения). Армавир, 1995, С. 20-21.

17

kasiaSi ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciis (sameTuneo Carxi, borbali, rTuli socialuri struqtura) mom-tani xalxi, aRmoCnda ra Tavis socialur-ekonomikur da geografiul garemos mowyvetili, male gandevnili da asimilirebuli iqna sxva kulturis matarebelTa mier. Tumca is mosazrebac arsebobs, rom maikopis ku-ltura warmoiqmna adgilobriv niadagze, romelic ga-nicdida winaaziuri civilizaciis mniSvnelovan gav-lenas.20 maikopis kulturis matarebelT rom Semdeg-droindel eTnikur erTobebTan TiTqmis aRaraferi hqondaT saerTo, amas is umniSvnelovanesi faqtic adasturebs, rom TiTqmis ori aTasi wlis ganmav-lobaSi is yubanSi saerTod qreba. ufro metic: mai-kopis kulturis gaqrobis Semdeg, qreba oqrosa da vercxlis nakeTobanic, isic 2 aTasi wliT.21 aRni-Snuli nakeTobani xelaxla Cndeba mxolod Zv. w. VII-V saukuneebis skviTur yorRanebSi. ase rom, Tanamed-rove adiReur eTnikur erTobebs araferi hqondaT sa-erTo maikopis kulturis SemqmnelebTan da maTi wi-naprebi maSin jer kidev ar cxovrobdnen Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi. adiReuri tomebis gansaxlebis arealad aRniSnul periodSi yubanispira stepebs ver vigulisxmebT. protoadiReelebis gansaxlebis area-lad mxolod ori geografiuli erTeuli SeiZleba vigulisxmoT: 1. Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis mTa da mTiswineTi da 2. ufro CrdiloeTiT mdebare miwebi (azovispira CrdiloeTi monakveTi, yirimi, samxreTi ukraina). CrdiloeT kavkasiis stepebi, albaT, gamosa-ricxia, radgan aq momTabare sxvadasxva warmomav-lobis tomebi erTmaneTs enacvlebodnen (stepebi

                                                            20 В. В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ в системе межэтнических отношений с древнейших времен до 60-х годов XIX века. СПб, 2007, С. 18. 21 В. В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 18.

18

momTabareTa eTnosferos samyarod XIX saukunemde darCa). Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolosa da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi yubanis Sua dinebis marcxena Senakadebis auzSi arsebobda yubani-spireTis kultura. mas garkveuli kontaqtebi gaaCnda yobanur kulturasTan, romelic mdinare urupis rai-onSi arsebobda. mecnierebi SeniSnaven, rom amieridan Cven SevdivarT eTnikuri istoriis zolSi, rodesac Cndeba eTnosTa saxelwodebebi.22 rodesac adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebis eTnoge-nezze da maTi Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis arealze vsaubrobT, ar SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyos is faqti, rom aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi 1000 ki-lometri sigrZis mdinare yubani iyo sazRvari stepsa da dasavleT kavkasiis mTiswineTs Soris, e. i. mTeli yubanispireTi iyo momTabareebisa da mTaSi/mTiswineT-Si mobinadre eTnosebis sakontaqto zona.23 l. gumi-liovis Teoriis mixedviT, axali eTnosebi warmoiqm-neboda swored aseT sakontaqto zonebSi, sadac ara monotonuri landSfti, aramed landafSturi re-gionebis sazRvari gvqonda. aqedan gamomdinareobs da-skvna, rom adiReelebamde Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasia-Si araerTi sxva eTnosi warmoiqmna da gaqra. am regionSi Zveli eTnosebis gaqrobas da axlebis war-moqmnas isic uwyobda xels, rom aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi didi stepebis siRrmidan azovispireTis aRmosavleTiT mosuli momTabare stepebis mkvidrni, Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis klimatis gamoisobiT TandaTan gadadiodnen axal sameurneo yaidaze. es procesi ki mudmivad meordeboda drois Zalian did monakveTSi Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulis mijnidan, vidre

                                                            22В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 22. 23В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 24.

19

XIX saukunemde. es momTabare `stepniaki~-mesaqonleebi azovispireTis SesaniSnavi saZovrebis gamoisobiT da misi klimatis Taviseburebis gamo, naxevrad momTaba-reebad iqceodnen; isini ki gamosazamTrebel adgileb-Si mudmiv sacxovreblebs qmnidnen, rac adre maTTvis ucnobi iyo. ucnobi iyo intensiuri da mudmivi eTno-sTaSorisi kontaqtebic.24 amrigad, rogorc Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis nomaduri (momTabare) meurneoba, ise mTis zolis gadarekviTi mecxoveleoba aTaswle-ulebis ganmavlobaSi ganapirobebda intensiur da mudmiv eTnosTaSoris kontaqtebs, da garkveul mom-entebSi _ eTnogenezis processac.25 arsebobs saintereso hipoTeza, rom protoadiRe-elebi ar warmoadgenen kavkasiis avtoqtonur mosax-leobas da erT-erTi geografiul mimarTulebad, ro-melTanac dakavSirebulia maTi adreuli migracia, Ci-neTis teritoria miiCneva. aqve SeiZleba isic dava-matoT, rom ukanaskneli eTnolingvisturi gamokvle-vebiT, dasturdeba genetikuri siaxlove adiReur-af-xazuri da Cinuri enebisa.26 amasTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas iqcevs e. w. di-nlinis problema. eTnologi e. paneSi am problebis Sesaxeb Semdegs aRniSnavda: Cinuri qronikebis Tanax-mad, CineTis teritoriaze binadrobda romeliRac xalxi dinlinebi (centraluri aziis Zvelevropeidu-li rasis warmomadgenlebi), romlebmac Semdeg da-toves es teritoria da ukvalod gaqrnen evraziis si-vrceebSi. wyaroebSi dinlinebi moixseniebian Zv. w. III saukunisaTvis. arsebobs mTeli rigi varaudebi, rom-lebiTac dinlinebi ufro gviandel kulturebTan, Zi-

                                                            24 Материальная культура. Вып. 3. М.: 1989, С.72. 25В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 26. 26Панеш Э. Х. Этническая психология и межнациональные отношения. Взаимодействие и особености (На примере Западного Кавказа). СПб.: 1996, С.67.

20

riTadad centraluraziuri warmoSobis kulturebTan arian gaigivebuli. magram arc erTi maTgani ar wyvets problemebs da is dRemde gadauwyvetelia. mxe-dvelobaSi Tu miviRebT Cinuri da adiReur-afxazuri enebis siaxloves, SesaZlebelia gamovTqvaT frTxili varaudi protoadiReeli tomebis kavSiris Sesaxeb legendarul dinlinebTan. e. paneSi imasac SeniSnavs, rom es Sexeduleba/hipoTeza specialuri detaluri gamokvlevis Rirsia. amasTan erTad, enobrivi parale-lebis garda, yuradRebas iqcevs zogierTi sxva de-talic. kerZod, miuTiTeben adiReuri gvaris daur-is Sesaxeb, romlis warmomavloba, sxva adiReuri gvare-bisagan gansxvavebiT, gaurkvevelia. meore mxriv, cno-bilia, rom dinlinis tomis gansaxlebis teritoria iyo Zalian farTo da masSi dauriac Sedioda. aRsa-niSnavia, rom daurebis eTnogenezi dReisaTvis abso-liturad Seuswavlelia. e. paneSisa da sxva mecnie-rebis yuradRebis sferoSi moeqca kidev erTi mniSvnelovani garemoeba. esaa adiReelTa specifiuri zogierTi socialuri institutis msgavseba CineTisa da iaponiis tradiciul sazogadoebebTan. ase, maga-liTad, gansacvifrebelia adiReelTa samxedro aris-tokratiis rainduli etiketis gansakuTrebuli siax-love, romelsac kavkasiis sxva xalxebSi analogia ara gaaCnia, da iaponelTa samxedro fenis samuraebis busidos kodeqsisa. saubaria agreTve aristokrati qa-lis tansacmlis elementebze, Sua saukuneebis mama-kacis elitarul varcxnilobaze, garkveul socia-lur-lingvistur paralelebze. magaliTad, moyavT adiReuri termini `jeguni~, romelic upirveles yov-lisa, socialur-kulturul konteqstTanaa dakavSire-buli da Cinuri `ciguni~ _ Zala, sabrZolo xelov-

21

neba (`ci~ _ amxedrebuli), iaponuri `seguni~ _ Tavadi da a. S.27 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, v. gudakovi SeniSnavs, rom Tu davuSvebT, rom dinlinebma CineTis terito-ria eTnosTaSorisi konfliqtis Sedegad (ufro swo-red maT winaprebTan) datoves da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi wavidnen, maSin SeiZleba `narTebSi~ moxse-niebuli CinTebic gavixsenoT.28 aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, v. gudakovic askvnis: `dinlin-Cinuri eTnosTaSorisi konfliqtis Sedegad, dinlinebma datoves TavianTi eTnosfera, gaiares ev-raziis kontinenti da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi moipoves axali samSoblo. raRac drois Semdeg maT daemarTaT igive, rac maikopis kulturis warmomad-genlebs. dinlinebma ganicades asimilacia da proto-adiReelebis kavkasiur substratad iqcnen, romlebmac TavianT STamomavlebs gadasces aRmosavleTidan motanili qcevis eTnikuri stereotipebi: okeanis sana-piro zolis zRvaosnobis Cvevebi, navebis tipi, adi-Reuri aznaurebis rainduli etiketi da a. S. `nar-Tebis~ eposma Semoinaxa agreTve odesRac dinlinebsa da Cinelebs Soris arsebuli konfliqtis gamoZaxili. SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom CinTebi modian `amboxis ad-gilidan~, CineTSi ki, rogorc cnobilia, Zvel da Sua saukuneebSi araerTxel dafiqsirebulia `amboxis pe-riodi~, samefoebsa da dinastiebs Soris.~29. aseTebad miiCneven `di~-s anu `JuJanis~ xalxs (l. gumiliovi). gumiliovis mixedviT evropeiduli mosaxleobis for-mirebis ori sxvadasxva centri arsebobda da erT-erTi maTgani altais mTiswineTSi mdebareobda.30  in-

                                                            27Панеш Э. Х. Этническая психология и межнациональные ... СПб.: 1996, С.69. 28В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 33. 29В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 33. 30И. Коломийцев. Тайны Великой Скифии. М., 2005, С. 297.

22

doevropeli-Toxarebi dasavleT CineTSi VI-VIII sauku-neebamde binadrobdnen.31 zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos samecniero literaturaSi xazgasmulad dadasturebuli `Cineli~ evropeidebis Sesaxeb. afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebis eTnogene-zisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs `narTe-bis~ eposis arqauli fenebis Seswavlas. winaswar Sei-Zleba iTqvas, rom afxaz-adiReelebisa da osebis wi-naprebi _ protoadiReelebi da alanebi _ garkveuli drois gamnavlobaSi mWidro kavSirSi cxovrobdnen. gasarkvevia sad da rodis unda momxdariyo proto-eTnikuri erTeulebis eTnikuri kontaqtebi. v. guda-kovi aseTi drois monakveTad varaudobs sakmaod did periods _ adre rkinis xanidan adre Sua saukune-ebamde. ra Tqma unda, ori eTnosis sxvadasxva jgu-febis Sereva aseTi xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlo-baSi ar mimdinareobda. eTnogenetikuri procesisa-Tvis ori-sami Taobac sakmarisia. xolo proto-adiReelebisa da iranulenovan eTnolingvistur er-TobaTa urTierTobebis aseTi adgili arc gviani Sua-saukuneebis oseTi da arc gviani Suasaukuneebiis adi-Rea SeiZleba yofiliyo. aba, sad unda momxdariyo es kontaqti da eTnikuri procesi? _ iq, sadac iranuli eTnolingvisturi erTobebi momTabareobdnen, xolo protoadiReelebi naxevrad momTabare cxovrebas ewe-odnen: azovispireTi da Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmo-savleTi monakveTi. Tumca am Serevebis sxva variant-zec SeiZleba saubari. es SeiZleba adre Sua saukune-ebSic momxdariyo, rodesac IV saukunis Semdeg cen-traluri kavkasiis stepebSi alan-osebi dasaxldnen. maTgan dasavleTiT ki yubanis marcxniv adiReuri eT-

                                                            31 И. Коломийцев. Тайны Великой Скифии. М., 2005, С. 300.

23

nikuri erTobebi naxevrad momTabare cxovrebas mis-devdnen. Cven ufro pirveli varianti migvaCnia simar-TlesTan axlos, radgan adiReuri variantis narTul eposSi saubaria mdinareebze _ teni (doni), indili (volga). Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi adiReuri eTnikuri er-Teulebis winapar eTnosad meotebi miiCnevian, rom-lebic azovispireTSi antikur wyaroebSi Zv. w. VI sa-ukunidan ixseniebian, sadac maT Tvali ax. w. III-IV sa-ukuneebamde edevnebaT. meotebis indoiranelebTan kon-taqebi swored am periodSi unda momxdariyo, Tumca, rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnaven, indoiranul ste-pur eTnosebTan kontaqtebi arc Semdgom periodSia gamoricxuli. vimeorebT, meotebis gansaxlebis area-lad miCneulia azovis zRvis aRmosavleTi sanapiro donis deltamde.32 magram ismis kiTxva: raime wyaro arsebobs imis gamosaricxi, rom meotebi ufro Crdi-loeTiTac ar cxovrobdnen? adiReelebis `yvelaze adreuli kulturuli identifikacia~ skviTebs ukav-Sirdeba. SeniSnaven, rom skviTebis adiReelebis winap-rebTan mWidro kontaqtebma migviyvana kulturis mTe-li saerTo elementebis CamoyalibebasTan, romelic gvian adiReuri eTnikuri qcevis stereotipis nawilad iqca. skviTuri samxedro memkvidreoba aiTvises adiRe-elTa winaprebma, romelic tradiciad iqca.33 stepebis skviTi `meomari-mxedari~ transformirda adiReel universalur `mojiriTe-mxedrad~, romelic saSiSi iyo, rogorc dasavleT kavkasiis mTiswineTSi, ise vrcel stepur gaSlil sivrceebSi dunaidan volga-mde. cxenosnoba/mxedroba iqca adiReelis cxovrebis

                                                            32Кузнецов И. В. Числительные в языках народов Кавказа (Этнокультурный аспект проблемы «Восток-Запад») // Археологические и этнографические исследования Северного Кавказа. Краснодар: 1994, С. 86. 33Панеш Э. Х. Этническая психология и межнациональные ... СПб.: 1996, С.241, 291.

24

normad, xolo e. w. aristokratiuli zedafenisaTvis erTaderT Rirseul saqmianobad. samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom skvi-Tur civilizaciasa da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasias Soris saukunovani kontaqti arsebobda, rasac mow-mobs uZvelesi indoiranuli nasesxobani afxazur-adi-Reur enebSi.34 manam, sanam maT mier dadasturebul leqsikur erTeulebs movixmobT, unda aRvniSnoT Sem-degi: iranulenovani eTnikuri erTobebidan mxolod skviTebTan hqondaT protoadiReelebs kontaqtebi? maTTan kontaqtebi ar hqondaT sarmatebsa da ala-nebs? riT mtkicdeba, rom es leqsikuri erTeulebi maincdamainc skviTuri enidanaa Sesuli da ara sar-matuli an alanuri enidan? afxazur-adiReur enebSi indoiranulidan Sesul Semdeg leqsikur erTeulebs asaxeleben: 1. cxovelTa samyaros amsaxveli (mTis in-dauri, mamali Txa/vaci, Rori, cxeni, cxvari); 2. Sro-mis iaraRebi da sagnebi: culi, saTevzao bade, rkina, agreTve: qeris, Rvinis saxelwodebani; rZali... afxazur-adiReur enebs indoiranul memkvidreoba-sTanac akavSireben. kerZod miiCneven, rom sindebis ena indoevropuli ena iyo, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs imas, rom sindebi indoevropelebi iyvnen. isini tama-nidan anapamde, e. i. azovisa da Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi cxovrobdnen. Tumca aris Sexedulebac, rom isini meotebis nawilni iyvnen. zogierT avtors ki mi-aCnia, rom sindebi Camoyalibdnen wina aziidan dabru-nebuli da yubanispireTSi dasaxlebuli kimiriele-bisa da adgilobriv meotur mosaxleobasTan Serevis Sedegad. rusi mecnieri o. trubaCevi miiCnevda, rom `sindebi da meotebi _ arian preindoelebi, romlebic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi warmoadgendnen indoevro-

                                                            34 Шагиров А. К. Заимствованная лексика абхазо-адыгских языков. М.: 1989, С. 157.

25

pelebs, maTi ZiriTadi masis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT wasvlis Semdeg.~35 ase Tu ise mecnierebi imaze SeTanxmebulni arian, rom afxazur-adiReur enebSi aris indoariuli nasesxobebis Zveli plastebi, an sindebisagan (Tu isini iyvnen indoarielebi), an skvi-Tebisagan gadaRebuli. protomeotebisa da meotebis kontaqtebi maTTan iyo sakmaod intensiuri, ramac asa-xva pova enaSi. es eTnosTaSorisi intensiuri kontaq-tebi stepebis xalxebTan ganpirobebuli iyo meotebis adgilmdebareobiT. samecniero literaturaSi meotebis gansaxlebis arealad miiCneva azovis zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiro da mdinare yubanis qvemo da Sua dineba. antikuri wyaroebiT namdvilad dasturdeba azoviszRvispireT-Si meotebis mkvidroba, magram yubanis qvemo da Sua dinebis misamarTiT amas ver vityviT. maT aq mkvidro-bas arqeologiuri monacemebiT gulisxmoben. bevri mkvlevari meotebs kavkasiis avtoqtonur tomebs miakuTvnebs, magram maTi skviTuri warmomav-lobis Sesaxebac bevri saubrobs.36 v. gudakovs dasa-Svebad miaCnia meotebis eTnogenezSi romeliRac in-doiranuli substratis monawileoba, romlebic safu-Zvlianad asimilirebulni iqnen adgilobrivi mosa-xleobis mier.37 Cven ki migvaCnia, rom iranelebis me-otebTan ramdenime Sereva moxda. afxazur-adiReuri (ufro swored protoafxazur-adiReuri) eTnikuri er-Teulebi meotebisa da indoevropelebis Serevis Sede-gad unda warmoqmniliyvnen. dazustebuli monacemebiT irkveva, rom meotebi yubanidan donis qvemo dinebis 50 kilometrian monakveTSi cxovrobdnen. donis qvemo

                                                            35В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 37. 36 История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII в. М.: 1988, С. 72-73. 37В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 37.

26

dinebaze meotebis mWidro mosaxleoba dadasture-bulia ax. w. pirvel saukuneebSi. sindebisa da meotebis garda, antikuri avtorebi sxva bevr tomsac asaxeleben. eseni arian kerketebi, toretebi, dandadiebi, tarpetebi, fsesebi, fatiebi, zixebi, aqeebi da a. S. am tomebis umetesobasac kavka-siaTmcodneTa umetesoba protoadiReelebad miiCnevs. l. lavrovis aRniSvniT am stepuri adiReuri tomebis saerTo saxelwodeba `meotebi~ iyo, romlebic sabo-lood hunebis Semosevis dros gaqrnen da yubansa da dons Soris arsebuli miwebi sabolood momTabare Turqulenovanma momTabareebma daikaves.38 v. gudakovi: `skviTebis yvelaze Zlieri gavlena ganicades meotebma, romlebic mosaxleobdnen aRmo-savleT azovispireTis CrdiloeT nawilSi, tanaisis (donis) deltaSi da meotidis sanapiros ufro dasa-vleT olqebSi. es iyo bunebriv-geografiuli sazR-vari. ase rom, aq stepuri sivrceebi ebjineba azovis zRvas. araviTari bunebrivi sazRvari aq ar iyo da mosaxleobas advilad SeeZlo Sereoda iranuleno-vani stepebis binadrebs. amitom meotebis am CrdiloeTis jgufebis arqeologiuri kultura gans-xvavdeba yubanispireTisagan.~39 Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis da agreTve volgisa da donis SuamdinareTSi eTnosTaSoris urTierTobeb-Si axali etapi iwyeba Zv. w. III saukunidan. es periodi daaxloebiT 6 saukune grZeldeboda, ax. w. III sau-kunemde. istoriis am monakveTs meot-sarmatTa urTierTobis periods uwodeben, romelic imdenad mWidro iyo, rom zogierTi arqeologi mas `meot-sarmatul tomebis~ kulturas uwodebs. sarmatebi me-otebs Seerivnen.40 SeniSnulia, rom sarmatebi meoteb-

                                                            38Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 91. 39 История народов Северного Кавказа ... М.: 1988, С. 73. 40 Анфимов Н. В. Курганы рассказивают... Краснодар, 1982, С. 114.

27

Tan imdenad mWidro eTnikur kontaqtSi imyofebodnen, rom maTi urTierTSerwyma da asimilaciuri procesi mimdinareobda. sarmatizaciis procesi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda Zv. w. I saukunis bolos, magram `gabato-nebuli rCebodnen meotTa tomebi, meotebis ena~.41 bi-nadar cxovrebaze gadasuli sarmatebi asimilirdnen. es mosaxleoba yubanis marjvena napirze ax. w. III sau-kuneSic agrZelebda aq cxovrebas. meotebSi sarmati-zaciis Sedegad farTod gavrcelda `saerTosarmatu-li materialuri kulturis sagnebi _ iaraRi, samka-uli, tansacmlis tipi, sarke da bolos, dasakrZalavi nagebobebi.42 ax. w. I saukunis meore naxevarSi yubanispireTSi alanebi gamoCndnen, romlebic volgasa da dons So-ris momTabareobdnen. isini iranulenovani sarmatebis tomebs miekuTvnebodnen. momTabare alanebi yubanis aRmosavleTSi SeiWrnen da kontaqti daamyares bosfo-rTan. bosforisaTvis am urTierTobas rom didi mni-Svneloba hqonda, is faqtic mowmobs, rom `fanagori-aSi arsebobda alani Tarjimnebis jgufi, romlis sa-TaveSic 208 wels idga vinme iraki~.43 IV saukuneSi, ufro zustad 370 wels, moxda alanebis Sejaxeba hu-nebTan, rac gamowveuli iyo centraluri aziis siRrmeSi warmoqmnili morigi eTnikuri biZgebiT. ala-nebma damarcxeba ganicades da or nawilad gaiyvnen. erTi nawili CaTreuli iqna `xalxTa did gadasa-xlebaSi~. meore nawili hunebis samxreTuli talRis zewoliT samxreTisaken _ CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTis-wina nawilSi, mdinareebis yubanisa da Tergis ve-lebSi _ iqna Caweuli. alanebamde yubanis marjvena napirze Tu binadari mosaxleoba marTlac arsebobda, maSin am droidan yubanis stepuri marjvena sanapiro

                                                            41 Анфимов Н. В. Курганы рассказивают... Краснодар, 1982, С. 11. 42 Анфимов Н. В. Курганы рассказивают... Краснодар, 1982, С. 118. 43 История народов Северного Кавказа ... М.: 1988, С. 86.

28

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva momTabare tome-bis samomTabareo sivrced iqceoda: avarebi, bulgare-bi, xazarebi, paWanikebi, yivCaRebi, TaTrebi, noRaele-bi. xandaxan iSviaTad yubanis marjvena napiras warmo-iqmneboda adiReuri dasaxlebebi, romlebic saSiSro-ebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis mzad iyvnen sxva adgilas gadasuliyvnen. da mxolod XVIII saukunis bolos yu-banis marjvena napirze gamoCnda SavizRvispireli kazakebis stanicebi, romlebic aq ekaterine II-em gad-moasaxla. hunebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis gaswvriv daaxloebiT naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi win miiwevdnen da Sem-deg ki samudamod wavidnen. kavkasiaSi darCenili ala-nebis Semdgomi eTnikuri istoria aq gagrZelda. hu-nebma maT eTnosfera Seacvlevines. alanebisa da hune-bis kontaqtma eTnikuri Serevebi gamoiwvia, ramac mni-Svnelovani gavlena moaxdina alanebis Semdgom eTni-kur istoriaze. hunebTan Sejaxeba rom ar yofiliyo, maSin alanebi savaraudod stepur sivrceebSi darCe-bodnen da maTi istoria momTabareebis tipiur isto-rias ar gacdeboda.44 magram alanebi IV saukunis bo-los samxreTisaken wamowevis Semdeg, TandaTan binad-rebad, mkvidrebad iqcnen. alanebis binadrebad gadaq-cevis mizezi mxolod erTaderTi iyo: kavkasiis mTis-wineTSi momTabareoba SeuZlebeli/mouxerxebeli iyo. landSafti da klimati alanebs binadar cxovrebaze gadasvlas aiZulebda. alanebis gansaxlebis areali iyo dasavleTi da centraluri kavkasiis mdinareebis tyiani velebi. alanebma, Seerivnen ra adgilobriv mo-saxleobas, swrafad gadaiRes binadarTa cxovrebis wesebi. alanebis mosvlisTanave Zveli kultura ganvi-Tarda da V-VI saukuneebidan axali Seiqmna. centra-luri da dasavleT kavkasiis mdinareTa velebsa da

                                                            44В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 53.

29

tyian mTiswineTSi warmoiqmna axali dasaxlebebi. alanebma SeinarCunes indoevropuli kulturis niSne-bi, ena da a. S. miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc tipur kavkasiur eTnosad iqcnen. es alania icis rubrukvis-ma, romelic araerTxel moixseniebs Tavis CanawerebSi `alanebis mTebs~ _ Montes Alanorum. alanTa eTnosferas anu gansaxlebis arealis nawili SeWrili iyo Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis maRalmTian raionebSi qluxoris gadasasvlelis irgvliv. samxre-TiT is esazRvreboda svanebsa da afxazebs (v. gu-dakovi agreTve asaxelebs megrelebs), xolo Crdilo-eTiT urupisa da didi labis SuandinareTSi _ pro-toadiReelebs.45 faqtia, rom kavkasiaSi mosul ala-nebs mniSvnelovani eTnikuri kontaqtebi hqondaT qar-TvelTa eTnografiul jgufebTan, kerZod, megrelebsa da svanebTan. v. abaevi osur enaSi yvelaze metad megrulsa da svanur substrats gamoyofs. v. gudakovi imowmebs ra frang lingvistsa da eTnologs giorgi SaraSiZes, aRniSnavs, rom osur enaSi aris nasesxo-bebi svanuri da megruli metyvelebebidan, Tanac esaa yvelaze niadagsaxmari sityvebi, rogoricaa `qva~ da `cecxli~. isini miuTiTeben eTnosTaSoris urTierTo-bebis ara mxolod siRrmesa da intensiurobaze, ara-med dasaxelebul xalxebs Soris `simbiozzec~.46 aranakleb intensiuri iyo alanebis kontaqtebi adiReelebis winaprebTan. mecnierebi afxazur-adiRe-ur enebSi alanizmebis/osizmebis mniSvnelovan pla-sts pouloben. klimovi da Sagirovi aseT leqsikur erTeulebs Soris asaxeleben jaWvis, minis, celis, Znis, saqonlis aRmniSvnel terminebs. es exeba upir-veles yovlisa yoveldRiur cxovrebas, rac, rogorc wesi, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mWidro eTniku-

                                                            45В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 54. 46 Charachidze G. La memoire indo-europeens du Caucase. Hachette, 1987, p. 124.

30

ri urTierTobis mowmobas warmoadgens. v. gudakovis sityviT, aseTma simbiozurma urTierTobebma Zlieri gavlena moaxdines rogorc alanebis, ise adiReelebis winaprebze, romlebsac am droidan dasaxelebuli av-tori `protoadiReelebs~ uwodebs. protoadiReelebi erTgvar xids warmoadgendnen wamsvlel, IV saukuni-dan praqtikulad gamqral meotebis eTnossa da adi-Reelebs Soris, romelic, rogorc eTnikuri sistema, sakmaod gvian mogvevlina. alanebisa da protoadiReelebis simbiozi imdenad mWidro iyo, rom maT erTmaneTis qcevis stereoti-pebze moaxdines gavlena.47 v. gudakovis mixedviT, ase-Ti mtkicebulobani moipoveba, rogorc miTologiaSi, ise saistorio wyaroebSi. pirveli magaliTi narTebis eposia. samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom drois garkveul monakveTSi SemorCenili iyo stepuri wes-Cveulebebis susti gamoZaxili. Cven ki migvaCnia, rom adiReelebSi stepuri wes-Cveulebebi TiTqmis bo-lo dromde iyo SemorCenili; isini faqtobrivad na-xevradmomTabareebs warmoadgendnen da xSirad icv-lidnen sacxovrebel adgils. adiReuri modgmis xal-xebSi nomadebis eTnikuri kulturis bevri niSanic SeiZleba gavixsenoT. saamisod primitiuli, advilad dasaSleli sacxovreblebi da yabardoelebis iurtis msgavsi, konusiseburi formis samzareuloc gamogvad-geba. aseT nagebobas sruliad samarTlianad eTnolo-gebi stepuri samomTabareo kulturis gadmonaSTs uwodeben.48 adiReelTa da yabardoelTa sacxovreble-bi, rogorc cnobilia, mownuli, advilad dasaSleli da gadasatani saxlebi (ufro marTebuli iqneba vTqvaT, qoxebi, facxebi) iyo. amave dros, XVIII sau-

                                                            47В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб., 2007, С. 55. 48 С. А. Токарев. Этнография народов СССР. М., 1956, С.250.

31

kunis meore naxevarSi yofaSi farTod iyo SemorCenili nomadebis sacxovrebeli _ kibitkebi (Tvlebiani, moZravi, gadasaadgilebeli sacxovrebe-li), romlebic TeTri da ruxi feris qeCiT hqondaT gadaxuruli.49 yofaSi SemorCenili es monacemebi pir-dapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom maTi winaprebi Crdilo-eTidan, evraziis zolidan iyvnen kavkasiaSi adgil-gadmonacvlebulni. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania agreTve adiReelTa samosi: `XVIII saukuniTAda XIX saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRebul erT-erT suraTze ki, romelzedac ori Cerqezia gamosaxuli, mxolod erTs acvia kabis magvari samosi (ufro labada), rom-lis sigrZe barZayis mxolod naxevars faravs. mis ka-baze arc samasreebia mikerebuli da arc sagule aqvs mas amoWrili. meore maTgani kabis gareSea da mas ro-gorc qvedatanze, ise zedatanze Zalian mWidrod Se-motmasnili samosi acvia. kabian (ufro labadian) ma-makacsac kabis qveS analogiuri samosi acvia, rome-lic tanze mWidrod momjdar Tanamedrove sportul formas _ kombinizons _ ufro waagavs. Tavze Caf-xutis/muzaradis analogiuri axuravT.~50 tanze mWid-rod momjdari Sarvlis msgavsi ki momTabareTa dama-xasiaTebeli samosi iyo, romlebsac cxenze jdoma ufro didxans uwevdaT, vidre qveiTad yofna. rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, cxenosnoba/mxedroba adiReelis cxovrebis norma iyo, xolo e. w. aristokratiuli ze-dafenisaTvis erTaderTi Rirseuli saqmianoba. xolo sayovelTad cnobili yabardouli jiSis cxeni imis

                                                            49Я. Штелин. Описание Черкесии. – Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII-XVIII веков. – Нальчик: 2010. Вып. III. С. 161. 50Студенецкая Е. Н. Одежда народов Северного Кавказа. XVIII-XX вв. – М. 1989, С. 20: ix. agreTve r. TofCiSvili. qarTuli samosis isto-riidan: Coxa-axaluxi. _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbili-sis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis insti-tutis Sromebi. IX, Tb., 2015.

32

pirdapiri mowmobaa, rom misi gamomyvani eTnosis Zi-riTadi sameurneo saqmianoba mecxeneoba iyo. mecxene-oba ki nomadebis ZiriTad sameurneo saqmianobas war-moadgenda. adiReelTa odesRac stepuri samomTabareo kul-turis arealSi yofnis damadasturebelia kidev erTi eTnografiuli faqti, cnobilia, rom momTabareebsa da naxevradmomTabareebs salocavi sakulto nagebo-bebi ar hqoniaT. magaliTad, amiane marcelines mixedviT, alanebi miwaSi Casobil maxvils eTayva-nebodnen. ar hqondaT mudmivi sakulto Zeglebi adi-ReelTa arcerT teritoriul erTeuls. isini xeebs eTayvanebodnen. stepebSi momTabareebisaTvis xe sanat-reli iyo da amitomac is saTayvaneblad aqcies. bo-lo dromde xisadmi Tayvaniscema yvela adiReelisa da yabardoelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradicia iyo. `istoriis xangrZliv monakveTSi Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi eTnosTaSorisi kontaqtebis ZiriTadi for-ma, rogorc wesi, iyo momTabareTa mudmivi TareSebi binadar mosaxleobaze, rac Zlier gavlenas axdenda kavkasiuri qcevis stereotipebis formirebaze~ _ wers v. gudakovi.51 e. i. adiReelTa naxevradmomTabaruli cxovreba da mTeli istoriis manZilze mudmivi meko-breoba, nomadebis mudmivi TareSebis Sedegi iyo? adi-ReelTa eTnikuri erTobebis aramdgradobac nomade-bis xSiri zemoqmedebiT iyo gamowveuli? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvebs dadebiTi pasuxi unda gaeces. adiReuri aramyari eTnikuri erTobebi, 14-mde  lokalur-eTnog-rafiuli jgufis, romelTagan zogierTi TiTqmis gaqra (magaliTad, Janeelebi, romlebic yvelaze Crdi-loeTiT mosaxleobdnen da romlebic, Tavis mxriv, XV-XVI saukuneebSi xegakebisagan iyvnen gamoyofi-

                                                            51 В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 60.

33

li52), integraciis ararseboba swored nomadebTan xSiri kontaqtis Sedegs warmoadgenda. amasTanave, in-tegraciis xelis SemSleli faqtori iyo maTi moZ-ravi cxovrebis wesic, ris gamoc adiReur tomebs xSiri Sexla-Semoxlac hqondaT erTmaneTTan. saerTo potestarul-politikuri organizaciis ararsebobam ki TiTqmis bolo dromde ganapiroba adiReuri eTni-kuri sistemis mozaikuri struqtura. Tumca mTeli rigi lokaluri erTeulebis ufro msxvil lokalur erTeulebTan gaerTianebac xdeboda, magaliTad, co-Jinebisa da guagos jgufebi natuxaelebSi gaTqvefi-lan.53 adiReelTa araintegrirebulobis gamo zogier-Ti mecnieri maT lokalur-teritoriul erTeulebs calkeul xalxebad moixseniebs, magaliTad b. bRaJno-kovi abaZexebs, SafsuRebs, natuxaelebs, TemirRoe-lebs, Janeelebs da sxvebs `narodnostebs~ uwodebs. am gagebiT isini cal-calke eTnosebi yofilan. monRolebma samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiaze, sxva mo-mTabareebis darad, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganaxo-rcieles, maT ara mxolod alanebis eTnikuri gan-saxlebis arealis Secvla gamoiwvies, aramed sxva ka-vkasiuri eTnosebisac. gansaxlebis areali alanebisa, romlebic ZiriTadad dasavleT da centralur kav-kasiis velebsa da mTiswinebSi mosaxleobdnen, adiRe-uri eTnikuri erTeulebis warmomadgenlebma daikaves. bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: sad iyvnen iqamde adiReuri, ufro zustad, protoadiReuri tomebi gansaxlebul-ni? ufro CrdiloeTiT, iq, sadac maTi erT-erTi wi-naprebi _ meotebi binadrobdnen. es iyo SedarebiT Se-mosazRvruli teritoria, azovispireTSi. maTi gansa-xlebis arealis cvlilebas aq nomadebis xSiri Semo-svla iwvevda. afxazur-adiReuri tomebis yubanis sam-

                                                            52 Б. Бгажнаков. Черкесы (Адыги). Под редакцией М. Курдиани, Тб., С. 36. 53 К. Х. Меретуков. Адыгейский топонимический словарь. Майкоп, 1981, С. 149, 164.

34

xreTiT gadmosaxleba sabolood hunebis Semosevebis dros moxda IV saukunis 70-iani wlebis Semdeg. Crdi-loeTidan samxreTiT meotebis gadmonacvlebis sawyis etapad sarmatebis dro unda miviCnioT. maT adgil-gadanacvlebaSi aranaklebi roli iTamaSes dasavle-Tidan SemoWrilma guTebmac. yirimidan gadmosulma guTma tetrakitebma daipyres SavizRvispireTis sana-piro tamanze da misi mimdebare regionebi, ris Se-degadac aqedan gandevnes kerketebi aRmosavleTiT, didi kavkasionis qedis mTiswineTSi, yubanispireTsa da Savi zRvis sanapiroze; aqve gadasaxldnen meotebi, romlebic hunebis dartmebs aRmosavleTiT gamoeq-cnen.54 adiReelTa da ufro adre protoadiRelTa eT-nogenezSi swored maT, gansakuTebiT iranulenovanma nomadebma, miiRes monawileoba. yvela maTgani im mima-rTulebiT wavida, sadac hunebisa da guTebis Tare-Sebi ver miwvdeboda. siwynare iyo mxolod im raio-nebSi, romlebic zixebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da saiT-kenac miiswrafodnen sxva meoturi eTnosebi. meoteb-Tan erTad wavidnen meotTa garemoSi asimilirebuli sarmatebi da alanebi. zixebi Tavdapirvelad mcire toms warmoadgendnen, romlebic binadrobdnen Taname-drove qalaqebs gagrasa da tuafses Soris. samecni-ero literaturaSi isic miTiTebulia, rom V sau-kunidan isini gadaadgildnen samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT Savi zRvis sanapiroze da daikaves te-ritoria cemesis ubemde.55 sxvaTa Soris, arsebobs hi-poTeza, rom pirvandeli zixebi/jiqebi, aseve kerkete-bi kolxTaganni iyvnen da gvianantikur periodSi ga-nicades eTnikuri cvlileba.56

                                                            54 История народов Северного Кавказа ... М.: 1988, С. 95. 55 История народов Северного Кавказа ... М.: 1988, С. 122. 56b. gogia. istoriis saTaveebTan. qarTvelTa wamyvani roli, daknineba da aRdgena (lingvisturi masalebisa da wyaroebis

35

rogorc v. gudakovi aRniSnavs IV saukunidan pro-toadiReelebis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi adgili _ es iyo kavkasiis SavizRvispireTi, romelzedac axla mdebarebs anapa, novorosiiski, gelenjiki, agreTve yu-banis marcxena mxare. aRmosavleTiT maT ganviTarebas alanebi uSlidnen xels, romlebic dasaxlebulni iy-vnen qluxoris gadasasvlelis irgvliv, afxazebi, romlebic SavizRvispireTis gayolebiT mTiswineTSi cxovrobdnen, da abazebi mdinare Teberdis raionSi, romlebic aq mosuli iyvnen daaxloebiT V sauku-neSi.57 protoadiReelebis Camoyalibebis adgils to-ponimika da miTologiac adasturebs. adiReelTa yve-laze legendarul mwvervals warmoadgens SedarebiT dabali mTa (800 metrze dabla) sober-oaSx, romelsac maTi gadmocemebiT, ialbuzis Semdeg meore adgili ukavia. es gora wakveTili mwvervaliT mdebareobs mdinare ubinis zemo welSi. masze, gadmocemiT, ikri-bebian udi-adamianebi, romlebic uwmindur sulebTan urTierTobaSi Sedian da romlebsac SeuZliaT garda-iqmnan mglebad, katebad, ZaRlebad da gadaiqcnen uCinarebad.58 v. gudakovis daskvniT, protoadiRebis eTnogene-zis ganviTarebis adgilas rTuli procesi mimdinare-obda. misive mosazrebiT, axali eTnikuri sistemis Ca-moyalibebis birTvs warmoadgendnen, romelTa irgv-livac eTnogenezis rTul procesSi moxda kerketebis, adgilobrivi meoturi subeTnosebis, kerZod, aqeele-bis, melanxlenebis da sxvebi, ise mosuli meot-sa-rmatebis da meot-alanebis gadadnoba. protoadiRe-

                                                                                                              mecnieruli analizi), tomi I, parizi-londoni-romi-Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 984. 57Caratini R. Dictionnairt des nationalites et des minrites de l ex U. R. S. S. Larousse, 1992, p. 17. miTiTebulia wignidan: В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 67. 58В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб., 2007, С. 67.

36

lebis eTnikur sistemaSi, upirveles yovlisa, enasa da miTologiaSi (narTebi), Zlieri iranuli elementi swored maT Semoitanes.59 ar SeiZleba ar SevCerdeT da uyuradRebod dav-tovoT enaTmecnierTa, kerZod g. klimovis mier gamo-Tqmuli zogierTi mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac aS-karaa, rom protoadiReelebs eTnikuri kontaqtebi hqondaT qarTvelebTanac, v. gudakovi am kontaqtebs uSvebs mxolod afxazTa meSveobiT, romlebic misi sityviT, protoadiReelTa samxreT-aRmosavleTiT bi-nadrobdnen. klimovis SexedulebiT, afxazebis gansa-kuTrebuli mdgomareoba adiRe-afxazTa lingvistur da eTnikur gaerTianebaSi aixsneba `maTi siaxloviT dasavlurqarTul tipTan~, da afxazTa eTnogenezic ki dakavSirebulia `dasavleT qarTvelTa romeliRac jgufis adiReur enaze gadasvlasTan.~60 klimovis mo-sazrebebis gadmocema kvlav unda gavagrZelo: ro-gorc ar unda iyos, afxazur-adiReur da qarTvelur enebs Soris kontaqtebi warmoiqmna sakmaod adre, da afxazeTi iyo geografiuli raioni, sadac es kontaq-tebi xorcieldeboda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, afxazur-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTqmedeba daiwyo ara ugvi-anes VIII saukunisa, afxazeTis dasavlurqarTul same-fos warmoqmnasas.61 amitomaa rom afxazur enaSi bev-rad ufro meti qarTvelizmia, vidre adiReuri, rom-lebic wminda geografiuli TvalsazrisiT mdebareob-da ufro Sors Crdilo-dasavleTisaken.Dda Tu raRac qarTvelizmebi xvdeboda adiReur enaSi _ askvnis v. gudakovi _ es xdeboda afxazuris saSualebiT.62 af-xazur enaSi mniSvnelovani raodenobis qarTveluri substrati gamoavlina T. gvancelaZem. am enaSi qarTu-

                                                            59В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 67. 60В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 68. 61 Климов Г. А. Введение в кавказское языкознание. М.: 1986, С. 180, 182. 62В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 69.

37

lia qristianuli terminebi, zRvaosnobisa da meTev-zeobis terminebi, sxvadasxva dargobriv jgufTa leqsika.63 ra SeiZleba iTqvas am erTgvarad saintereso mo-sazrebebze? (axla Tavi davaneboT im hipoTezas, romlis Tanaxmad afxazebi (afsuebi) XV saukunidan Camoyalibdnen adgilobrivi pirvandeli afxazebis da mosuli adiReuri kolonebis asimilaciis kvalobaze). pirvel rigSi warmoudgenlad migvaCnia, rogor xvde-boda adiReur enebSi qarTvelizmebi afxazuris sa-SualebiT? aris ki analogiuri faqtebi lingvinistur mecnierebaSi dadasturebuli? Cven piriqiT gvgonia. iyo raRac periodi, rodesac dasavleT qarTvelebs eTnikuri kontaqti hqonda protoadiReelebTan. I sau-kunemde afxazebi ar Canan Tanamedrove afxazeTis te-ritoriaze. gasarkvevia, Tu vin cxovrobda I saukune-mde Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze da ufro CrdiloeTiTac meotebis mosvlamde. Tu adiReur ene-bSi qarTvelizmebia, da rogorc Cans, aris, maSin un-da davaskvnaT, rom qarTvelebi (ufro marTebuli iqneba: qarTveluri eTnikuri erTobebi), Tavis droze, afxazeTis ufro CrdiloeTiTac iyvnen gavrcelebu-li. xom araa amis damadasturebeli arqeologiuri masala? kerZod, yobanuri kultura? afxazebi xom ar arian qarTvelTa da adiReelTa/protoadiReelTa Se-revis Sedegad Camoyalibebulni? vfiqrobT, rom arsebuli masala am mosazrebas uWers mxars. gana ma-rto meot-adiReelebma moaxdines qarTveli tomebis asimilacia? ara! Serevis Sedegad CrdiloeTiT meot-adiReelebmaGgaimarjves, samxreTiT _ qarTvelebma. amis Sedegia abazgia da afsilia anu afxazeTi da

                                                            63T. gvancelaZe. afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis lingvisturi safuZvlebi. _ narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan: afxazeTi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde). Tb., 2007, gv. 190-196.

38

afSileTi. migvaCnia, rom es Sereva axali welTaR-ricxvis dasawyisSi ukve momxdari iyo, ramac axali eTnosis _ afxazebis warmoqmna gamoiwvia, afxazebs TavianTi ena gaaCndaT. xolo maTi samxreTiT binada-ri afSilebi ki qarTvelebi iyvnen. ufro Crdiloe-TiT Tu Serevebisas, eTnikuri kontaqtebisas gamarj-vebuli gamovida meoturi/protoadiRuri elementi, samxreTiT _ qarTuli elementi. ase rom, VIII sa-ukuneSi saberZneTsa da qarTvelebs Soris sazRvari eTnikur sazRvarze gadioda _ kelasuri iyo eTnikuri da politikuri sazRvari. eTnikuri sazRvari kolxe-bisa da adiReuri tomebisa dioskuriasTan jer kidev strabons aqvs dafiqsirebuli. axali welTaRricxvis I saukunis avtoris gaius plinius sekundesis (uf-rosi) mixedviTac dioskuria kolxTa qalaqia.64 kidev erTi garemoebis Sesaxeb: v. gudakovi adre Sua sauku-neebSi afxazuri eTnosis Sesaxeb saubrobs, adiRe-elebze ki _ ara.Aimdroindel adiReelebs is jer ki-dev protoadiReelebs uwodebs. arsebobs sxva, meore gzac adiReelebs Soris qarTvelizmebis gaCenisa. cnobilia, rom adiReelTa sami yvelaze didi tomi _ abaZexebi, SafsuRebi da natuxaelebi _ asimilirebu-li abazebi arian. savaraudod, adiReur enaSi qarTve-lizmebi maTi Setanili unda iyos. afxazeTis teritoriaze qarTveluri elementis gansaxlebaze araerTi toponimic miuTiTebs. araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs is, rom `cxumi~ qarTuli toponimia.65 garda cxumisa, svanuri metyvelebiT ixsneba afxaze-

                                                            64gaius plinius sekundesi (ufrosi). bunebis istoria. _ anti-kuri kavkasia. enciklopedia, tomi I, wyaroebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 500. 65sainteresoa erT-erTi mosazreba (badri gogia), romlis mi-xedviTac cxumis pirvandeli etimologia aris zanuri: rcxumi (`Serwymuli, tyupi~), rcxumafa (`Serwyma~).

39

Tis toponimebi: tamiSi, RumuriSi66, gagra/gakra67, di-oskuria68, wibeliusi (am ukanasknelSi gamoiyofa qar-Tuli Ziri wif-), misimianeTis mxareSi fusta (svanur qristianobamdel RvTaebaTa panTeonSi fustas erT-erTi wamyvani adgili eWira) da sxv. samarTlianadaa SeniSnuli, rom `qarTuli sit-yvis fonetikuri ieris elements warmoadgens ara mxolod cx kompleqsi, aramed qarTulSi moqmedi mTeli sistema TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsebi-

                                                            66 Г. В. Цулая. Абхазия и абхазы в контексте истории Грузии (Домонгольский период). М., 1995, С.15 67T. gvancelaZe. afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis lingvisturi safuZvlebi. _ narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan: afxazeTi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde). Tb., 2007, gv. 192. 68antikur wyaroebSi Tanamedrove soxumis ori sxvadasxva sa-xelwodebaa dafiqsirebuli _ sebastopolisi da dioskuria. pirveli maTgani Tu berZnulia, meore maTgani, rogorc dad-genilia, aSkarad qarTveluria (zanuria): toponimis meore na-xevari `skuri~ cnobili megruli topografiuli terminia. xolo `dio~ megrulia, rac qarTulad dedas niSnavs. amas emateba mesame saxelwodeba, romelic qarTul wyaroebSia da-dasturebuli _ cxumi. es ukanasknelic qarTveluria (svanu-ri). Tqmuli imis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom davaskvnaT: Tana-medrove soxumis midamoebi istoriulad mxolod da mxolod qarTveluri eTnikuri erTobebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. zRvis mxares, ZiriTadad samxreT-aRmosavleTiT zanebi mkvidrobd-nen, xolo mTebisken Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT _ svanebi. aq sva-nuri da zanuri erTobebi erTmaneTs xvdebodnen. xolo gvian protoafxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri jgufebis mosvlis Semdeg, am ukanasknelTa Serevis Sedegad axali tomobrivi erToba _ afsilebi/afSilebi warmoiqmnen, romlebic enobriv-eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT qarTvelurni iyvnen da mxolod da mxolod amitomac hqondaT abazgebisagan/afxazebisagan gansxvavebuli eTnonimi, romlebic ufro CrdiloeTiT binadrobdnen. abazg-afxazebic imave sami komponentis Serevis Sedegad iqnen Camo-yalibebuli, oRond Crdilo-dasavleTiT gamarjvebuli gamo-vida ara qarTveluri, aramed protoafxazur (abazur)-adiRe-uri elementi.

40

sa, romeli sistemis mxolod 1/12 (ra Tqma unda, ara zustad) nawilia cx kompleqsi. saxeldobr: bR-fx-py, dR-Tx-ty, ZR-cx-wy, jy-Cx-Wy da maTi fonetikuri Se-satyvisebi zanurSi (megrul-WanurSi). sxva enebSi Tan-xmovanTa aseTi sistema ara gvaqvs. sruliad cxadia, rom am sistemis ilustracias warmoadgens pavle in-goroyvas `specialur eqskursSi~ damowmebuli saxel-wodebebi: sobRisi _ sobisi, dRvana _ dvana, tyauru, tyubuni, igive cxomi-cxumi, wyuzamela, wyurgili, wyvibeni, Cxari, CxalTa. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTu-li bgeraTsistemis gamZleobas, sruliad marTebuli iqneba, rom am nimuSebs daematos mravali dRes moq-medi toponimikuri saxelwodeba afxazeTis terito-riaze, rac aRniSnulia sxvadasxva masStabis rukeb-zec ki. mag.: dRamS (mdin.), kindRa (sof.), iaSTxva-iaStuxi (sof. cxadia, rom es erTi da igive saxel-wodebaa, mxolod iaStux-Si darRveulia Tx kompleq-si; rogorc Cans, Zvelia iaSTxva), aiTxa (mTa), Txina (sof.), amtyeli (sof.) tyuarCeli, frcxa (mTa), acxu (mTa), reCxuwa (sof., mTa), anCxa (mTa), CxorToli (sof.) da sxv.~ `kargi nimuSia zemogamoTqmuli mosazrebisa imis Sesaxeb, rom fonetikuri ieris mixedviT sityvis mikuTvneba aadvilebs mis etimologizacias, mag., pav-le ingoroyvas mier 146-7 gv. ganxiluli saxelwodeba tyubuni: ty kompleqsi miuTiTebs mis qarTulobaze, xolo misi mniSvneloba emTxveva `dioskuria~-s mniSv-nelobas da amgvarad ixsneba misi mravlobiTi ric-xvis forma. rogorc Cans, tyubuni, resp. tyubuni war-moadgens Zveli berZnuli `dioskurio~-s (legendiT _ `tyupi Zmebi~) Sesatyviss. TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsebis sistemis arseboba afxazeTis istoriul toponimikaSi iseTi uryevi mowmobaa qarTulobisa, rom ar SeiZleba misi gverdis avla (mxolod cxum-cxomiT da Tundac ram-denime calkeuli terminis dasaxelebiT) an misi CaT-

41

vla meoreul fonetikur movlenad, Tu ar gvinda, rom gza mieces nebismier daskvnebs~.69 g. axvledianis am lingvistur logikur msjelobas Znelia vinmem raime daupirispiros. saamiso Tanxmovankompleqsiani toponimebis didi raodenoba, romelTa daTariReba xerxdeba da romle-bic qarTul da ucxour wyaroebSia moxseniebuli, Ta-namedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze (136 erTeuli) da afxazeTs gareT70 _ danarCeni saqarTvelos terito-riaze maTi Sesatyvisebi dadasturebuli aqvs pavle ingoroyvas. marTlac, rodesac afxazeTis teritoria-ze eTnogenetikuri procesebisa da eTnikuri isto-riis Sesaxeb saubroben mecnierebi, am toponimebis gverdis avla warmoudgenlad migvaCnia. aq am topo-nimebis mxolod nawils movixmobT, romlebic sakmaod gamWvirvale qarTveluri toponimebia: tyubuni, biWvin-Ta, bzibi, uRali (Zvel qarTul enaSi Znelad savali (mTis) aRmniSvneli iyo. XIV saukunis warweraSi mox-seniebulia gagarTan erTad), lixni/luxuni (saba: `lixi _ friad maRali Sambi~), xofi (xof- Zirze toponimebi araerTi gvxvdeba rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi), canTa _ caniTi, wibeli, wibelTa, guma/gumisTa, Cxari/Cxali, CxalTa, bokeri, dali, qÂiTasi (jiqeTis teritoriaze), baga, aSe-Rali (evlia Celebis mixedviT, aSe-Rali jiqeTis oTxi Temidan erT-erTi iyo. zanurad Rali Relea), RaliZ-ga, subeSi, wyÂbuni, wyuzamela, wyurgili (sofeli, romelic wyuzamelze mdebareobda. `wyu~ wyals, wya-ros niSnavs), moqvi (SavSeTSi iyo sofeli moqvTa), gubi, dRvana, tyvaja, tyvarCeli, tyauru, marmaris-kari, fSia/fSa (saba: `fSa _ mdinarisagan wyaro, munve

                                                            69g. axvlediani. afxazeTis istoriuli toponimikis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis. _ mnaTobi, 1957, #2, gv. 108-109. 70p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule qarTveli mwerali meaTe sau-kunisa. Tb., 1954, gv. 146-189.

42

axlos gamodenili~), TiliTi/TliTi (Sdr.: liaxvis xeobis toponims Tlia), ilori... T. gvancelaZe dama-tebiT kidev or aTeul qarTvelur toponims CamoT-vlis afxazeTis teritoriaze: zigana, moxora, jixa-xora, xoiri, korcxeri, kopiti, aiTarne, (a)ruxa, (a)mt-yeli, genwviS...71 mniSvnelovani raodenobiT daiZebneba qarTuli substratuli toponimebi Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasia-sa da Tanamedrove krasnodaris mxaris SavizRvipi-reTSi. aq mkvlevarebs gamovlenili aqvT Semdegi to-ponimebi: sonTa (XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis dokumen-tSi dafiqsirebulia uReltexili); sonCxa (soWidan 20 kilometrSi mdinare Saxes auzis qedis saxelwodeba. `sone~ igive svania, xolo `Cx~ _ qedi); bazisi (V saukunis aninimi avtoris mixedviT, md. bazisi miedi-neba zixebsa (jiqebsa) da sanigebs Soris. esaa fazi-sis fonetikuri varianti); subaSi (navsadguri da mdi-nare SaxesTan axlos. toponimis sufiqsi -Si qarTu-lia. Sdr.: canaSi, sasaSi, WkaduaSi... subv- Zirze sa-qarTveloSi ramdenime toponimia); baga (V saukuneSi Saxedan 160 stadionze. qarTulad saqonlis sadgoms niSnavs); kurjipsi (md. belaias marcxena Senakadi mai-kopTan axlos. niSnavs qarTvelTa wyals); gelenjiki (igive gelenjixa. `gelen~ megrulad gares, gareTas niSnavs. `jixa~ _ cixes, e. i. gareTa cixe. Sdr.: wa-lenjixa, jixaiskari, nojixevi, jixurebi...); gujeuriu (qedi. gvijeri svanurad wablia); kocxuri (`kacx~ sva-nurad simaRles, mwvervals niSnavs. maRali qedi); so-ne imez (krasnodaridan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT as ki-lometrSi. niSnavs svanTa tyes). es toponimebi z. ra-tianma gamoavlina, romelic bolos aseT daskvnas

                                                            71 T. gvancelaZe. afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis lingvisturi safuZvlebi. _ narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan: afxazeTi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde). Tb., 2007, gv. 192.

43

gvTavazobs: `amrigad, adiReuri toponimia sruliad ueWvelad asabuTebs, rom mdinare yubanis marcxena na-piris mxareSi da Savi zRvis sanapiroze, q. soWidan tamanis naxevarkunZulamde adiReur mosaxleobaze uwin qarTveli mosaxleoba cxovrobda.~72 amrigad, Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze, mis CrdiloeTiT Savi zRvis sanapiroze da Crdilo-dasa-vleT kavkasiaSi meotebis/protoadiReelebis gadmosa-xlebamde qarTveluri eTnikuri elementi cxovrobda. aq migrirebulma adiReelebis winaprebma qarTveluri eTnikuri jgufebis asimilacia moaxdines. afxazTa SemadgenlobaSi qarTveluri elementi ufro mniSvne-lovani raodenobiT Sevida, vidre adiReelebSi. miu-xedavad imisa, rom arsebobs varaudi, Cven mainc ar vamtkicebT imas, rom qarTveluri eTnikuri erTobebi afxazeTidan CrdiloeTiT Savi zRvis sanapirosa da CrdiloeT-dasavleT kavkasiaSi odiTganve cxovrobd-nen da rom aRniSnuli teritoria qarTveluri er-Tobebis eTnogenezis geografiuli areali iyo. aq qa-rTveluri eTnikuri jgufebi gadanacvlebuli iyvnen rogorc zRvis sanapiro zoliT, ise dasavleT saqar-Tvelos mTianeTidan. bunebrivia, kiTxva gaCndeba: ro-dis unda momxdariyo es migracia? _ im droidan, ro-desac yobanuri kultura warmoiqmna (II aTaswleulis dasasruli _ I aTaswleulis dasawyisi), romelic, rogorc mecnierTa mier aRiarebulia kolxuri kul-turis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba iyo. protoadiReelebis eTnogenezSi, eTnikur konso-lidaciaSi, romelic am dros intensiurad mimdina-reobda, v. gudakovi makonsolidirebel birTvad miiC-

                                                            72z. ratiani. wyaroTa RaRadi anu piriqiTa saqarTvelo, Tb., 1995, gv. 17-28, 28. CamoTvlili toponimebis qarTvelurobis Se-saxeb ixileT g. marxulias statia rusul enaze: .Г. Мархулия. Грузинская топонимика Краснодарского Края. _  http://kavka‐sia.net/Georgia/article/1278966892.php

44

nevs zixebs. zixebis mier mezobeli tomebis miqsa-ciisa da asimilaciis procesis damadasturebel faq-tad is arqeologiur masalas da, kerZod, gelenjikis maxloblad arsebul borisovskis samarxs miiCnevs, romelic V-IX saukuneebiT TariRdeba; is tomTa Se-revis TvalsaCino magaliTad miiCneva.73 eTnogeneti-kuri procesebis Sedegad zixebi gadaiqcnen dasavleT kavkasiis protoadiReelTa yvelaze msxvil da Zlier eTnikur sistemad. isini iqcnen damoukidebel eTno-sad, Tavis irgvliv ikrebdnen samxreT-dasavleT kav-kasiaSi protoadiRuri eTnosferas sxvadasxva dasav-lurkavkasiur eTnikur elementebs. v. gudakovi izi-arebs paneSis daskvnas, rom sxvadasxva wyaroebi zixebs uwodeben sanapiros Zlier tomebs, romlebic qasogebTan/qaSagebTan erTad, ixseniebian VI saukuni-dan da romlebic momavali adiReuri eTnosis safuZv-lad iqcnen, romelTa ganviTarebac danarCeni proto-adiReelebisagan SedarebiT izolaciaSi mimdinareob-da.74 ratom iqcnen zixebi/jiqebi da kasogebi/qaSagebi, sxva protoadiReelebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze Zlier da gamZle eTnikur erTobebad? _ ra Tqma unda, xelsayreli bunebriv-geografiuli garemos/landSaf-tis gamo, sadac isini nomadebisaTvis faqtobrivad xelmiuwvdomelni iyvnen. paneSs aRniSnulis damadas-tureblad miaCnia agreTve avtoeTnonimi `zixi~. Tumca gaurkvevelia ra sabuTi aqvs mas imis Sesaxeb, rom `zixi~ avtoeTnonimi iyo. misi azriT, avtoeTnonimis _ `zixi~ safuZvels warmoadgens adiReuri sityva `cug~, rac udris `adamians~, xolo adiReelTa TviTsaxel-wodebas safuZvlad udevs TviTsaxelwodebis _ `zixi~ Sualeduri formiT: `a-dzige~, saxeldobr: `zi-xi~_`a-dzige~_`adiRe~.75

                                                            73 История народов Северного Кавказа ... М.: 1988, С. 122. 74Панеш Э. Х. Этническая психология ... СПб.: 1996, С.241, 62. 75Панеш Э. Х. Этническая психология ... СПб.: 1996, С.241, 61.

45

`zixebis binadrobis teritoria ganapirobebda maT mudmiv Setakebebs momTabareebTan, romelTaTvi-sac arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo TareSebi. amito-mac yvelaze ufro binadari eTnokulturuli erTo-bisaTvis am regionSi _ zixebisaTvis ,,omi iyo iseTive bunebrivi ram rogorc memindvreoba, mesaqonleoba da TevzWera. ... zixTa qalaqebis Savi zRvis sanapiroze geografiuli lokalizacia, SedarebiT SezRuduli miwis farTobebiT, aixsneba zixebSi zRvaosnobis ma-Rali ganviTarebiT, erTi mxriv, da, meore mxriv, TareSebis specifikuri saxiT, kerZod sazRvao pira-tobiT.~76 aq erTi ram araa gaTvaliswinebuli: Savi zRvis sanapirosa da mis mimdebare teritoriaze CrdiloeTidan Camonacvlebuli zixebis winaprebi ar iyvnen moTareSeebi.Ll. gumiliovis mixedviT, azovis-pireTi, saidanac maTma winaprebma Camoiwies, swored naxevradmomTabareebisaTvis iyo zedgamoWrili, aq mo-mTabareebi naxevradmomTabareebi xdebodnen da ro-gorc erTTaTvis, ise meoreTaTvis meurneobis gark-veul formasTan erTad, TareSebic tradiciuli iyo. ase rom, isini mSvidobiani mezRvaurebidan ar gadaq-ceulan zRvis yaCaRebad, rogorc amas paneSi miiCnevs. paneSis mixedviT, zixebi ufro cnobili xdebian VIII saukunis bolosa da IX saukunis dasawyisSi. zixia rogorc qveyana mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda kavka-siis SavizRvispireTSi. es periodi Seesatyviseba zi-xuri eTnosis umaRlesi aRmavlobis fazas. Semdeg dgeba periodi zixuri eTnosis rogorc dakninebisa da daSlisa, ise politikuri konfederaciisa. X saukunidan dawyebuli zixiis anu jiqeTis Caylapvis procesi iwyeba ori mezoblis, ufro energiuli qaso-gebisa/qaSagebisa da afxazebis mier. am rTuli proce-sis Sedegi iyo yofili zixuri/jiquri eTnosis mem-

                                                            76Панеш Э. Х. Этническая психология ... СПб.: 1996, С.294-295.

46

kvidreebis _ abaZexebisa, SafsuRebis da natuxaelebis _ Camoyalibeba.77 ar unda daviviwyoT, rom zixebi mkvidrni iyvnen ara Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiisa, ara-med kavkasiis mTavari qedis samxreT-dasavleTi fer-dobisa. am teritorias ki v. gudakovi miiCnevs proto-adiRelebis samxreT kerad. xolo kavkasiis qedis Crdilo-dasavleT ferdobze iyo CrdiloeTis kera, sadac daaxloebiT VI saukunidan eTnogenezis proce-sis Sedegad gamoCnda axali eTnosi kasogebi/qaSa-gebi.78 wyaroebi erTmaneTSi ar ureven kasogebs/qaSa-gebs da zixebs/jiqebs. zixebsa da kasogebs ganasxva-vebdnen bizantiuri wyaroebi. Aam wyaroebis mixedviT samxreT-dasavleTidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimar-TulebiT jer iyo `zixia~/jiqeTi, Semdeg `kasa-xia~/qaSageTi da kidev Semdeg _ `alanTa miwa~.79 kasogebi/qaSagebi, zixebisagan/jiqebisagan gansxva-vebiT, mudmiv eTnikur kontaqtSi imyofebodnen Crdi-loeT kavkasiis stepebis nomadur samyarosTan, rome-lic kasogTa/qaSagTa eTnogenezis periodSi ZiriTa-dad Turqul samomTabareo samyarod iqca. kasog-Ta/qaSagTa eTnikuri qcevis stereotipis arerTi ni-Sani Turqul anabeWds atarebda. agreTve, rogorc miiCnevs zogierTi mkvlevari, TviT avtoeTnonimi `ka-sogi~ Turquli warmoSobisaa. am TviTsaxelmwodebis etimologias isini ukavSireben termins `koS (koz, kaz)~, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo momTabareebSi. te-rminis yvelaze saerTo mniSvneloba aris `droebiTi banaki~, `aramudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili~. banakis, sadgomis mniSvnelobiT is Sevida adiReur enaSi.80 es mosazreba paneSs ekuTvnis. azri logikuria, magram ra icis paneSma, rom `kasogi~ erT-erTi adiReuri eT-

                                                            77Панеш Э. Х. Этническая психология ... СПб.: 1996, С.71-72. 78Панеш Э. Х. Этническая психология ... СПб.: 1996, С.84. 79 История народов Северного Кавказа ... М.: 1988, С. 145. 80Панеш Э. Х. Этническая психология ... СПб.: 1996, С.91-95, 105-106, 108.

47

nikuri erTobis TviTsaxelwodeba iyo? xolo Tu eT-nonimis etimologia sinamdviles Seesabameba, maSin yvelaze didi daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT, rom es adiReuri tomi (da sxvebic) Tavdapirvelad nomadebi iyvnen. ise, sxvaTa Soris, adiReuri tomebis cxov-rebis wesi marTlac moZraobiToba iyo, isini xSirad icvlidnen sacxovrebel adgils da gaaCndaT droe-biTi sadgomebi. ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT isic, rom kasogebs/qaSagebs mTeli rigi mecnierebi antikuri wyaroebis kerketebs ukavSireben. magaliTad l. lav-rovi miiCnevda, rom eTnonimi `Cerqezi~ miRebulia `kerketidan~, `Cerqezi~ ki cnobilia, rom adiReuri tomebis egzoeTnonimi iyo ganviTarebul da gvian Sua saukuneebSi. paneSis mosazrebiT, qcevis eTnikuri stereotipi kasogebs/qaSagebs CamouyalibdaT Turqi nomadebis ga-vleniT. magaliTad, `droebiT binadari anu cxovrebis primitiul-momTabaruli saxe~, ramac safuZveli Cau-yara adiReelebis moZraobiTobasa da mudmiv gadada-adgilebas.81 paneSs adiReelTa eTnokulturuli komp-leqsi `mxedari_cxeni~ am xalxSi TurqTa gavlenis Sedegad miaCnia, rasac v. gudakovi samarTlianad ar iziarebs da aRniSnavs, rom analogiuri kompleqsi dasavleTkavkasiur eTnosebs ufro adre iranelebTan urTierTobis dros hqondaT Camoyalibebuli. Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis eTnikuri istoria mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli stepuri eTnosebis eTnikur istoriasTan, romlebic gabatonebuli iyvnen Crdilo-eT kavkasiis mTel sivrceebze. VII-XIII saukuneebSi Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiisa da xazareTis eTnosTa-Sorisi koliziis ucvlel komponents warmoadgend-nen xazarebi. xazarebi, rogorc eTnikuri sistema, l. gumiliovis mixedviT, Camoyalibdnen qvemo volgis-

                                                            81Панеш Э. Х. Этническая психология ... СПб.: 1996, С.110.

48

pireTSi VII saukuneSi da XIII saukunemde eTnikuri aRmavlobis fazaSi imyofebodnen, e. i. eTnikur kon-taqtSi Sediodnen mezoblebTan.82 xazarebis eqspansia nawilobriv iZulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, radgan ma-Ti eTnikuri akvani kaspiis zRvam datbora. VI sa-ukunidan vidre XIV saukunemde kaspiis zRvis donem 18 metriT aiwia. xazarebis mTeli eTnikuri istoria dasawyisidan bolo periodamde mudmivi ekologiuri katastrofis niSniT mimdinareobda. X saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis xazarebma dakarges Tavisi adgilgan-viTarebis ori mesamedi. Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis xalxebi aRmoCndnen xazarTa gavlenis sferoSi. Sem-deg regionSi sxva Turquli warmomavlobis eTnikuri erTeulebi modian, romlebic Crdilo-dasavleT kav-kasiaSi aramdgrad eTnikur viTarebas ganapirobeben. adiReelTa (an protoadiReelTa, rogorc maT uwo-debs v. gudakovi) miwebi yubanispireTSi mniSvnelov-nad Seamcires yivCaRebma. eTnikuri sazRvari yivCa-Rebs, protoadiRebsa da alanebs Soris bolos-dabolos yubanis dinebaze dadginda. XIII saukunisaTvis Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi sakmaod stabiluri eTnikuri situacia Camoyalibda. yivCaRebi da protoadiRelebi Tanaarsebobdnen, rom-lebsac TavTavianTi ekologiuri niSa ekavaT: yivCa-Rebs _ azovispireTis stepebSi, protoadiReelebs _ dasavleT kavkasiis dabal mTiswineTSi. XII saukunis meore naxevridan XIII saukunis 20-ian wlebamde yiv-CaRebi da adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebi mWidro eTni-kur kontaqtSi imyofebodnen da Tanac mimdinareobda paWanikebis mudmivi SeRweva mTiswineTSi da maTi nawi-lobrivi Serevis procesi Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan jer kidev monRol-Ta-

                                                            82 Гумилев Л. Н. Этносфера: История людей и история природы. М., 1993, С.374.

49

TarTa Semosevebamde _ X-XII saukuneebSi daiwyo. ase rom, Turqulenovani mosaxleobisa da adiReuri eTni-kuri erTobebis kontaqtebi monRolebTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli. analogiurad SeiZleba iTqvas ala-nur-yivCaRur urTierTobebze. Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis eTnikur istoriaSi axali etapi monRolTa Semosevebis Semdeg daiwyo. amieridan tamansa da azovs monRolebi daeuflnen. Tumca maT zixebi/jiqebi da sxva adiReuri/Cerqezuli tomebi ver daiqvemdebares. tyian da mTian adgilebSi maT faqtobrivad, damoukidebloba SeinarCunes, vele-bSi mcxovreblema ki maTi mmarTveloba aRiares. pi-rveli dartyma monRolebma, upirveles yovlisa, ste-pebis eTnoss _ yivCaRebs miayenes. isini yvelaze me-tad dazaraldnen. SedarebiT nakleb dazaraldnen alanebi, romlebic kavkasiiswineTis landSaftur zo-naSi binadrobdnen. maT dakarges gansaxlebis areali, magram eTnikuri cxovreba sxvaTa teritoriaze gaag-rZeles. monRolebi, faqtobrivad, adiReelebs ar Se-xebian; isini mSvid viTarebaSi agrZelebdnen cxov-rebas. adiReelebis adgilsamyofelis aRmosavleTiT yvela ZiriTadi transkavkasiuri gadasasvleli, ala-nebis gansaxlebis arealSi iyo. gadasasvlelebis xe-lSi Casagdebad alanebis ganadgureba saWiro iyo. Cveni azriT, adiReelebis gadaarCena landSaftma, bu-nebriv-geografiulma garemom ganapiroba. monRolebs ufro alanebis CrdiloeTkavkasiuri landSafti ain-teresebdaT, radgan isini ZiriTadad centraluri kav-kasiis stepur nawilSi binadrobdnen, xolo adiRe-elebi ki tyian mTiswineTSi cxovrobdnen. nomad mon-Rolebs saZovrebiT mdidari mxareebi ainteresebdaT da ara tyiani da gorak-borcviani mxareebi. meore: iseTi landSaftis dapyrobas, rogorSic adiReelebi cxovrobdnen, didi Zalisxmevac Wirdeboda. Sedarebi-saTvis SeiZleba kavkasiis rusuli dapyrobebi gavix-

50

senoT. carizmi ramdenime aTeuli weli mounda adiRe-elTa teritoriis dapyrobas. ar SeiZleba imis gamo-ricxvac, rom adiReelebs, alanebisa da yivCaRe-bisagan gansxvavebiT, saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnimi ar gaaCndaT. ufro organizebuli alanebi da yivCa-Rebi organizebuli SeebrZolnen monRoloebs. am or-ganizebul eTnosebs monRolebma ufro organizebu-loba daupirispires. araorganizebuli adiReelebis damarcxeba, romlebic dafantulad moqmedebdnen uf-ro Zneli iyo. amitomac adiReuri eTnosi gadarCa da kavkasiaSi yvelaze mravalricxovan eTnikur erTobad iqca. ufro metic, adiReelebisagan gamoyofilma yaba-rdoulma eTnosma monRolebis Semdeg alanTa gansa-xlebis areali daikava (yabardouli eTnosi ara ram-denime eTnosis Serevis Sedegad warmoiqmna, aramed divergenciis gziT). rogorc mkvlevarebi miuTiTeben monRolebs didxans, TiTqmis asi wlis ganmavlobaSi winaaRmdegobas mxolod dasavleT alanebi uwevdnen. ufro swori iqneba, Tu alaniis am nawils mTian ala-nias vuwodebT. es iyo Semdeg balyarelebiT da yara-CaelebiT dasaxlebuli Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis mTiani regionebi, magaliTad, zelenCukis xeoba, sa-dac alaneTis eparqia da qvemo arxizic mdebareobda. samecniero literaturaSi adiReuri eTnosis ad-gilsamyofelad (ganviTarebis adgilad) miCneulia adiRes erT-erTi mTavari mdinaris _ beloes (Sxa-guaSe) xeoba, romelic iwyeba fiSt-oStenis mTidan da romelic 265 kilometris manZilze bevr Senakads ier-Tebs da, romelic yubans uerTdeba. v. gudakovi miiCnevs, rom adiReuri eTnikuri er-Toba mxolod monRolTa Semosevebis Semdgom peri-odSi Camoyalibda. iqamde arsebul eTnikur erTeu-lebs is protoadiReelebs uwodebs. misi azriT adi-Reelebma eTnikuri ganviTarebis Semdegi gza gaiares: protomeotebi _> meotebi _> protoadiReelebi _>

51

adiReelebi.Mmkvlevari zixebsa/jiqebsa da kasogebs/qa-Sagebs protoadiReelebad miiCnevs. eTnikuri erTobi-saTvis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrelad eTnikur stereotips miiCnevs da ara enasa da kulturas. adre adiReur eT-nikur erTeulebs anu protoadiReelebs adiReuri stereotipi ar hqoniaT: cal-calke arsebobda zixe-bis/jiqebis da kasogebis/qaSagebis stereotipio. adi-ReelTa eTnikuri erTobis formireba damTavrebuli ar yofila, radgan es sterotipi icvlebodao _ as-kvnis avtori. adiReelTa eTnikuri sterotipis for-mirebaSi monawileoba miuRiaT alanebs, yivCaRebs, mcire monRolur substrats. zogierTi `Tavaduri gvari~ ki, savaraudod, `warmoiSva qristiani mRvdle-bisagan, magaliTad, gurge da ruma~.83 pirdapir unda aRvniSnoT, rom v. vinogradovis am mosazrebis gaziareba SeuZlebelia. pirvel rigSi SeuZlebelia zixebis/jiqebis protoadiReelebad miC-neva, radgan samecniero literaturaSi maT Sesaxeb ori daskvna arsebobs, isini iyvnen: a) ubixebi, b)abaze-bi/saZebi. rac mTavaria, eTnikuri stereotipi eTnosis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi niSni araa. is aSkarad l. gumiliovis gavlenis qveSaa. Tumca samarTlanad ar iziarebs imave l. gumiliovis koncefcias, rom eTno-genezi mudmivi procesia. adiReuri eTnosi Cveni Sexe-dulebiT, adre Sua saukuneebSi Camoyalibda azovis-pireTidan Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi Camonacvle-buli meotebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Sere-vis Sedegad. ufro metic, ena maT samxreTiT Camona-cvlebamde hqondaT Camoyalibebuli. migvaCnia, rom protoadiReelebi swored meotebi iyvnen, romlebic aRmosavleT azovispireTSi da ufro CrdiloeTiTac cxovrobdnen. eTnogenezis procesi maSin xdeba, ro-

                                                            83В. Б. Виноградов. Средняя Кубань: земляки и соседи (формирование традиционного населения). Армавир, 1995, С. 49.

52

desac ori an ramdenime eTnosis Sedegad axali eno-brivi erToba yalibdeba, romelic imavdroulad axa-li eTnikuri erTobacaa. Tumca, xazgasmiT unda avR-niSnoT, rom sruliad dasaSvebia, adre Sua saukune-ebSi Camoyalibebul eTnikur erTobas saerTo eTnoni-mi arc hqonoda (sxvadasxva xalxTa eTnikur isto-riaSi aseTi araerTi faqtia dadasturebuli). xazi unda gavusvaT imasac, rom adiReuri eTnikuri erToba nakleb integrirebuli iyo, raSic maT xels uSlida cxovrebis wesi, administraciul-saxelmwifoebrivi erTobis ar arseboba. cxovrebis wesSi ki, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeba mudmivi binadrobis ar arsebo-ba, afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebis erTmaneTs Soris mudmivi dapirispireba. yvela adiReur eTnikur erTobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo `moZrav sofleb-Si~ cxovreba _ sofeli/auli xSirad icvlida sac-xovrebel adgils (sayuradReboa, rom adiReur enaSi soflis aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeuli ar arse-bobs. am enaSi sofeli da saxli erTi terminiT ga-moixateba); gadadiodnen sakmaod daSorebul teri-toriaze, erTi xeobidan meore xeobaSi. sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel xdebo-da. ufro metic, XIX saukunis dasawyisis avtorebs SeniSnuli aqvT, rom abazebi sofelSi mxolod zam-TarSi cxovrobdnen, zafxulSi ki momTabareobdnen moZravi aulebiT, gadadiodnen ra adgilidan adgil-ze, orTvliani urmebiT, iseve rogorc TaTrebi.84 am-jerad Cvens mizans ar Seadgens Crdilo-dasavleT adiReelTa cxovrebis am wesis mizezebis Sesaxeb sau-bari, mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom es wesi yvela toms/lokalur erTeuls axasiaTebda. yvela arsebuli monacemiT irkveva, rom adiRe-elebi Tavdapirvelad ar cxovrobdnen yubanis mar-

                                                            84Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 134.

53

jvena napirze. maTi gansaxlebis areali iyo azovis zRvis aRmosavleTi da donis SesarTavi delta, Sesa-rTavidan 50-60 kilometris farglebSi. Tumca mTeli rigi wyaroebi maT ufro CrdiloeTiT migraciazec miuTiTeben, kerZod Savi zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiroze, yirimSi da samxreT ukrainaSic ki. saamisod yabar-douli gadmocemebis moxmobac sakmarisia. yabardo-elebis Sesaxeb zemoT iTqva, rom isini adiReelTa divergenciis gziT arian warmoqmnili da centralur kavkasiaSi gadmosaxldnen Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasi-idan, romlebmac alanTa yofili eTnosfera, gansax-lebis areali daikaves. magram yabardoelebs aqvT gadmocemebi TaviaanTi adrindeli sacxovrisis Sesa-xeb. erTis Tanaxmad, isini maxlobeli aRmosavleTi-dan arian gadmosaxlebuli. amasTanave gadmocemaSi isicaa aRniSnuli, rom centralur kavkasiaSi mosv-lamde Tavdapirvelad cxovrobdnen Savi zRvis sanapi-roze gelenjikis raionSi, an anapaSi an tamanis na-xevarkunZulze yiziltaSis limanaSi. sxva gadmoce-miT, yabardoelebi da beslenelebi TavianT axla-ndel adgilSi gadmosaxldnen uSualod Savi zRvis sanapirodan, sxvebi ki miuTiTeben maT mkvidrobaze e. w. Sualedur adgilze _ yirimsa da dons Soris te-ritoriaze.85 istorikosebi yabardoelebis mravalje-radi gadmosaxlebis Sesaxebac miuTiTeben. am hipoTe-ziT, yabardoelebi manam, sanam yubanispireTidan Tana-medrove yabardos teritoriaze movidodnen, garkveul dros binadrobdnen yirimSi, Semdeg azovis zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiroze, donis auzSi, bolos ki mdina-re iogorlikze.86 imazedac miuTiTeben, rom yirimis zogierT geografiul saxelwodebas Cerqezul-yabar-douli ieri aqvs.87 aq kidev erTi mkvlevari-eTnologi

                                                            85Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 164. 86Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 134. 87Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 165.

54

unda davimowmoT. b. bRaJnokovi wers, rom sindikis droidan adiReelebi didi jgufebiT cxovrobdnen ara mxolod SavizRvispireTSi, aramed yirimSi. gansa-kuTrebiT mWidrod dasaxlebuli iyvnen isini tamanSi, mniSvnelovani nawili cxovrobda azovispireTsa da yubanis marjvena mxares. drodadro maT aviwroveb-dnen: sarmatebi, alanebi, berZnebi, Semdeg hunebi, gu-Tebi, xazarebi, rusebi, TaTar-monRolebi, genuelebi, TaTrebi. magram sabolood adgilobrivi mosaxleoba dakargul poziciebs ibrunebda.88 s. bronevskis sity-viT, Cerqezebis didi nawili cxovrobda yubanis mar-jvena napirze, tamanis naxevarkunZulze da azovis zRvis sanapiroebze.89 igive b. bRaJnokovi imowmebs ra 1367 wels italieli vaWrebis, franCesko da dominiko piciganebis mier Sedgenil oqros urdos rukas, aRni-Snavs, rom volgis qvemo dinebis marjvena napirze aRniSnulia dasaxleba casa jarcaci. imave rukaze azovis zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze aRniSnulia `yabarda~.90      yabardoelebi warmomavloben `yabaris~ xalxisagan, romlebic cxovrobdnen xazarTa yaRaRanatis terito-riaze. es Sexeduleba Tavis droze farTod iyo gavr-celebuli. yabarebi ki cxovrobdnen ara Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi, aramed misgan CrdiloeTiT, mdi-nare donis auzSi.91 XV saukunis dasawyisis italiel vaWars franCesko pegolotis Savi zRvis CrdiloeT

                                                            88 Б. Бгажнаков. Черкесы (Адыги). Под редакцией М. Курдиани, Тб., 2010., C. 40. 89 С. Броневский. Новейшие географические и исторические иэвестия о Кавказе. М., 1823, С.72. 90 Б. Бгажнаков. Черкесы (Адыги). Под редакцией М. Курдиани, Тб., 2010., C. 43. 91Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 163; Г. А. Кокиев. Некоторые сведения из древней истории адыгов (кабардинцев), Нальчик, 1946, С. 15, 19.

55

sanapiroze moxseniebuli aqvs porti `yabardi~.92 1561 wels Sedgenil jakomo gastaldis rukaze azovis zRvis CrdiloeTiT, maSi Semaval erT-erT mdinareze datanilia dasaxlebuli punqti/navsadguri Cabarda.93        XV saukuneSi jer kidev mdinare doni (savaraudod misi qvemo weli, SesarTavi regioni _ r. T.) zemo Ce-rqezeTad iwodeboda. ai, ras vkiTxulobT XV sauku-nis avtoris i. de galoni-fontibusis TxzulebaSi: «Город и порт Тана находится в этой же стране, в Верхней Черкесии, на реке Дон, которая отделяет Европу от Азии».94        1992 wels dabeWdili wignis _ `CrdiloeTi da aR-mosavleTi TaTreTi~ _ avtori nikolas vitseni Cer-qezebs agviwers Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi, magram CerqezeTs uwodebs agreTve samxreT ukrainas: «По нижнему течению реки Борисфен (Днепр) в Украине живут племена, также называемые черкесами»; «Некий анонимный английский писатель, сочинение которого опубликовано в Париже в 1679 году на французском языке, пишет про черкесов, что знает таких, которые живут у Меотийского моря и по течению Борисфена...»95  axla JaneelTa Sesaxeb. rogorc cnobilia Jane-elebi adiReelTa erT-erTi tomi iyo. mecnierTa dama-jerebli mtkicebiT, Janeelebi odesRac msxvil adi-Reur toms warmoadgendnen. am lokaluri erTeulis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba 1551 wliTaa daTariRebuli. isic cnobilia rom XVI-XVII saukuneebSi Janeelebi

                                                            92Ф. Пеголотти. Руководство по торговле. – Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII-XVIII веков. – Нальчик: 2010. Вып. III. С. 11. 93b. gogia. Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelo ucxoenovan rukebze. _ narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan: afxazeTi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde). Tb., 2007, ruka #11. 94И. де Галони-Фонтибус. Сведения о народах Кавказа. - Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII-XVIII веков. – Нальчик: 2010. Вып. III. С. 13. 95Н. Витсен. Северная и Восточная Татария. - Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII-XVIII веков. – Нальчик: 2010. Вып. III. С. 68.

56

binadrobdnen tamanis naxevarkunZulTan axlos.96 kri-tikas ver uZlebs l. lavrovis mosazreba, romelic maT arianes mier axali welTaRricxvis II saukuneSi afxazeTis centralur nawilSi moxseniebul sanigebs ukavSirebs. T. kuSevas dasabuTebuli argumentebis Se-mdeg, is afxazeTidan sanigebis jer tuafses midamo-ebSi gadasaxlebaze saubrobs da Semdeg _ yubanis qvemo welze. Ees mosazreba gasaziarebeli araa, yve-lafers rom Tavi davaneboT, tamanis naxevar-kunZulidan tuafse sakmaod samxreTiTaa. aqve xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom sanigebi namdvilad igive sva-nebi iyvnen, rasac maTi Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis arealic gvidasturebs. anonimi avtoris monacemebiT sebastopolisi anu qarTuli wyaroebis cxumi, sanig-Ta miwaze iyo: `lazebis maxloblad cxovroben afsi-lebi. ... afsilebs esazRvreba abasgebi ... abasgebs eme-zobleba sanigebi, maT miwazea dafuZnebuli sebasto-polisi~.97 ax. w. II saukunis avtoric dionisiosic xa-zgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom sebastopolisi (cxumi) sanig-Ta miwaze mdebareobda: `abaskTa mezoblebi sanigebi arian, maT miwaze mdebareobs sebastopolisi.~98 mTeli kodoris xeoba, mdinare kodoris zRvaSi SerTvis mi-damoebiT, rom svanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, amas sxva wyaroebic adastureben. SedarebiT gvian kodoris xe-obaSi misimianebi ixseniebian, romlebic, rogorc mec-nierebaSia garkveuli, svanebi iyvnen. ase rom, sanige-bis xan afxazebad da xan Janeelebad miCneva, veravi-Tar kritikas ver uZlebs.

                                                            96 Е. Н. Кушева. Народы Северного Кавказа и их связи с Россией. М., 1963, стр. 136, 137. 97anonimi [gadmocemiT arianosi]. zRviT mogzaurobis aRwera. _ antikuri kavkasia. enciklopedia, tomi I, wyaroebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 318. 98dionisiosi. samyaros aRwera. _ antikuri kavkasia. enciklo-pedia, tomo I, wyaroebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 306.

57

erTi sayuradRebi garemoebis Sesaxebac unda iTq-vas: mecnierebs SeniSnuli aqvT, rom drois raRac mo-nakveTSi adiReelebSi sustad, magram mainc SenarCune-buli iyo stepuri wes-Cveulebebi, romelic gamomJ-Ravndeboda saerTod miRebul zogierT fsiqologiur ganwyobaSi.99 afxazur-adiReuri eTnikurma erTobebma kavkasiis SavizRvispireTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi eTni-kuri situacia axali welTaRricxvis I saukunidan rom Secvales da rom politikur arenazec isini am dros gamovidnen, amas qarTveli mematiane juanSeric gvauwyebs. wyaroSi miTiTebulia, rom dRevandeli af-xazeTis CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi jiqebi (anu igive zi-xebi) CrdiloeTidan migrirdnen, romelTa gadmosax-lebis mizezic Turquli tomebis mowola gamxdara: `da ganvides paWanikeTs, rameTu maSin mun iyo paWa-nikeTi mosazRvred ovseTisa, mdinaresa mas ovseTi-sasa wiaR, da jiqeTi munve iyo. Semdgomad JamTa mra-valTa iotnes paWanikni da jiqni TurqTagan, da wa-vidnes paWanikni dasavliT-kerZo, xolo jiqni damkÂ-drnes bolos afxazeTisasa~.100 zixebi/jiqebi rom Savi zRvispireTSi namdvilad mosuli iyvnen, amas antiku-ri wyaroebic adastureben. anonimi avtori werda: `...

                                                            99В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 57. 100qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xel-naweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tb., 1955, gv. 156-157. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi momTabareni xSirad rom cvli-dnen eTnikur situacias, leonti mrovelis Txzulebidanac kargad Cans, rodesac is saurmag mefis mier saqarTvelos mTianeTSi durZukebis dasaxlebis Sesaxeb saubrobs, romel-nic mTebSi veRar eteodnen, imis gamo, rom velebis patroni momTabareebis mier, romlebsac is xazarebis saxeliT moixse-niebs, `tyuenvas~ ganicdidnen: `... xolo ganmravlebul yvna durZukni, naTesavni kavkasisni. xolo tyuenvasa mas xazarTasa yovelnive mSvidobiT darComil iyunes, simagrisagan queyanisa, da verRara itevda durZukeTi~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 27).

58

Zveli aqaiadan Zvel lazikamde da aqedan aqaiusamde adre cxovrobdnen tomebi, romelTac ewodeboda: heni-oxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanqlanebi, maqeloneni, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben Ziqebi~.101 ax. w. II saukunis avtori dionisiosi Savi zRvis maxlob-lad ara marto zixebis/jiqebis, aramed kerketebisa da toretebis mosulobazedac miuTiTebs: `ai, amdeni xalxi cxovrobs tanaisis midamoebSi: savromatebis maxloblad _ sindebi, mWidrod mosaxleoben kimirie-lebi, evqsinosis maxloblad ki kerketebi, toretebi da mZlavri aqeelebi. isini odesRac qsanTosisa da ides simoesidan notosis da zefirosis qrolvam ga-modevna, mebrZol mefes rom mohyvebodnen omidan. maT gaRma cxovroben henioxebi da Zigebi, pelasguri miwis STamomavalni~.102 aq mxolod erT komentars gavake-TebT, mecnierebaSi sayovelTaod cnobilia: zixebi/Zi-qebi/jiqebi Tu abaz-ubixebis winaprebi iyvnen, kerke-tebi da toretebi _ Cerqez-adiReelebisa. mecniere-baSi dRes aRiarebulia, rom jiqebi abazuri modgmis tomebi iyvnen, rom davakonkretoT bevri mkvlevari jiqebsa da saZebs erTmaneTTan aigivebs, romlebic bolo dros gagris midamoebSi iyvnen lokalize-bulni. sxvaTa Soris, wyaroebSi imis monacemebic gvaqvs, rom abazebi anu afxazTa yvelaze axlos mdgomi eTnikuri erToba ax. w. I saukuneSi Crdilo-eTiT azovis zRvasTan arian dafiqsirebuli, rac kargad aqvs SeniSnuli m. inaZes: `amasTan dakavSire-biT yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT im garemoebaze, rom pliniusi (ax. w. I s.), romelsac Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze abazgebs jer kidev

                                                            101 anonimi [gadmocemiT arianosi]. zRviT mogzaurobis aRwera. _ antikuri kavkasia. enciklopedia, tomo I, wyaroebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 320. 102dionisiosi. samyaros aRwera. _ antikuri kavkasia. enciklo-pedia, tomo I, wyaroebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 299.

59

ar ixseniebs (asaxelebs mxolod afsilebs), Crdilo kavkasiaSi, meotidisa da kaspiis zRvebs Soris, am ukanasknelis axlos, aRniSnavs `abzoe~ saxelwodebis mravalricxovan tomebs sxva sarmatuli eTnikuri jgufebis gverdiT (Plin., VI). Tu davuSvebT, rom am cnobis avtors xelT ar hqonda zusti geografiuli orientirebi abzoe tomebis sacxovrisis gansazRv-risas, rasac TviT cnobaze dakvirveba gvafiqrebinebs (amas ВДИ‐s komentatoric SeniSnavs), da es abzoe to-mebi ufro dasavleTiT, azovis zRvasTan unda iqnes lokalizebuli (sarmatul tomebTan erTad), maSin SesaZlebelia garkveuli kavSiri davinaxoT am eTno-nimsa da krebiT saxels `abaza~-s Soris, romelic XIX saukunemde yvela afxazis saerTo saxelad ixma-reboda. da Tu es asea, maSin pliniusis cnoba im mosazrebis kidev erT sabuTad unda miviCnioT, rom abazgTa mTavari eTnikuri birTvis Camosaxleba Crdi-lo kavkasiidan (aq vfiqrobT, upriani iyo avtors daezustebina maTi gansaxlebis zusti areali da meotiis anu azovis zRvis areali mieTiTebina _ r. T.) afxazeTis mTian regionSi, marTlac, ax. w. I s-dan aris savaraudebeli~.103 aq mxolod erTi koreqtivi SeiZleba SevitanoT mecnieris friad sayuradRebo msjelobaSi: Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi ara afxazTa migraciaze unda vsaubrobdeT, aramed protoafxazebisa, radgan abazTa CrdiloeTidan _ azovis zRvis arealidan _ migraciis Semdeg moxda afxazuri eTnosis formireba dasavlur qarTul (zanur da svanur) eTnikur erTeulebTan Serevis Sedegad. swored abazTa am gad-mosaxlebis Semdeg TandaTan jer sacxovrebeli are-ali umcirdebaT da bolos qrebian sanigebi, rom-

                                                            103 m. inaZe. Zveli kolxeTis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2009, gv. 427-428.

60

lebic yvela monacemebiT qarTveluri modgmisani iyv-nen (zogierTTa mosazrebiT, zanebi, zogierTTa mosazrebiT ki _ svanebi. Cven ufro am meore mosazrebisaken vixrebiT). m. inaZe amis Sesaxeb Se-niSnavs: `aRniSnuli procesi kargad Cans flavius arianes (ax. w. II s.) cnobebis Sedarebidan ax. w. V s-is anonimuri avtorisa da prokopi kesarielis (ax. w. VI s.) cnobebTan. saxeldobr, Tu ki II s-Si sanigebs vrce-li sanapiro miwebi eWiraT q. sebastopolisidan md. aqeuntamde (Saxemde), V saukunisaTvis sanigebs am te-ritoriis mxolod nawili SerCeniaT md. abaskosidan (bzifidan) aqeuntamde. sanapiro zoli ki mdinare bzi-fidan daaxloebiT dRevandel axal aTonamde (Zveli anakofia) abaskebis politikur erTeulSi iyo Sesu-li. abaskebis mier sanigebis miwebis SeerTeba amaze ar SeCerebula. es procesi grZeldeboda V s-is Sem-degac. VI s-isaTvis abazgebis politikur gaerTiane-baSi eqceva sanigTa samTavros danarCeni nawilic. sayuradReboa am mxriv is garemoeba, rom prokopis abazgebis dasavleT mezoblad dasaxelebuli hyavs ukve ara sanigebi, aramed bruqebi da Ziqebi (jiqebi) (Proc., BG VIII, 4).~104 aq SeuZlebelia erTi CanarTi ar gavakeToT. Tamaris pirveli qmris ambebTan dakavSire-biT `istoriani da SaravandedTanis~ avtori sanigeb-sac asaxelebs: ...ese mciredisa rasme warvida da mi-vida geguTs, reca patronisa wadiliTa. Seyara yoveli suaneTi da afxazeTi, saegroi, guria, samo-qalaqo, raWa, Takueri da argueTi. momrTvelman sani-gTa da qeSagTaman afica rusisa gamefebisa da misis mefe-yofisaTÂs didebulni da laSqarni qveyanisani~.105 aq, aRniSnuli droisaTvis sruliad uadgilod,

                                                            104 m. inaZe. Zveli kolxeTis ... Tb., 2009, gv. 428. 105 qarTlis cxovreba, tomi II, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1959, gv. 49.

61

moxseniebulni arian sanigni, romlebic, rogorc aRi-niSna VI saukunis Semdeg qrebian, radgan isini Sedian abasTa/jiqTa eTnopolitikur gaerTianebaSi, sanigebi abazTa/afxazTa mier iqnen asimilirebulni. aq ubra-lod mematiane tradicias agrZelebs, radgan man icis, rom im qveyanas, romelsac axla jiqeTi ewodeba, adre sanigeTi erqva, rom zRvis sanapiro zolSi abaz-afxazTa gamoCenamde sanigebi mkvidrobdnen. is agrZe-lebs Zvel tradicias da kvlav gamoiyenebs eTnonims _ sanigebs. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Zveli eTno-nimebiT xSirad sruliad sxva xalxebs moixsenebdnen. jiqebis/zixebis Sesaxeb saubars aq ver davamTav-rebT. mecnierebi miuTiTeben, rom I saukunis dasawyis-Si zixebi/jiqebi patara tomi iyo, romlebic cxov-robdnen Tanamedrove tuafsesa da gagras Soris te-ritoriaze. V saukunisaTvis zixebis/jiqebis terito-ria mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda da gadainacvla Crdi-lo-dasavleTiT. fsevdo-ariani, CamoTvlis ra zRvis sanapiros sxvadasxva punqtebs Tanamedrove afxazeTsa da tetrakitebs/guTebs Soris, romlebic yirimidan iyvnen gadmoweuli, aRniSnavs: `Zveli axeidan (axla tuafse) Zvel lazikamde (mdinare negepsixos SesarTa-vi, gelenjikis samxreTiT) da Semdeg mdinare aqeun-tamde cxovrobdnen xalxebi, romlebic atarebdnen saxelebs: inioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melaqlenebi, maqalonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, da dRes cxvroben zixebi... navsayudel pagridan (savaraudod, Tanamed-rove novorosiiski) Zvel aqaiadan cxovrobdnen e. w. aqeelebi, dRes ki cxovroben zixebi~.106 zixebis kavkasiaSi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze migra-ciaze saubrobs ax. w. IV saukunis romaeli avtori rufius destus avienusic: aqeelebis `Soriaxlos

                                                            106miTiTebulia l. lavrovis wignidan: Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 175;

62

cxovroben henioxebi, Semdeg Zigiebi, romlebmac odes-Rac pelasgebis samefo miatoves da pontosis uax-loes sanapiroze dasaxldnen. maTTan axlos saxlo-ben kolxebi ... romlebic maRal kldovan maRlobebs amuSaveben~.107  erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli gadmocema adiReuri tomebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis Sesaxeb dafiqsi-rebuli aqvs italiel jorje interianos 1551 wels, romelic werda, rom adiReeli xalxi maSin/im dros cxovrobda azovis zRvis aziur sanapiroze: «...Георгий Интериано, живший 1552 году, нашел, «что народ, называвшийся адыге, занимал (территорию) от реки Дона по азиатскому берегу Азовского моря до Боспорского пролива и далее по берегу Черного моря». 108 adiReuri tomebis Tavdapirveli sacxovrisis Se-saxeb saubrobs cnobili mecnieri evgraf kovalev-skic (1792-1867 ww.). is wers: Semonaxuli gadmocemebiT, Tanamedrove Cerqezebis winaprebi binadrobdnen Ter-gidan CrdiloeTiT volgasa da donamde da maTi da-saxleba grZeldeboda azovis zRvis orive mxareze, romelic dasavleTiT aRwevda yirimis stepebamde, samxreTiT ki aRwevda kavkasiis mTebamde, romlis xe-obebSic cxovrobdnen abaZexebi. igive avtors moyvani-li aqvs agreTve adiReeli avtoris Sora nogmovis citata, romlis Tanaxmadac misi xalxi binadrobda azovis zRvis dasavleT sanapiroze, romlebmac Sem-deg guTebisagan Seviwrovebulebma daixies zeviT dne-

                                                            107rufius festus aveniusi. _ antikuri kavkasia. enciklopedia, tomi I, wyaroebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 598. 108citirebulia frangi avtoris l. i. liules naSromidan: Л. Я. Люлье. Черкесия. Историко-этнографические статьи. – Ландшафт, этнографические и исторические процессы на Северном Кавказе в XIX- начале XX века. Нальчик, 2004, С. 63, 52.

63

prze.109 sxaTa Soris, S. nogmovis mier moxmobil gad-mocemaSi erTi mniSvnelovani faqticaa sayuradRebo. adiReelebad ar miiCnevs is abaZexebs. Tumca mis dros isini adiReelebi/Cerqezebi iyvnen. gadmocemaSi dadas-turebulia is faqti, rom isini gaCerqezebuli afxaz-abazebi iyvnen. aSkaraa, rom adiReur tomebs samxre-TiT Camowevisas ukve adgilze daxvdnen afxazur-aba-zuri tomebi, romlebic, ra Tqma unda, aseve Crdi-loeTidan iyvnen ufro samxreTiT Camoweuli. maTi mi-gracia meotebis pirveli etapis migraciis dros mox-da. da am migraciis Sedegad isini adgilze mcxovreb zanur mosaxleobas Seerivnen da ase warmoiqmna afxa-zur-abazgur-abazuri eTnosi. xolo im meotebis mig-racia, romlebmac adiReelebs Cauyares safuZveli Se-darebiT gvian ganxorcielda da maT substratad iq-cnen afxazur/abazgur/abazuri tomebi. aSkaraa, rom Savi zRvis sanapiroze adre mosul afxaz-abazebsa da ubixebs SedarebiT gvian mosul protoadiReur tome-bTan eTnogenetikuri urTierTobani gaaCndaT _ isini xSirad ereodnen erTmaneTs da Semdeg zRvis sanapi-rodan mTavari kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTiT gada-diodnen. saamisod SeiZleba abaZexebis magaliTi movi-yvanoT. gadmocemebiT isini abaZexTa teritoriaze zRvispireTidan iyvnen gadasuli (viwro SavizRvis-pireTi mosaxleobis did raodenobas ver itevda), kerZod, Saxes xeobidan da Sesabamisad, Tavs afxaz-abazebis naTesavebadac miiCnevdnen. sxva gadmoceme-biT, abaZexebis winaprebi zRvis sanapirodan movidnen, Tavdapirvelad cxovrobdnen tatartupeSi, Semdeg da-saxldnen mdinare arideze, saidanac gadavidnen tubes xeobaSi. aqedan mosaxleobis namati daeSva mTidan da gansaxlda sxaguaSes (belaias), kurjipsis, pCexes xeo-

                                                            109Е. П. Ковалевский. Очерки этнографии Кавказа. – Ландшафт, этнографические и исторические процессы на Северном Кавказе в XIX- начале XX века. Нальчик, 2004, С. 277.

64

bebSi. saerTod, abaZexuri gadmocemebiT, Tavdapirve-lad isini (ufro swored maTi zedafena) dasaxldnen ubixebs Soris, Semdeg kurjipsis xeobaSi gadasulebs yirimidan gadmosaxlebuli ori gvaris warmomadgen-lebi _ edige da cei _ SeuerTdnen. edigeelebTan SemdgomSi gadmosaxlda bevri mosuli da yvelam edi-ges saxeli miiRo, Tumca mosulebi ar miiCneodnen uorkebad. abaZexebis tubeSi dasaxlebidan 18 Taobas iTvlidnen. XIX saukunis avtors a. n. diaCkov-tara-sovs, romelmac es gadmocemebi Caiwera, sruliad sa-marTliani daskvna gamoaqvs, rom kavkasiis mTebSi, te-bes xeobaSi Tavs iyrida sxvadasxva tomis ltol-vilebi, yabardoelebic, ubixebic, iyvnen yirimidan mosulebic.110 XIX saukunis avtors adolf berJes moxmobili aqvs klaprotis mier dafiqsirebuli gadmocema, rom Cerqezebis erT-erTma tomma, romelic kabardas sa-

xels atarebდა, xijriT VI saukuneSi (qristes Sobi-dan XIII saukuneSi _ r. T.) miatova Tavisi adrindeli sacxovrebeli yubanSi da gadaiwia CrdiloeTiT mdi-nare donze, saidanac isini male gadavidnen yirimSi. aq yabardoelebi samxreT mxareze dasaxldnen, ris Semdegac mdinareebs kaCasa da belbeks Soris vels (romlis zeda teritorias yabarda ewodeba) dResac jer kidev TaTrebi `CerqezTa mindors~ uwodeben.111 iqve a. berJes moyvanili aqvs Semdegi monacemebi: 1497 wels freduci ankonskis mier Sedgenil xmelTaSua-zRvisa da Savi zRvis rukaze, romelic daculia volfenbiutelis biblioTekaSi, SeiZleba lamazi aso-ebiT wavikiTxoT yabardoeli xalxis saxelwodeba im

                                                            110А. Н. Дьячков-Тарасов. Абадзехи: историко-этнографический очерк. – Ландшафт, этнографические и исторические процессы на Северном Кавказе в XIX начале XX века. Нальчик, 2004, С. 604-608. 111 А. Берже. Краткий обзор горских племен на Кавказе. – Кавказ: племена, нравы, язык. – Нальчик. Вып.VIII. 2011. С. 155.

65

adgilidan ramdenadme dasavleTiT, sadac axla taga-nrogi mdebareobs, da yabardoelebis adrindeli ad-gilsacxovrisi, romelic datoves VII saukuneSi kvlav yirimi... magram aqac maTi yofna didxans ar gagrZelda, da isini inalis meTaurobiT male gadaad-gildnen, romelic yvela yabardoelis safuZvel-Camyrelad miiCneva, aRmosavleTiT da gansaxldnen yu-banis gaswvriv Tanamerove yabardoSi, sadac daiqvem-debares sxva Cerqezuli tomebi.112 osebSi Semonaxuli gadmocemiT, Cerqezebi, yirimi-dan yabardoeli Tavadebis mosvlamde, yazaxebad iwo-debodnen.113 a. berJes moyavs damatebiTi masalebi, ker-Zod, jorjo interianos monacemebi, romelic daax-loebiT 1502 wels werda. masSi aRniSnulia, rom Cerqezebs dakavebuli hqondaT azovis zRvis mTeli aRmosavleTi sanapiro donidan kimireis bosforamde, saidanac isini rusebisa da TaTrebis mier iqnen gan-devnili. Seix ed-dini damaskeli saubrobda qristian xalxze _ ez-keS, romelic Savi zRvis CrdiloeT sa-napiroze cxovrobda, alanebisa da rusebis mezob-lad. dosenis azriT, es SeiZleba iyos zenxebi anu zixebi, romel saxelwodebaSic berZnebi da itali-elebi, interianos mowmobiT, Cerqezebs gulisx-mobdnen.114 axla XIX saukunis kidev erT avtors v. Svecov-sac unda davesesxoT, romelsac yabardoelebis war-momavlobis Sesaxeb gadmocema Cauweria. am gadmo-cemis mixedviT, adiReelebma saxelwodeba miiRes uka-naskneli mflobelis adiResagan. Semdeg es tomi ga-modevnili iqna pirveli adgilsacxovrisidan sxva mo-suli xalxis mier, magram saxeldobr romelTagan _

                                                            112А. Берже. Краткий обзор горских племен ... Вып.VIII. 2011. С. 155. 113А. Берже. Краткий обзор горских племен ... Вып.VIII. 2011. С. 155. 114А. Берже. Краткий обзор горских племен ... Вып.VIII. 2011. С. 155.

66

araviTari kvali araa SemorCenili; Semdeg datoves meore adgilic yirimeli TaTrebis xSiri TareSebis gamo da gadmosaxldnen beSTaus mTebTan.~115 amdenad, vfiqrobT, rom adiReelebis, Tugind pro-toadiReelebis, Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis arealis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani gadmocemebia dadasturebuli. mecnierTa garkveuli nawili sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, isedac miiCnevda, rom meotebis/proto-adiReelebis Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis areali ufro CrdiloeTiT _ yirimsa da samxreT ukrainaSi iyo. es gadmocemebi pirdapir miuTiTeben imis Sesaxeb, rom adiReuri modgmis eTnosebs Crdilouri warmomav-loba aqvT da isini ZirZveli kavkasielebi ar arian, rom protoadiReelebi meotebis saxiT Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi mosulni arian. maT migraciis Semdegi gza gaiares: samxreT ukraina/yirimi_>donis auzis SesarTavi monakveTi_>azovis aRmosavleTi sa-napiro, tamanis naxevarkunZuli, SavizRvispireTi_>yu-banis marcxena mxare_>Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis mTiswina regioni. yabardoelebis erT dros azovis zRvis Crdi-loeT sanapiroze binadrobis damadasturebelia Sua saukuneebis italiuri rukebic. 1863 wels ucnobi avtori werda, rom `TaTrobis periodSi... yabardo-elebi isev gamovidnen yirimidan azovis zRvis Crdi-loeT sanapiroze... freducia ankonelis rukaze... 1497 wels... yabardoelebi naCvenebi arian donis marjvena mxares zRvis sanapiroze~.116Ll. lavrovi am citatis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom mas Semdeg istorikosebi mud-

                                                            115В. Швецов. Очерк о Кавказских горских племенах, с их обрядами и обычаями в гражданском, воинственном и домашнем духе. – Кавказ: культы, легенды, предания. – Нальчик. 2010. Вып. V, C. 47. 116«Черкесы, казаки и адехе», «Русский вестник», 1863, декабрь, стр. 861. miTiTebulia wignidan: Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 165.

67

mivad imowmeben Sua saukuneebis italiur rukebs, ra-Ta daemtkicebinaT CrdiloeT azovispireTidan kavka-siaSi yabardoelebis gadmosaxleba. marTlac, XIV, XV da XVI saukuneebis rukebze donis SesarTavis da-savleTiT gvxvdeba saxelwodeba yabardo~ (Cabardi). am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia, rom sityva `yabardi~ ikiTxeba anjelino dulCertis rukaze, romelic Sed-genilia 1339 wels. xolo ufro adrindel 1318 wlis rukaze am punqts `kabali~ aweria. lavrovi imasac aRniSnavs, rom 1601 wlis romaul rukaze punqti `ka-bardi~ `tabardad~ gadaiqca.117 rogorc Cans, yabardo-elebis CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT gadanacvlebis Sesa-xeb informacia ruseTis samefo karzec hqoniaT. ivane mrisxane TurqeTis sulTans werda, rom rusebs aRmosavleT CerqezeTSi (e. i. yabardoSi) samxedro yo-fnis ufleba aqvT imitom, isini gadasaxlebuli arian `riazanis midamoebidan~.118 adiReelTa (da abaz-afxazTa winaprebic) rom Tavdapirvelad CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen kargad Cans narTebis eposidan. narTulma eposma (adiReurma variantma) icis mdinareebi teni (doni) da indili (volga). narTebi gadadian volgisa da donis iqiT maT mimdebare usazRvro stepebSi. v. gudakovic ask-vnis, rom `narTebis~ eposis Semqmneli xalxis war-moqmnis adgili iyo stepebisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis sakontaqto zona.119 sayuradReboa XVII saukunis meore naxevris holandieli avtoris nikolas vitsenis cno-ba, rom Cerqezebis misalmebas Cveulebriv Tan axlavs kiTxva saqonlis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb.120 misalmebis aseTive wesi gaaCndaT afxazebsac. es faqtic pirda-

                                                            117Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 165. 118 Кабардино-русские отношения. Т. 1. Док. №43. С. 71. 119В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 34. 120 Н. Витсен. Северная и Восточная Татария. . – Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII-XVIII веков. Нальчик, 2010. Вып. III, С. 71.

68

pir miuTiTebs imis Seasaxeb, rom maTi winaprebis me-urneobis ZiriTadi forma iyo mesaqonleoba. mesaqon-le nomadebis samomTabareo areali ki evraziis vrce-li stepebi iyo. amave mosazrebas adasturebs itali-eli ksaverio glavanis 1724 wels dawerili Txzu-lebis erTi adgili, romelSic avtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom Cerqezebis ZiriTadi sakvebi iyo xor-ci da mxolod mcire raodenobiT miirTmevdnen fetvis fqvilisagan gamomcxvar purs [«Они употребляют в пищу много мяса и мало хлеба, который приготовляется из просяной муки; вина не имеют, но гонят много водки из зерновых хлебов, яблок, груш, слив и других плодов.»]121. cxovrebis momTabaruli wesi hqonda SenarCunebuli adiReelTa yvela toms/lokalur jgufs XVIII sauku-neSic. saamisod frangi avtoris Sarl de peisonelis 1787 wels gamoqveynebuli Txzulebis damowmebac sak-marisia. is Cerqezebisa da noRaelebis cxovrebis wess Soris bevr saerTos aRniSnavs: mudmivi sacxov-reblebis ar arseboba, momTabareoba, daudgeneli miwebi (teritoriebi) da miwis xan erT raionSi da xan meore raionSi damuSaveba [«Черкесы живут приб-лизительно как и ногайцы: у них нет ни городов, ни постоянных жилищ; они кочуют, не выходя, однако, из пределов своего кабиле, лето они проводят в равнинах и удаляются зимой в горы; у них нет определенных земель, и возделывают то один район, то другой. Их дома представляют собой ямы, вырытые в земле и покрытые листьями и соломой»].122 zemoTqmulis Semdeg aucileblad xazi unda ga-esvas im garemoebas, rom CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT yabardoelTa winaprebi im dros ar gadmosaxlebu-lan, rodesac maTi Tanametomeni adiReelebi. vfiq-

                                                            121 Ксаварио Главани. Описание Черкесии. – Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII-XVIII веков. Нальчик, 2010. Вып. III, С. 113. 122 Шарль де Пейсоннель. Трактат о торговле на Черном море. . – Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII-XVIII веков. Нальчик, 2010. Вып. III, С. 137.

69

robT, rom isini protoadiReelebis bolo talRas warmoadgendnen, romlebmac samxreTiT _ Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi gadmoinacvles. Tu rodis moxda maTi es migracia, momavali kvleva-Ziebis saqmea. manam, sanam yabardoelebi centraluri kavkasiis mTiswineT-Si gadmoinacvlebdnen, maT Sexla-Semoxla hqondaT abazebTan,123 e. i. isini eTnosferas erTmaneTs ecile-bodnen, ufro marTebuli iqneboda gveTqva, rom yabar-doelebi abazebs ecilebodnen eTnosferas/gansax-lebis areals. mas Semdeg, rac alanebs monRolebma gansaxlebis areali daakargvines da maTi gansaxle-bis areali gaTavisuflda, yabardoelebma es gamoTa-visuflebuli areali TandaTan daikaves. ase rom, afxazur-adiReuri eTnosis Tavdapirve-li gansaxlebis areali Crdilo-dasavleTi kavkasia ar iyo. protoadiReelebi CrdiloeTidan movidnen kavkasiaSi. Tumca TviT adiReelebis eTnogenezis te-ritoriad Cven tamanis naxevarkunZuli, azovis aRmo-savleTi sanapiro migvaCnia, iq sadac antikuri wya-roebiT meotebis lokalizacia xdeba. rogorc l. gumiliovma daadgina evraziis stepur zonaSi eTnose-bi xSirad icvlebodnen. am daskvnis mixedviT, meote-bic evraziis sivrcis ukidures dasavleT monakveTSi migrirebulni iyvnen. magram saidan? zemoT aRiniSna: mTel rig enaTmecnierTa monacemebiT, afxazur-adiRe-ur enebs bevri ram aqvs saerTo CinurTan da maTi winaprebi Soreuli aRmosavleTidan mosulan. aq SeuZ-lebelia ar gavixsenoT Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi SedarebiT-istoriuli meTodis uaxlesi miRwevebi, romlebic glotoqronologiuri meTodiT adgenen zogierTi enaTa ojaxis naTesaobas. ase daadgines maT Soreuli naTesaoba, erTi mxriv, semitur-qamitur,

                                                            123Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды по культуре абазин, адыгов, карачаевцев, балкарцев. Нальчик, 2009, стр. 126.

70

qarTvelur, indoevropul, uralur, dravidul, alTaur enebs Soris, romlebic gaerTianebuli arian nostratul zeojaxSi, da, meore mxriv, aseTive Zali-an Zveli naTesaobaa gamovlenili CrdiloeTkavkasiur (aqcenti afxazur-adiReur enebze keTdeba), sinotibe-tur da buriSul enebs Soris (aqve SeyavT baskuri ena da izolirebul enad miCneuli pakistanSi gavrce-lebuli buriSuli).124 isic cnobilia, rom didi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas afxazur-adiReuri da naxur-daRestnuri enebis erT enaTa ojaxSi gaerTianeba. albaT zedmeti iqneba imis xazgasma, rom qarTveluri da CrdiloeTkavkasiuri enebi sruliad sxvadasxva ze-ojaxebSi arian gaerTianebuli. eTnologTa nawilic bevr saerTos poulobs aRmosavlur etiketTan, ker-Zod, iaponursa da Cinur etiketTan. rodis da ratom moxda meotebis/protoadiRe-elebis kavkasiis Crdilo-dasavleT monakveTSi gadmo-nacvleba? bunebrivia, rodesac eTnogenezis proble-maze vsaubrobT, am sakiTxsac gverds ver avuvliT. winaswar rogorc aRvniSneT, sami aTaswleulis gan-mavlobaSi CrdiloeT kavkasiis sakontaqto zona iyo evraziis stepebi, sadac mudmivad jer iranulenovani da Semdeg Turqulenovani nomadebi moZraobdnen da TareSobdnen, rac Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi aramd-grad eTnikur situacias qmnida. es movlena xels uw-

                                                            124Социокультурная антропология: История, теория и методология: Энци-клопедический словарь / Под ред. Ю. М. Резника. – М., - 2012. С. 977; С. А. Арутюнов. Силуэты этничности на цивилизационном фоне. М., 2012, стр. 37. sino-kavkasiuri enaTa zeojaxis Sesaxeb jer kidev XX sau-kunis dasawyisSi gamoiTqva hipoTeza (a. trombeti), XX sau-kunis 80-ian wlebSi is ganaviTara s. starostinma. dRes Rrma komparativistikis momxreTagan am mxriv Tavisi aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian enaTmecnierebi: j. d. bengstoni, m. ruleni, vit. SevoroSkini. sino-kavkasiuri enebis winaresamSoblod iranul zagros miiCneven. isic unda iTqvas, rom lingvistTa Soris am hipoTezas mowinaaRmdegeebic yavs.

71

yobda Savi zRvis CrdiloeT monakveTSi da samxreT ukrainaSi mobinadre xalxebis sxvadasxva mimarTule-biT migracias. pirveli biZgi meotebis/protoadiRe-elebis migraciisaTvis skviTebs unda miecaT.Aam dros unda mosuliyvnen isini azovis zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosa da donis SesarTavSi. Semdegi biZgis mim-cemebi sarmatebi iyvnen. am dros gadmodian isini Savi zRvis Crilo-dasavleT monakveTsa da yubanis marcxe-na mxares. am droidan, ax. w. dasawyisSi Cndebian Tana-medrove afxazeTis Crdilo-dasavleT teritoriaze abazgebi/afxazebi. saerTod, afxazur-adiReuri eTno-sis Semdgom eTnikur istoriaSi didi roli Seasru-les iranulenovanma tomebma, romlebmac meotebs/pro-toadiRebs kulturis sxvadasxva elementi SesZines, romelTaganac yvelaze mniSvnelovani narTebis epo-sia. radgan abazgebi/afxazebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis Crdilo-dasavleTiT da ufro CrdiloeTiTac ax. w. dasawyisidan Cndebian, aSkaraa, rom maT samxreT-aRmosavleTiT migracias biZgi misces sarmatebma. sar-matebma afxazTa/abazgTa eTnogenezSic miiRes monawi-leoba. maSin unda gadascemoda meotebs/protoadiRebs narTebis eposi. magram afxazebi mxolod ori kompo-nentisagan ar warmoqmnilan. maT eTnogenezSi mesame da mniSvnelovani komponenti gaxldaT qarTveluri komponenti: zanuri da svanuri. kavkasionis qedis sam-xreTiT SavizRvispireTis TiTqmis mTel monakveTze zanebi mkvidrobdnen, agreTve svanebi, romlebic cxov-robdnen kodoris xeobasa da soxumis midamoebSic zRvazec gamodiodnen (amas toponimi cxumic adastu-rebs). svanebi iyvnen sanigebi, romlebic ax. w. II saukuneSi soxumis raionSi binadrobdnen, xolo adre ufro farTod iyvnen gansaxlebulni (v. gudakovi cdilobs sanigebi adiReur eTnikur erTobas _ Jana-elebs daukavSiros). agreTve qarTuli elementi Crdi-

72

lo-dasavleT kavkasiis mTebSic mkvidrobda. qarTve-luri eTnikuri erToba gvian, VI saukunis Sua xane-bidan Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasionis mTebSi SemoWril alanebsac Seeria, maT substratad iqca. es moxda Ta-namedrove digoris, yaraCaisa da balyareTis teri-toriaze. am drois Sedegia osur enaSi rogorc megrelizmebi, ise svanizmebi. centralur da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis mTiswina da mTis zoli rom qar-Tveluri enobrivi erTeulebis gansaxlebis areali iyo, amas yobanuri arqeologiuri kulturac adastu-rebs, romelic kolxuri kulturis adgilobrivi variantia. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, vidre XVIII saukunis bolomde svanebi Tanamedrove yaraCaisa da balyareTis saqarTvelos mosazRvre teritoriebze jer kidev mWidrod mkvidrobdnen.125 dasavlur qarTu-lma (svanurma) elementma balyarelebisa da yaraCa-elebis eTnikur istoriaSic miiRo monawileoba. monRolebis Semdeg kavkasionis mTebSi mosuli Tur-qulenovani yivCaRebi swored svanebs daefinnen. sva-nebi imdenad mniSvnelovani raodenobiT Seerivnen mo-sul Turqulenovan eTnikur erTobas rom balyare-lebisa da yaraCaelebis anTropologiuri tipis Camo-yalibebaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrules. rogorc SeniSnaven isini `kavkasionuri tipis klasikuri war-momadgenlebi arian~.126 leqsikuri monacemebi, `topo-nimikuri paralelebi~, folklori, gvarebis naTesa-oba, sacxovreblisa da sameurneo nagebobebis termi-nologia, agreTve svanuri tipis koSkebis arseboba balyareTSi imas adasturebs, rom adgilobrivi kavka-siuri substrati `rogorc Cans, svanuri warmoSobis~

                                                            125Л. Л. Лавров. Расселение сванов на Северном Кавказе до XIX века. - Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 56-51. 126Алексеев В. П. Происхождение народов Кавказа. Краниологическое исследование. М., 1974, 26.

73

iyo.127 Tanac es substrati ufro metad Zvelia, vidre alanuri.128 meretukovi mdinare labas svanur metyve-lebas ukavSirebs, radgan svanurad `labna~ `wyaros~ aRniSnavs. v. gudakovi, bunebrivia, did mniSvnelobas aniWebs eTnonimebs da aRniSnavs, rom aloeTnonimi/egzoeTno-nimi `Cerqezi~ XIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi gaCnda, Ta-nac misi erT-erTi forma iyo monRolebis mier dafiqsirebuli `serkesut~-i. xolo TviTsaxelwode-bis Sesaxeb ki aRniSnavs: avtoeTnonimi `adiRe~ war-moiqmna maSinve, SesaZloa, ramdenadme adrec.129 SeuZ-lebelia am versias daeTanxmo. saerTod, ara gvaqvs wyaro endoeTninimis `adiRe~ Sesaxeb. sayovelTad, cnobilia, rom TviTsaxelwodeba eTnosis warmoqmni-dan SedarebiT gvian Cndeba. Cveulebriv, eTnosis erT-erTi jgufis saxeli droTa ganmavlobaSi mTel xal-xze vrceldeba, rasac mTeli rigi faqtorebi gana-pirobebda: saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia, saerTo mteri da sxv. manam, sanam avtoeTnonimis `adiRe~ Sesa-xeb realur axsnas SemogTavazebT, unda aRiniSnos, rom erT-erTi maTganiT, TviTsaxelwodeba Turquli-dan momdinareobs, rac, Turme `daTvis Svils~ niS-navs.130 am mosazrebas bevri kritikosi hyavs. mecnie-rebaSi araa arc erTi SemTxveva dadasturebuli ga-resaxelwodeba TviTsaxelwodebad qceuliyo. mecnie-rebaSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia da gaziare-bulia p. autlevis hipoTeza, rom eTnonimi `adiRe~ niSnavs `winaparTa miwas an qveyanas~, `velebis, min-dvrebis xalxi~, `velobSi mcxovrebi xalxi~.131 amri-

                                                            127Алексеев В. П. Происхождение народов ... М., 1974, 201-203. 128Алексеев В. П. Происхождение народов ... М., 1974, 201-203. 129В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 147. 130В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 147. 131Аутлев П. У. Из адыгейской этнонимии: Сборник статей по этнолгии Адыгеи. Майкоп, 1975, С. 258-259.

74

gad, sxva wyaroebTan erTad, adiReelTa TviTsa-xelwodebac pirdapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom adiRe-elebi/adiReeuri eTnikuri erTobebi kavkasiis mkvidr-ni ar iyvnen, rom kavkasiaSi protoadiReelebi ste-pebidan, CrdiloeTidan arian Camonacvlebuli, sadac iyo maTi Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis areali. proto-adiReelebis adiReelebad qceva ki ganapiroba ste-pebis sxva mkvidrebTan, ZiriTadad iranulenovan nomadebTan da Semdeg adgilobriv kavkasielebTan Serevam, romlebic yobanuri kulturis memkvidreni iyvnen. saerTod, cnobilia, rom adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebi bolo dromde integrirebulni ar iyvnen. bunebrivia adiReelebs eTnikur SekavSrebas xels uS-lida maTi cxovrebis wesi _ tyveTa syidva. dasavleT adiReeleebi ToTxmetamde `tomis~, lokalur-terito-riuli jgufis erTobliobas warmoadgendnen, romel-Ta umetesoba erTmaneTisagan mowyvetiT cxovrobda, maT xSirad erTmaneTTan saomari viTarebac hqondaT. eseni iyvnen: abaZexebi, beslenelebi, bJeduxebi (Tavis mxriv iyofodnen xamiSeelebad da CerCeneebad), egeruxebi, mamxegelebi, natuxaelebi, TemirRoelebi, Wemguelebi, xatukaelebi, SafsuRebi,132 xakuCebi, Janae-lebi, xegakebi... sxvaTa Soris, adiReelTa am terito-riul, lokalur erTeulebs yvelas hqonda Tu ara saerTo saxelwodeba `adiRe~, CvenTvis cnobili araa. samecniero literaturSi SeniSnulia, rom yvela adi-Reeli, upirveles yovlisa, iyo natuxaeli, bJeduxi an SafsuRi.133 aSkaraa, rom azoviszRvispireTidan da Savi zRvis CrdiloeTi stepebidan afxazur-adiReuri tomebis samxreTiT migracia ramdenime etapad mimdinareobda,

                                                            132 Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi tendenciaa SafsuRebis calke eTnosad gamocxadebisa. 133В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб, 2007, С. 198.

75

jer Savi zRvis sanapiroze, da Semdeg kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT mxareze _ yubanis marcxena mxareze xdeboda gadasvla. azovispireTidan Savi zRvis Crdi-lo-aRmosavleT monakveTSi pirvelad protoafxazur-abazuri tomebi gadasaxldnen, Semdeg _ protoadi-Reuri tomebi da am migraciis ramdenime etapi gan-pirobebuli iyo evraziis sivrceSi nomadebis SemoW-riT. Cven aseTi migraciis sam etaps gamovyofT: pir-veli migracia moxda Zv. w. III saukuneSi, meore _ Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze, rasac Savi zRvis sanapiroze qarTul eTnikur erTeulTan Sere-vis Sedegad abaz-afxazebis warmoqmna moyva. meote-bis/protoadiReelebis samxreTiT gadmosaxlebis Sem-degi etapi IV saukuneSi hunebis Semosevis dros gan-xorcielda, rasac ukve adgilze mosaxle monaTesave abaz-afxazebTan Serevis Sedegad axali eTnosis _ adiReelebis warmoqmna moyva. adiReelebis mier abaze-bis asimilacia erTjeradi faqti ar yofila; is mom-devno saukuneebSic mimdinareobda. maTi migraciis meoTxe etapi monRolebis Semosevis dros ganxorci-elda. azovisa da Savi zRvis CrdiloeTi monakveTi-dan migrirebuli yabardoelebi, mas Semdeg, rac maT abazebsa da adiReelTa Soris eTnikuri niSa ver moi-poves, sabolood centraluri kavkasiis mTiswina zo-lSi dasaxldnen. xolo ufro adre meotebis eTnoge-nezSi didi roli Seasrules iranulenovanma tomebma. isic faqtia, rom afxazuri da adiReuri tomebis warmoqmna swored aq _ axal sacxovrisSi xdeboda, meotebis/protoadiReelebis migraciis Sedegad. azo-vispireTidan samxreTiT migraciis Sedegad mimdinare-obda rTuli eTnogenetikuri procesebi. adre gadmo-saxlebuli afxazur-abazuri tomebi droTa ganmav-lobaSi adiReelebad gardaiqmnebodnen. am Tvalsaz-risiT sagulisyuro gadmocemebi aqvs Cawerili XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris frang avtors l. liules;

76

is aRniSnavs, rom abaZexebs, SafsuRebs da natuxae-lebs (samive didi adiReuri gaerTianeba iyo) danarCe-ni adiReelebi moixsenieben saerTo saxelwodebiT: `abaZe-Cil~, rac niSnavs abazel xalxs; danarCenebi, beslenelebis gamoklebiT, romlebic yubanis marcxe-na mxares mkvidrobdnen, kiiax-is saxelwodebiT iyvnen cnobili, rac (mdinaris) qvemoT mcxovreblebs niSnavs.134 K kidev erTi mniSvnelovani garemoebis Sesaxeb. adi-Reelebs ara hqondaT salocavi/sakulto Zeglebi _ isini aseT Zeglebs ar aSenebdnen. aseve iyvnen stepe-bSi/velebSi mcxovrebi alanebi, romelTa salocavi amiane marcelines mixedviT, miwaSi Casobili satevari iyo. Cveulebriv isini salocav Zeglebs ar agebdnen da wminda adgilebSi, tyeebSi, velebSi ikribebodnen, sadac, rogorc wesi, samsxverplos rols asrulebda wminda xe. am xeebTan adiReelebi asrulebdnen war-marTul wesebs da cxovelebs msxverplad swiravdnen. es eTnografiuli masalac pirdapir miuTiTebs im ga-remoebaze, rom adiReelebi Tavdapirvelad velebis mkvidrni iyvnen da am velebze isini moZrav cxovrebas eweodnen. eTnosi, romelic xSirad icvlida adgil-samyofels, dasaxlebas, bunebrivia, verc salocav-sa-kulto Zeglebs aagebda da mSeneblobaSic ver gamo-iyenebda qvas. maTi winaprebi rom Tavidanve binadrebi da miwaTmoqmedebi yofiliyvnen, ra Tqma unda, sakul-to Zeglebic eqnebodaT. adiReur eTnikur erTeulebs yvela kavkasieli-sagan gansxvavebuli qcevis eTnikuri stereotipi gaaC-nda. es iyo meomruli ganwyobileba.

                                                            134 Л. Я. Люлье. Черкесия. Историко-этнографические статьи. – Ландшафт, этнографические и исторические процессы на Северном Кавказе в XIX- начале XX века. Нальчик, 2004, С. 54.

77

adiReelTa winaprebis _ meotebis Sesaxeb l. lav-rovis naSromsac unda mivmarToT. man gansakuTre-buli yuradReba miaqcia hunebTan meotebis urTier-Tobis sakiTxs. cnobilia, rom aziidan SemoWrilma hunebma daaxloebiT 370 wels gaanadgures alanebi da guTebi da Tavs daesxnen bosforis samefos. hunebis erTi nawili azovis zRvis CrdiloeTis gziT dasav-leTSi wavida, xolo meore nawili SeiWra CrdiloeT kavkasiis stepebSi da gaanadgura meotebi da daipyro tamanis naxevarkunZulis bosforis qalaqe-bi.Ddasaxlebuli punqtebi aq hunebma nacartutad aqcies. bosforis samefom ki arseboba Sewyvita. weri-lobiTi wyaroebi arafers gvauwyeben hunebis mier adiReuri tomebis ganadgurebaze. meotebis mraval-ricxovani dasaxlebebis bedi, romlebic binadrobd-nen azovis zRvas, donis SesarTavsa da yubanis qvemo dinebas Soris (yubanis labis SeerTebis adgilamde), arqeologiuri gamokvlevebiT irkveva.Bbunebrivia, hu-nebma isini gaanadgures, amasTan erTad, mosaxleobis nawili amowyvites, nawili monebad waiyvanes, danarCe-nebma ki datoves yubanis marjvena mxare da gaiqcnen yubanis marcxena mxareze. hunebis Semosevebis Semdeg aRarcerT wyaroSi aRar ixseniebian sindebi, aspur-gianebi, fsesebi, dosxebi, fateiebi, dandarebi da sxva meoturi tomebi, romlebic aqamde azovis zRvis aRmo-savleT mxaresa da Savi zRvis monakveTSi yubanis marcxniv binadrobdnen. TviT stepuri adiReuri tome-bis SemkreblobiTi saxeli _ `meotebi~ am droidan qreba. Hhunebis Semoseva Tavisi damangreveli xasia-TiT ufro saSineleba iyo adiReelebisaTvis, vidre monRolTa Semosevebi XIII saukuneSi. am dros moispo bosforis samefo, xolo adiReelTa gansaxlebis te-ritoria mkveTrad Semcirda, radgan yofili meotebis

78

teritoria yubansa da dons Soris nomadebma daika-ves.135 amrigad, adiReeuri tomebis samxreTisaken gad-monacvlebis mizezi ara mxolod iranulenovani nomadebi, aramed pirvelad SemoWrili Turquli to-mebi _ hunebic iyvnen. l. lavrovis kidev erTi winadadeba iqcevs yurad-Rebas. is xazs usvams, rom adiReelebSi adre Sua sa-ukuneebSi meTevzeoba ukve iseT did rols aRar TamaSobda, rogorc adre.136 am garemoebas, bunebrivia, axsna sWirdeba. rogor da ratom unda daekarga eTni-kur erTobas meurneobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi forma? an ra viciT, rom antikur periodSi meot-adiReele-bisaTvis didi mniSvneloba gaaCnda meTevzeobas? Tu es namdvilad ase iyo, maSin aSkarad meTevzeobaze ua-ris Tqma maT samxreTisaken wamowevas unda daukav-Sirdes. meotebis Sesaxeb zogierTi ram udavod dasazus-tebelia. magaliTad zogierT mecniers miaCnia, rom meotebi azovispireTTan erTad Zveli welTaRricxviT yubanispireTSic mosaxleobdnen.137 mkvlevarebs aviwy-debaT, rom im droisaTvis mTel CrdiloeT-dasavleT kavkasiis veeberTela sivrceSi erTi eTnosis ganfeni-loba warmoudgenelia da Tanac im regionSi, sadac nomadebis xSiri cvlis gamo eTnikuri viTarebac xSirad icvleboda. kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis wignis avtorebi aRniSnaven, rom Zv. w. aRricxvis IV sau-kunidan yubanze aqa-iq daarsda emporiebi, ris maga-liTadac asaxeleben bosforsa da meotebs Soris sa-vaWro punqts Sua yubanispireTSi. ufro metic, SeniS-naven, rom yubanispireTi bosforis ZiriTad beRelad

                                                            135Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 91. 136Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 93. 137В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб., 2007, С. 44; История народов Северного Кавказа ... М.: 1988. С. 77.

79

iqca, romelic Tavis mxriv, purs aTens awvdida.138 aq aucilebelia erTi SekiTxva davsvaT: sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom meotebis STamomavlebi _ adiReelebi pureuli kulturebis moyvanas ar misdevdnen da maTi primitiuli miwaTmoqmedebis mTavari kultura fetvi da fetvisnairebi iyo. ramdenad SesaZlebelia eTnoss daeviwyebina iseTi kulturis moyvana, rogoricaa xo-rbali? _ ra Tqma unda, ara. ase rom, Zv. w. IV sa-ukuneSi yubanispireTi, azovis zRvis mTel monakveTi da donis SesarTavi gamoricxulia erTi eTnosis meo-tebis/protoadiReelebis gansaxlebis areali yofi-liyo. meotebs azovispireTTan erTad SeiZleboda mxolod yubanis SesarTav raionSi ecxovraT da ara SuayubanispireTsa da mTeli yubanis auzSi. moyvanili monacemebi aSkarad miuTiTeben imis Se-saxeb, rom adiReuri tomebi Crdilo-dasavleT kavka-siaSi ufro CrdiloeTidan _ azovis zRvisa da Savi zRvis CrdiloeT monakveTebidan arian gadmosaxlebu-li. igive SeiZleba iTqvas afxaz-abazebis Sesaxeb, oRond am ukanasknelTa migracia SedarebiT adre moxda da isini upiratesad uSualod Savi zRvis sa-napiro zolSi iyvnen gansaxlebuli. afxaz-abazebis eTnogenezSi, iseve rogorc adiReelebis eTnogenezSi, monawileoba miiRo adgilobrivma eTnikurma erTeu-lma. es adgilobrivi eTnikuri erToba, romelmac af-xaz-abazebis eTnogenezSi substratis roli Seasru-la qarTveluri eTnikuri erToba iyo. Tu zemoT mo-yvanil enaTmecnierul gamokvlevebsac gavixsenebT, rom afxazur-abazur enebSi qarTveluri substrtis saxiTaa warmodgenili, vfiqrobT, am mosazrebas myari safuZveli gaaCnia. amasTanave, rogorc adiReelTa, ise afxaz-abazebis eTnogenezSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula iranulenobrivma eTnikurma erTobam. Savi

                                                            138В. Гудаков. Северо-Западный Кавказ ... СПб., 2007, С. 44

80

zRvis sanapiroze afxazeTis teritoriaze da mis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, meotebis CrdiloeTidan migra-ciamde, rom qarTveluri eTnikuri erTobebi mkvid-robdnen saamiso saistorio monacemebi Tavmoyrili aqvs meri inaZes sayuradRebo naSromSi `Zveli afxa-zeTis eTnopolitikuri istoriis sakiTxebi~. ramdeni-me citata aRniSnuli naSromidan: `am regionSi dasav-lur-qarTvel tomebis mezoblad Cerqezuli mosaxle-obis damkvidreba SeiZleba aixsnas Crdilo-aRmosav-leT SavizRvispireTis mwir da unayofo adgilebSi mcxovrebi Cerqezuli tomebis erT-erTi jgufis aq Ca-mosaxlebiT.~139 `ziqebi anu jiqebi mxolod Zv. w. II-I ss-is mijnaze Cndebian Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosav-leT sanapiroze~.140 `...Zv. w. VI-I saukuneebSi dRevan-deli afxazeTis rogorc sanapiro, ise mTiani adgi-lebis mosaxleobaSi eTnopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT wamyvania qarTveluri, umTavaresad dasavlur-qarTu-li (megrul-Wanuri, svanuri) warmomavlobis tome-bi~.141 Savi zRvis sanapiroze Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze da ufro Sorsac, Crdilo-dasavleTiT qarTveluri modgmisani rom cxovrobdnen, amas qar-Tuli saistorio tradiciac miuTiTebs. mematiane gadmogvcems, rom Targamosma egross uboZa qveyana lixis qedidan zRvamde, `sada warswvdebis wveri kav-kasiisa~.142 kavkasionis qedis ukiduresi dasavleTi ki nikofsiaa (Tanamedrove tuafse). afxazuri eTnosi qarTul eTnosTan adiReuri to-mebis Serevis Sedegad romaa warmoqmnili amas afxaz-Ta anTropologiuri tipic naTlad miuTiTebs. afxa-zebi arafriT gansxvavdebian dasavlur qarTuli eT-

                                                            139 m. inaZe. Zveli kolxeTis ... Tb., 2009, gv. 407. 140 m. inaZe. Zveli kolxeTis ... Tb., 2009, gv. 409. 141 m. inaZe. Zveli kolxeTis ... Tb., 2009, gv. 401. 142qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1955, gv. 5.

81

nografiuli jgufebisagan. fizikuri anTropologi v. bunaki afxazebs qvemo imeruli tipis lokalur varia-ntSi aTavsebda, xolo m. abduSeliSvili maT guriis, samegrelos, aWaris da samurzayanos qarTul mosax-leobasTan erTad SavizRvispirul variantSi aerTia-nebda.143 es ukanaskneli imasac aRniSnavda, rom fizi-kuri anTropologiis TvalTaxedviT, afxazebs qar-Tul eTnikur samyarosTan ufro meti kavSiri aqvT, vidre adiReelebTan.144  kidev erTi amonaridi fiziku-ri anTropologis lia biTaZis naSromidan: `afxazTa Taviseburi mdgomareoba adiReur enobriv jgufSi ai-saxeba dasavlel qarTvelebTan maTi naTesaobiT. misi azriT (saubaria anTropolog g. janberiZeze _ r. T.), romelsac morfologiuri faqtebi adastureben, afxa-zTa eTnogenezi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qar-Tvelebis romeliRac jgufis adiReur enaze gadasv-la; anu afxazTa fizikuri winaprebis udidesi umrav-lesoba nawili iyo ara sxva afsua-adiRur xalxTa winaprebisa, aramed Tanamedrove qarTvelebis qar-Tulenovani winaprebisa. am mosazrebas iziarebs v. aleqseevic. is eTanxmeba Tvalsazriss, rom anTropo-logiurad afxazebi ufro axlos dganan qarTul eT-nikur samyarosTan, vidre adiReelebTan. v. aleqseevi wers: `afxazTa gaerTianeba adiRuri enobrivi jgufis SemadgenlobaSi, albaT, SedarebiT gvian ganxorciel-

                                                            143dawvrilebiT ixileT: l. biTaZe. anTropologiuri mona-cemebi afxazTa eTnogenezis sakiTxisaTvis. _ narkvevebi saqa-rTvelos istoriidan: afxazeTi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb., 2007, gv. 173-177. 144 М. Г. Абдушелишвили. Антропология древнего и современного населения Грузии. Тб., 1964, С. 57.

82

da da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgens meorad movle-nas maT eTnikur istoriaSi.~145        protoafxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebi ara mxolod afxazTa eTnogenezis periodSi daefuZnen qarTvelur eTnikur erTobas (zanebi, svanebi), aramed am ori eTnosis urTierTSerevebi mTeli Sua saukune-ebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda146 da is aqtiuri iyo gvian Sua saukuneebSic, rodesac CrdiloeT kavksii-dan Semosaxleba ori gziT _ mTidan da zRvispire-Tidan mimdinareobda.147 enobrivad ki afxazebi adiRe-elebis/Cerqezebis/yabardoelebis monaTesavebi arian, qarTvelebTan ki enobrivi monaTesaveoba araa aqvT. ase rom, afxazebi da qarTvelebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom enobrivad monaTesaveni ar arian, populaciur doneze mainc monaTesave eTnosebi arian; isini popu-laciuri, da ara eTnikuri TvalTaxedviT, monaTe-saveni arian. Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi eTnikuri viTareba mudmivad icvleboda, erTsa da imave teritoriaze eT-nosebi xSirad icvlebodnen. mTeli Savi zRvis sana-piro, rogorc irkveva, Tavis droze afxazTa monaTe-save abazebis kuTvnileba iyo da mTeli rigi adiRe-uri eTnikuri erTeulebi afxazur-abazuri warmomav-lobisani iyvnen. aseTebs Soris asaxeleben bJeduxebs, abaZexebs, SafsuRebs da maxoSebs, romlebic jer kidev XV-XVI saukuneebSi abazur enaze laparakobd-nen. Semdeg ki yabardoelebisa da zogierTi sxva tomis gavleniT TandaTanobiT gadavidenen adiReur

                                                            145l. biTaZe. anTropologiuri monacemebi afxazTa eTnogene-zis sakiTxisaTvis. _ narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan: af-xazeTi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb., 2007, gv. 176-177. 146Г. В. Цулая. Абхазия и абхазы в контексте истории Грузии (Домонгольский период). М., 1995, С.19. 147s. baxia-oqruaSvili. afxazTa eTnikuri istoriis proble-mebi (istoriul-eTnologiuri gamokvleva). Tb., 2010.

83

enaze.148 gasaziarebelia samecniero literaturaSi ga-moTqmuli mosazreba, rom SafsuRebi, natuxaelebi, abaZexebi da jiqebi (saZebi) zixebis (jiqebis) eTnikur safuZvelze Camoyalibdnen.149 aqedan daskvna, rom zi-xebi (jiqebi) enobrivad igive abazebi (abazgebi) iy-vnen, xolo kasogebisagan (qaSagebisagan) adiReelebi warmoiqmnen. ufro metic, t. lopatinskis mtkicebiT, Cerqezebs, romelTa Semadgenlobidan gamoricxavda abaZexebs, SafsuRebsa da natuxaelebs, SesamCnevi Tu-ranuli da semituri minarevi gaaCndaT.150 saamisod eTnografiul monacemebsac moiSvelieben (magaliTad, gvarebis warmomavloba; ebraelebisa da Cerqezebis zogierTi wes-Cveulebis msgavseba). rogorc afxaz-abazebi, ise adiRe-Cerqezebi Savi-zRvispireTsa da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi ara mxolod azovis zRvis sanapiroebidan iyvnen samxre-TiT gadamosaxlebuli, aramed yirimidan da samxreT ukrainidan. afxazur-adiReuri tomebi gvianobamdec cxovrobdnen azovispireTSi, magaliTad, iuliani wers, Cerqezebis Tavadze, romelic tamanze cxovrob-da da 100 coli yavda.151 zogierTi mkvlevari rodesac afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebis/jgufebis afxazeTis samxreTidan da samxreT-aRmosavleTidan anu dasavleT saqarTve-lodan migraciis Sesaxeb werda, imave dros l. lav-rovi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda afxazur-Cerqezuli eTni-kuri erTobebis Crdilo-dasavleTiT (yirimsa da sam-xreT ukrainaSi) binadrobis Sesaxeb da SeniSnavda,

                                                            148 Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 20. 149 Б. Бгажнаков. Черкесы (Адыги). Под редакцией М. Курдиани, Тб., 2010, с. 12. 150 Б. Бгажнаков. Черкесы (Адыги). Под редакцией М. Курдиани, Тб., 2010, с. 13; Т. Лапинский. Горцы Кавказа и их освободительная борба против русских. нальчик, 1999, с. 70. 151Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 32.

84

rom es garemoeba arRvevs hipoTezas am xalxebis sam-xreTidan warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.152 ase rom, afxazur-adiReuri tomebis eTnogenezze rodesac vsaubrobT, aSkaraa, rom am eTnikuri erTobebis eTnogenezi mox-da ara maTi Sua saukuneebSi gansaxlebis arealSi _ SavizRvispireTsa da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi, aramed CrdiloeTiT azovispireTSi, donis SesarTav-Tan, yirimsa da samxreT ukrainaSi. magram, Tu dad-geba sakiTxi aRniSnuli eTnikuri erTobebis gvian Ca-moyalibebis Sesaxeb, maSin is mainc aSkaraa, rom mTa-vari eTnikuri elementi, romlisganac afxazur-abazu-ri da adiReur-Cerqezul-yabardouli eTnikuri ele-mentebi warmoiqmna, CrdiloeTidan aris gadmosaxle-buli, anu saubaria protoadiRur da protoafxazur-abazur erTobebze. magram isic xazgasmiT unda aRi-niSnos, rom am migraciis gamkvalavni iyvnen ara pir-velni, aramed meoreni. kidev erTi sakiTxi: gviandeli afxazebi da aba-zebi erT enaze laparakobdnen. magram adrindeli qarTuli wyaroebi ratom mijnavdnen erTmaneTisagan afxazebsa da imave enze molaparake jiqebs/abazebs? imitom xom ara, rom Tanamedrove afxazeTis Crdilo-dasavleT monakveTSi mcxovrebi Zveli afxazebi qar-Tul jgufebTan abazebis/jiqebis Serevis Sedegad uk-ve gansxvavebul eTnikur erTobas warmoadgendnen? rom es iyo qarTvelebis (zanebisa da svanebis) da jiq-abazebis Serevis Sedegad warmoqmnili axali eT-nikuri erToba, romelic aseve cxovrebis yaidiTac gansxvavdeboda am ukanasknelisagan? vfiqrobT, rom kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi unda gaeces. ra iwvevda pro-toadiReelebisa da protoafxaz-abazebis samxreTi-saken permanentul gadmosaxlebas? _ is aramyari eT-nikuri viTareba, romelic stepur zonaSi arsebobda,

                                                            152 Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 62.

85

sadac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi erTi warmomavlobis nomadur erTobas sxva enacvleboda. aseTTa Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT skviTebi, sarmatebi, alanebi, CriloeTidan mosuli guTebi. amis Sesaxeb l. lavro-vic werda:  «...в самом начале средних веков готы-евдусиане вытеснили племя керкетов из-под нынешней Анапы в Заку-банье».153  sxvaTa Soris, guTebis mier Seviwroebuli kerketebis yubanis marcxena napirze, mdinare labis zemo welSi, gadmosaxlebas IV saukuniT aTariRe-ben.154 irkveva, rom samxreT ukrainisa da yirimis Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiasTan kavSiri erTjeradi ar iyo, is mudmivi gaxldT. is ufro adrec arsebobda: «Связь Южной Украины и Крима с Северо-Западным Кавказом, отмеченная археологией для II и начала I тысячелетия до н. э., оставила свое отражение в сходстве некоторых элементов топо-нимики, существовавших на этих территориях в более позднее (скифо-сарматское) время.»155       rogorc naSromis dasawyisSi aRniSnuli gvqonda, jer kidev saukunis dasawyisSi mecnierTa garkveuli jgufi miiCnevda, rom afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri er-Tobis gansaxlebis Tavdapirveli teritoria dasav-leT saqarTvelo iyo, saidanac maT Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi gadainacvles qarTvelTa samxreTidan mo-wolis Sedegad. sxvaTa Soris, amave mosazrebis gaxl-daT ivane javaxiSvilic. oRond am hipoTezis Tana-xmad, afxazur-adiReuri tomebi mcire aziidan warmo-mavlobdnen. isini jer dasavleT saqarTveloSi dasa-xldnen, datoves TavianTi kvali da Semdeg Crdi-loeT kavkasiaSi gadavidnen da mxolod axali wel-TaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi afxazTa winaprebi kvlav dabrundnen samxreT kavkasiaSi da daikaves Ta-

                                                            153Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 80. 154Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ... Нальчик, 2009, стр. 84. 155Л. Л. Лавров. Избранные труды ...Нальчик, 2009, стр. 81.

86

namedrove afxazeTis teritoria.156 (ase rom, iv. java-xiSvilic Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze afxa-zebs CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmosulebad miiCnevda). aSkaraa am mosazrebis umarTebuloba, mcdaroba. ara erTi da ori wyaros Tanaxmad, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, protoafxazur-adiReuri eTnikur erTobaTa Tavdapi-rvel gansaxlebis areals Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasi-is CrdiloeTi warmoadgenda. protoafxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri elementi, romelsac CrdiloeTSi iranul-enovani eTnikuri erTobani Seerivnen, Savi zRvis sana-piroze qarTvelur eTnikur elements daefina. Tumca samecniero literaturaSi dResac inerciiT SemorCe-nilia Zveli da aramecnieruli Sexeduleba, rom da-savleT qarTvelebis genezisSi sakmaod Zlierma afxa-zur-adiReurma substratma miiRo monawileoba.157 am mosazrebis absurdulobas qarTuli enis monacemebic adasturebs _ qarTul da, saerTod, qarTvelur eneb-Si afxazur-adiReuri enebis substrati ar daiZebneba. afxazur-adiReur enebSi qarTveluri leqsikuri erTeulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb Tavis droze miuTiTa agreTve badri gogiam da maTi Crdilouri warmo-mavlobis Sesaxebac aRniSna, oRond Cvengan gansxvave-biT maTi eTnogenetikuri procesi sakmaod gvian peri-odSi igulisxma. ai, es citata: `rac Seexeba mcire-aziuli leqsikis ramdenime erTeulis arsebobas Crdilokavkasiur enebSi, es bevrad ufro umniSvnelo raodenobis masaa, vidre skviTur-sarmatuli, kerZod, eniseuri warmoSobis enebis leqsika Crdilokavkasiur

                                                            156ix.: Г. Анчабадзе. Проблемы этнической истории абхазов на фоне грузино-абхазского конфликта. _ g. anCabaZe. qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis sakiTxebi. Tb., 2006, gv. 48-49. 157С. А. Арутюнов. Силуэты этничности на цивилизационном фоне. Москва, 2012, стр. 38. sxvaTa Soris, es avtori ufro Sorasac midis da dasavleT somxebis eTnogenezisSic ki ar gamoric-xavs afxazur-adiReuri substratis monawileobas.

87

enebSi. amitom Crdilokavkasiuri tomebis warmoSoba-ze saubrisas, umjobesia migraciebis isari CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi samxreTidan ki ara, Crdilo-aRmosavleTi-dan movmarTod. amasTan, ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas, rom Crdilokavkasiur enebSi aris qarTveluri, pirvel yovlisa, megrul-svanuri elementebic. es ki imaze mi-uTiTebs, rom maTSia gaTqvefili piriqiTa saqarTve-los adgilobrivi tomebi da leqsika.~158 SeuZlebelia gverdi qarTul saistorio tradi-ciasac avuaroT. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs leonti mrove-lis koncefcia kavkasiis xalxebis saerTo warmomav-lobis Sesaxeb. qarTveli mematiane wers: `pirvelad vaÃsenoT ese, rameTu somexTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da movakanelTa, herTa da lekTa, megrelTa da kavka-sianTa _ amaT TÂsTa erTi iyo mama, saxeliT Targamos.~159 `xolo SvilTa Soris misTa gamoCndes kacni rvani, gmirni Zlierni da saxelovanni, romelTa saxelebi ese ars: pirvelsa erqva: haos, meoresa qar-Tlos, mesamesa bardos, meoTxesa movakan, mexuTesa lek, meequsesa heros, meSvidesa kavkas, mervesa eg-ros.~160 `xolo egross misca queyana zRÂs yurisa, da uCina sazRvari: aRmosavliT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hqÂan lixi: dasavliT zRua; CrdiloT mdinare mci-risa xazareTisa, sada warswyuTebis wueri kavkasisa. xolo aman egros aRaSena qalaqi da uwoda saxeli TÂsi egrisi. aw mas adgilsa hqÂan bedia.~161 `xolo

                                                            158b. gogia. istoriis saTaveebTan. qarTvelTa wamyvani roli, daknineba da aRdgena (lingvisturi masalebisa da wyaroebis mecnieruli analizi), tomi I, parizi-londoni-romi-Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 87. 159qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tb., 1955, gv. 3. 160qarTlis cxovreba, ... tomi I, Tb., 1955, gv. 4. 161qarTlis cxovreba, ... tomi I, Tb., 1955, gv. 5.

88

kavkasiaTa CrdiloT ara iyo xuedri Targamosisa, aramed arca iyo kaci kavkasiasa CrdiloT; da umkÂdro iyo queyana igi kavkasiiTgan vidre mdinarem-de didad, romeli Sesdis zRuasa darubandisasa. amisTÂs gamoiyvanna mravalTa gmirTagan orni gmirni, lekan da kavkasi. da misca lekans zRÂTgan daruban-disaT vidre mdinaremde lomekisa, CrdiloT vidre mdinaremde didad xazareTisad da misca kavkasos lomekis mdinariTgan vidre dasasrulamde kavkasisa, dasavliT.~162 leonti mrovelis citatis Semdeg z. ratianis ko-mentars SemogTavazebT: `... ra kuTxiTac ginda ganvi-xiloT leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, CrdiloeT kavka-siisa da misi mimdgomi tramalebis uZvelesi, mkvidri mosaxleoba gaxldaT qarTvelebi, vainaxebi, anu CeCen-inguSebi da daRestnelebi, anu lekebi. arc adiRe-elebi, arc osebi da saerTod araviTari sxva juris xalxi iq leontis ar eguleba pirvel, mkvidr xal-xad. ase rom, piriqiTa saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi saz-Rvari mdinare yubanze SemTxveviT ar miuTiTebia. mTe-li CrdiloeTiT mdebare tramalebi Targamosian Zma-Ta _ egrosis, lekosis da kavkasosis pirvelsacxov-risi iyo leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad.~163 niko berZe-niSvili: `lixis mTas da mcire xazareTis mdinares Soris qveyana egrosis wili iyo, egrosianebiT dasa-xlebuli iyo.~164 amrigad, qarTuli wyaros Tanaxmad, qarTveluri eTnikuri erTobis erTi jgufi _ megrelebi Savi zRvis sanapiroze gansaxlebuli iyvnen im wertila-mde, saidanac kavkasiis mTebi iwyeba (Tanamedrove ana-

                                                            162qarTlis cxovreba, ... tomi I, Tb., 1955, gv. 5-6. 163 z. ratiani. wyaroTa RaRadi anu piriqiTa saqarTvelo. Tb., 1995, gv. 15. 164 n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi.Tb., 1990, gv. 551.

89

pis odnav samxreTiT) da egrisis centri Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze _ bediaSi iyo. rac mTavaria, kavkasiaSi dasaxlebuli rva Zmidan CrdiloeT kavka-siis dausaxlebeli teritoria or Zmas _ lekos da kavkasos _ ergo, romelTaganac lekebi da kavkasianni warmomavloben. leonti mroveli, sruliad bunebri-vad ar axsenebs arc afxazebs da arc adiReelebs (an qarTuli wyaroebiT cnobil maT winaprebs _ jiqebsa da qaSagebs). lekosis STamomavlebSi daRestnelebi igulisxmebian, xolo kavkasosis STamomaval kavkasia-neSi _ inguSebisa da CaCnebis winaprebi ZurZukebi (mecnierebaSi aris mcdeloba kavkasianebi afxaz-adi-Reelebis winaprebad miiCnion, rac araviTar argumen-tebs ar eyrdnoba). amrigad, qarTuli saistorio tra-diciiTac adiReelebi kavkasiuri warmomavlobis ar arian.

amrigad, afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebis (afxaz-abazebi, ubixebi/jiqebi, adiReelebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi) eTnogenezi moxda ara maTi Sua sauku-neebSi gansaxlebis arealSi (Crdilo-aRmosavleT Sa-vizRvispireTsa da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi), ara-med kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT _ azovispireTSi, do-nis SesarTavTan, yirimsa da samxreT ukrainaSi. afxa-zuri da adiReuri eTnosebis eTnogenezSi sul cota samma eTnikurma komponentma miiRo monawileoba: pro-toadiReelebma/meotebma, iranulenovanma momTabareeb-ma da qarTvelurma erTobebma (zanebi, svanebi), ro-melTaganac wamyvani pirvelebi iyvnen. afxazebis eT-nogenezSi qarTuli eTnikuri erTobis wvlili ufro meti iyo, vidre adiReelTa eTnogenezSi. Cerqezebs (adiReelebs, yabardoelebs) raRac doziT Turquli da ebrauli (xazaruli) elementic Seeria, rasac ver vityviT afxazebsa, adrindel abazebsa da zixebze (jiqebze). amitomac fizikuri anTropologiis Tvalsa-zrisiT afxazebi da adiReelebi erTmaneTisagan gans-

90

xvavdebian. protoafxaz-adiReelTa samxreTiT Camowe-va erTdjeradi aqti ar yofila; isini ramdenjerme migrirdnen TaviaanTi Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis area-lidan. pirveli migraciuli talRa Zv. w. III saukuniT unda davaTariRoT, romelic gamowveuli iyo Crdi-loeT kavkasiisa da evraziis sakontaqto zonaSi sar-matebis gamoCenasTan, meore talRa imave arealSi Zve-li da axli welTaRricxvebis mijnaze alanebma gana-pirobes, mesame talRa hunebis Semosevebs ukavSirdeba IV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. xolo ukanaskneli migra-cia adiReuri eTnikuri erTobisa/yabardoelebisa, oRond amjerad CrdiloeT centraluri kavkasiis mTiswineTSi, monRolebis gamoCenas, ufro swored, am regionSi maTi poziciebis Sesustebas ukavSirdeba. mi-graciis gamomwvevi mizezi ki gaxldaT evraziisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis stepebSi jer iranulenovani da Semdeg Turqulenovani momTabare eTnosebis xSiri Se-mosevebi. geografiul araelSi, sadac afxazur-adiRe-uri eTnikuri erTobebis formireba moxda istori-isaTvis xelmisawvdom mTel periodSi aramdgradi eT-nikuri viTareba iyo. aramdgrad eTnikur viTarebas, romelsac mecnierebaSi `eTnikur qaossac~ uwodeben, evraziis sivrceSi mudmivad aRmosavleTidan dasavle-Tisaken moZravi nomadebi qmnidnen. aqedan gamomdinare, protoafxaur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebic (meotebi) am arealSi aRmosavleTidan iyvnen mosuli da isinic Tavdapirvelad nomadebi iyvnen. es Tavdapirveli noma-debi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapirosa da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi ki mudmiv binadrebad ver iqcnen da bolo dromde naxevrad momTabare cxo-vrebas misdevdnen. maTi cxovrebis es wesi, meurneobis forma ki isev da isev evraziis sivrcis siaxloviT iyo gamowveuli. sxvadasxva warmomavlobis iranuli da Turquli momTabare tomebi, Crdilo-dasavleT kav-kasiaSi dafuZnebul adiReur tomebs eTnikuri stabi-

91

lizaciis, integraciis, eTnikuri SekavSirebis saSua-lebas ar aZlevdnen. adiReelTa aramdgradi da daud-geneli eTnikuri viTareba im faqtoriTac iyo gamowv-euli, rom maT verafriT moaxerxes erTiani saxelm-wifoebrivi sistemis Seqmna, magaliTad, iseTis rogo-ric alanebs hqondaT monRolTa Semosevebamde. Tumca, aSkaraa, rom gvian Sua saukuneebSi xdeboda abazebis gaCerqezebis procesi. am procesebis mizezebis Seswa-vla ki momavlis saqmea. abaZexebis, SafuRebisa da na-tuxaelebis Sesaxeb rom araferi vTqvaT, rogorc mi-uTiTeben (b. bRaJnokovi), Tanamedrove yabardoelTa Soris warmomavlobiT 20 %-ia abaza.

afxazur-adiReuri eTnikuri erTobebis eTnogene-zis procesi CrdiloeTiT _ azovispireTSi, donis qvemo dinebaze, Savi zRvis CrdiloeT monakveTSi, Ta-namedrove samxreT ukrainaSi _ daiwyo, rodesac meo-tebs/protoadiReelebs iranuli tomebi Seerivnen. protoafxaz-adiReelebTan iranuli tomebis Serevis yvelaze didi damadasturebeli faqti maT Soris nar-Tebis eposis farTod gavrcelebaa. eTnogenezis sabo-loo faza ki Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosa da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi _ yubanispireTSi moxda, rodesac CrdiloeTidan Camonacvlebuli proto-adiReelebi qarTvelur eTnikur jgufebs (zanebsa da svanebs) daefinnen.

dasasruls ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT Semdegi: adiReurma eTnikurma erTobebma (agreTve ubixebma, abazebma) eTnosfera, gansaxlebis areali, nomadur samyarosTan saukunovani kontaqtis pirobebSi, Tavian-Ti cxovrebis wesiTa da meurneobis maTTvis damaxa-siaTebeli formiT (naxevradmomTabare, naxevradbina-dari), SeinarCunes. xolo evraziis sivrceSi pirve-live binadrebis – ruseTis imperiis _ gamoCenas, maT agresias Seewirnen, gansaxlebis areali dakarges, faqtobrivad, eTnosma katastrofa ganicada, arseboba

92

Sewyvita _ CrdiloeT kavkasiis yvelaze didi eTno-sisagan mxolod misi calkeuli mcire nawilebiRa SemorCa. regionSi eTnikuri viTareba radikalurad, amjerad rusuli eTnosis sasargeblod Seicvala (igive moxda afxazeTSi). ganmeorda sarmatebis, hune-bis, monRolebis droindeli viTareba. regionSi ara-mdgradi, arastabiluri eTnikuri situaciis ZiriTadi faqtori ki geografiuli gaxldaT. ra faqtorebmac ganapiroba adiReuri eTnikuri jgufebis eTnogenezi, imave faqtorebma gansaxlebis arealis dakargva da faqtobrivi gaqrobac gamoiwvia.

Sua saukuneebidan dawyebuli, vidre ruseTis impe-riis mier kavkasiis xalxebis dapyrobamde, Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSi arsebuli aramdgradi eTnikuri viTareba (moZraobiToba, TareSebi, susti integracia) afxazeTzec arakeTilsasurvel gavlenas axdenda. abazebis, ubixebis da sxvadasxva adiReuri tomebis infiltracia, migracia afxazeTSic xdeboda. TiTqmis mudmivi iyo aq afxazebis, qarTvelebisa da adiRe-elebis urTierTSereva. es eTnikuri kontaqtebi Ziri-Tadad Sua afxazeTSi _ kelasurisa da kodoris midamoebSi _ xdeboda. xan qarTuli eTnikuri eleme-nti gamodioda gamarjvebuli, xan abazur-adiReuri. amis Sedegi iyo XV-XVI saukuneebidan Zveli afxaze-bis gaqroba da axali afxazebis warmoqmna abazuri enis safuZvelze.     

93

Roland Topchishvili

To the question of the ethno-genesis of Abkhazian-Adigean ethnic contacts

Adigeans (Cherkesians, Kabardians) and other ethnic groups (Ubichs, Abazgians) related to them who lived in the North-West and central parts of the Caucasus region had been the largest ethnic groups before the Russian annexation. Related to them were the Abkhazians. The author thinks that the ethno-genesis of these peoples has not been thoroughly studies. The following conclusions have been drawn: The genesis of the Abkhazian-Adigean ethnic group took place not in the North-East, but in further North, in the territories close to the Azov Sea, Don river, Crimea and South Ukraine. There are at least three ethnic groups which took an active part in the formation of the Abkhazian and Adigean ethnic groups: proto-Adigeans, Meoteans, Iranian nomads and various Georgian ethnic groups. The part the Georgian ethnic groups played in the formation of the Abkhazians was higher than in the formation of the Adigeans. There are Turkic and Jewish elements in the formation of the Cherkesians. This is not the case, however, with the Abkhazians. Therefore, from the point of physical anthropology Abkhazians differ from Adigeans. Proto-Abkhazians-Adigeans moved to the South several times. First it happened in the III c. BC. and was caused by the appearance of the Sarmatians. The second tide took place in the turn of millennia caused by the Alans. The third tide took place in late IV century AD. with the appearance of the Huns. The last

94

tide took place with the emergence of the Mongols. Therefore their moving to the South was caused by the Iranian and then Turkic nomads. The territory where the process of genesis of the Abkhazians-Adigeans was taking place was characterized by the ethnic instability, which is called “ethnic chaos”. This was created by nomadic peoples coming from the East and moving towards Europe. These nomads then were transformed into semi-nomads. They still retained this mode of agriculture because of the closeness of the Eurasian space. Various Iranian and Turkic tribes did not give any respite for ethnic stabilization, integration etc. Unstable ethnic situation in which the Adigeans found themselves was also caused by the fact that they did not manage to create a unified state structure. The ethnic formation of the Abkazian-Adigean group began in the Azov and the South Ukraine region. The last phase of the ethno-genesis took place in the North-West Caucasus when proto-Adigeans xmixed into the Georgian groups of Zans and Svans. Finally, it can be said that Adigean ethnic group preserved its ethnic unity, area of habitation, and the mode of existence. However they failed to resist successfully the Russian Empire and ceased to exist except for tiny groups in the North Caucasus. The ethnic situation from then on tilted towards ethnic Russians (the same happened in Abkhazia). The unstable ethnic situation in the region which helped to forge the Adigean ethnicity eventually caused its destruction. From the Medieval period to the time of the Russian annexation of the North Caucasus the unstable ethnic situation in the region had its negative effects on Abkhazia where the infiltration of Abazgians, Ubichs, and other Adigean tribes was

95

taking place. Here was interaction between Abkhazians, Georgians and Adigeans. These contacts were active in the territories of Kelasuri and Kodori. Sometimes it were Georgians who turned out to be superior. However, it alternated and often Abazgian-Adigean ethnic element became predominant. As a result in XV-XVI we witness the disappearance of old Abkhazians and the creation of new Abkhazians base on the Abazgian language.

96

Роланд Топчишвили Об этногенезе абхазо-адыгских

этнических общностей  

Живущие в Северо-Западном и Центральном Кавказе адыги (черкесы, кабардинцы) и родственные им этносы (убыхи, абазины) до аннексии Северного Кавказа Россией представляли собой самые большие этнические общности региона. Им же родственны и живущие в северо-западной части Грузии абхазы. Автор книги считает, что этногенез указанных народов недостаточно изучен. Предложенный труд служит именно восполнению данного пробела. Отно-сительно рассматриваемых в книге проблем сделаны сле-дующие заключения:

Этногенез абхазо-адыгских этнических общностей (абха-зы-абазины, убыхи/джики, адыги, черкесы, кабардинцы) произошел не в ареале их средневекового расселения (в Се-веро-Восточном Причерноморье и Северо-Западном Кавка-зе), а гораздо севернее – в Приазовье, в устье Дона, Крыму и Южной Украине. В этногенезе абхазского и адыгского этно-сов приняли участие по меньшей мере три этнических ком-понента: протоадыги/меоты, ираноязычные кочевники и картвельские единства (заны, сваны), из которых ведущим компонентом были первые из перечисленных. В этногенезе абхазов доля грузинского этнического общности была весо-мее, нежели в этногенезе адыгов. К черкесам (адыгам, кабар-динцам) в определенной дозе примешались также тюркский и еврейский (хазарский) элементы, чего нельзя сказать о абхазах, ранних абазинах и зихах (джиках). Поэтому с точки

97

зрения физической антропологии абхазы и адыги отличают-ся друг от друга. Продвижение протоабхазо-адыгов на юг не являлось однократным актом; они несколько раз мигрирова-ли из ареала своего первоначального рассселения. Первую миграционную волну, обусловленную появлением сарматов в контактной зоне Северного Кавказа и Евразии, следует да-тировать III веком до н. э.; вторую волну в том же ареале на рубеже старого и нового летоисчислений обусловили аланы; третья волна связана с нашествием гуннов в 70-х годах IV ве-ка. Последняя миграция адыгской этнической общности _ кабардинцев, но на сей раз в северное предгорье Централь-ного Кавказа, связана с появлением монголов, точнее, с осла-блением в указанном регионе позиций монголов. Причиной миграции явились частые набеги на степи Евразии и Север-ного Кавказа сначала ираноязычных, а затем тюркоязычных кочевых этносов. В географическом ареале, в котором прои-зошло формирование абхазо-адыгских этнических общнос-тей, на протяжении всего исторически досягаемого периода была неустойчивая этническая обстановка. Эту неустойчи-вую этническую обстановку, именуемую в науке также «эт-ническим хаосом», создавали номады, постоянно перемещав-шиеся в евразийском пространстве с востока на запад. Исхо-дя из этого, и протоабхазо-адыгские этнические общности (меоты) пришли в этот ареал с востока, будучи первоначаль-но номадами. Эти первоначальные номады в Северо-Восточ-ном Причерноморье и Северо-Западном Кавказе не превра-тились в оседлое население, продолжая до последнего вре-мени вести полукочевой образ жизни. Такой уклад их жизни и форма хозяйства опять-таки были обусловлены близостью евразийского пространства. Разного рода иранские и тюркс-

98

кие кочевые племена мешали обосновавшимся на Северо-За-падном Кавказе адыгским племенам достичь этнической ста-билизации, интеграции и этнического единения. Неустой-чивая и неопределенная этническая ситуация адыгов была вызвана и тем фактором, что им никак не удалось создать единую государственную систему, такую, какая, например, была у аланов до монгольского нашествия. Хотя очевидно, что в позднее средневековье протекал процесс черкесизации абазин. Изучение причин этих процессов – дело будущего. Не говоря ничего о абадзехах, шапсугах и натухайцах, как указывают (Б. Бгажноков), 20% современных кабардинцев по происхождению являются абазинами.

Процесс этногенеза абхазо-адыгских этнических общно-стей начался на севере – в Приазовье, в нижнем течении р. Дон, на северном отрезке побережья Черного моря, на терри-тории современной Южной Украины, когда с меотами/про-тоадыгами смешались иранские племена. Наиболее очевид-ным фактом слияния иранских племен с протоабхазо-адыга-ми является широкое распространение среди них нартского эпоса. Последняя фаза этногенеза произошла в Восточном Причерноморье и Северо-Западном Кавказе – в Прикубанье, когда переместившиеся с севера протоадыги инфильтровали картвельские (грузинские) этнические группы (занов и сва-нов).

В заключение нельзя не отметить следующее: адыгские этнические общности (также убыхи, абазины) в условиях ве-ковых контактов с номадным миром сумели сохранить свою этносферу, ареал расселения, образ жизни со специфичес-кой, присущей им формой хозяйства (полукочевой, полуо-седлый). Но с появлением в евразийском пространстве пер-

99

вых обитателей – Российской империи – они стали жертвами их агрессии, потеряв свой ареал расселения. Фактически, эт-нос претерпел катастрофу, прекратил существование: от са-мого большого этноса Северного Кавказа остались только от-дельные малочисленные группы. Этническая ситуация в ре-гионе радикально изменилась – на сей раз в пользу русского этноса (то же самое произошло в Абхазии). Повторилась та же картина, что и во времена сарматов, гуннов, монголов. Основным фактором неустойчивой, нестабильной этничес-кой ситуации в регионе явился географический фактор. Те же факторы, которые обусловили этногенез адыгских этни-ческих групп, обусловили и потерю ими ареала своего рассе-ления и, в сущности, исчезновение этноса.

Начиная со средних веков вплоть до покорения Российс-кой империей народов Кавказа существовавшая на Северо-Западном Кавказе неустойчивая этническая ситуация (миг-рационность, набеги, слабая интеграция) оказывала неблаго-приятное влияние и на Абхазию. Инфильтрация и миграция абазин, убыхов и разных адыгских племен имела место и в Абхазии. Почти постоянный характер носило здесь взаимо-смешение абхазов, грузин и адыгов. Эти этнические контак-ты особенно интенсивными были в центральной части Абха-зии – в ущельях Келасури и Кодори. Побеждал то грузинс-кий этнический элемент, то – абазо-адыгский. Следствием этого явилось исчезновение с XV-XVI веков прежних, старых абхазов и возникновение новых, современных абхазов на ос-нове абазинского языка.

 

        garekanze - Cerqezebi erovnul samosSi, XVIII-XIX saukunis dasawyisi. wyaro: Студенецкая Е. Н. Одежда народов Северного Кавказа. XVIII‐XX вв. – М. 1989, С. 20.       

 

 

 

 

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

E-mail: universal@internet.ge