African City Planner: Urbanization 2nd class

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Urbanization, Lesson 2



Previous Session•Defined Urban Centres•Self Definitions and Urban Areas and Cities Act•Characteristics of Urban Centres•Demographic Trends in Urban Areas – urban vs rural•Megacities, Large Cities and Medium Cities•Challenges in urban areas•Facts about urbanization and way forward•Connection with the pillars of sustainable development


We concluded with:

Urbanization has the potential to usher in a new era of well-being, resource efficiency and economic growth. But cities are also home to high concentrations of poverty. Nowhere is the rise of inequality clearer than in urban areas, where wealthy communities coexist alongside, and separate from, slums and informal settlements.


Urbanization is integrally connected to the three pillars of sustainable development:economic development, social development and environmental protection

Urban Areas

Economic Social Environmental


• How do urban areas being about Economic Development?

• How do urban areas bring about social Development? (Social development is about improving the well-being of every individual in society so they can reach their full potential. )

• What influence do urban areas have on the environment?


Major Challenges with regard to these pillars?

1 •a general shrinkage of economic growth

2 •higher levels of unemployment

3 •an increase in poverty levels


• Social-Spatial forms have tended toward increased fragmentation, separation and specialized functions

• Cities with increasing differences between high income ‐and lower income areas ‐

• high income gated communities being developed and, at ‐the other extreme, enclaves of poverty and ethnic communities emerging.

• An additional phenomenon in developing country cities is the expansion of informal (often illegal) communities (many of them slums), both within the city and on the urban periphery


• climate change, the poorest being the most vulnerable to this threat.

• excessive dependence upon fossil fuels,

• loss of arable land, as well as land providing important recreational and environmental services for urban communities.


Sustainable Urban Development

“meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” - Our Common Future (1987)


• City management, finance and governance • Urban poverty and slums • Cities and economic growth • Urban planning, land and housing • Urban environment, climate change and

disaster management


Goals of sustainable urban development

Goals of Sustainable Urban Development

Environmental Dimensions

Economic Dimensions

Social Dimensions

Institutional Dimensions


• Environmental dimensions– greenhouse gas – urban sprawl – non renewable resources‐– Reducing energy use – Recycling – ecological footprint


• Economic dimensions– Reliable infrastructure and services, – access to land – Financial institutions and markets – healthy educated workforce– Enforceable legal system – Appropriate and adequately resourced

regulatory frameworks


• Social dimensions– fair and equitable provision of, services– Advancing social integration– Assuring gender and disability sensitive planning

and management– violence and crime


• Institutional dimensions– Political will– Transparent administrative structures– Adequate and sustained institutional capacities– legal frameworks– stakeholder involvement– coordination between concerned government bodies

stakeholders– Relevant and effective regulations for the sustained

management and revenue generation


What is good Urbanism?

• Top – Bottom?

• Bottom – Up?

• Anything Else?


Case study: Putt Igoe – Slum Regeneration


Case Studies: Urban Mobility – BRT, ACT and NMT


Case Study: South Korea Cheonggyecheon Highway


Case Study: Highways and Overpasses


What is good urbanism?

Complements what is already there‘Just as complementary medicine looks at the whole person including the physical environment, a complementary urbanism looks at the whole environment, including people.’

• Good urbanism is co-creative, inviting a wide range of professionals and stakeholders to participate, welcoming them when they do, and partnering to bring ideas to life

NAIROBI

Nairobi

• Discussion• How do these challenges face the city of

Nairobi?– population increase. – economic development, (urbanization versus

development). – climate change. – urban periphery. – generalized mobility.

Interesting Facts

• Nairobi is growing at a rate of 5% per year it means it doubles in size, population and land use footprint every 14 years.

• By 2026 it will be double the size it is now.

• By 2033 it will be 3 times larger.

‘Issues’ in NairobiTraffic CongestionInformal SettlementsUrban DrainageBuildings of DeathMinority Groups - PWD, Women and Children Waste CollectionNMT – poor facilities……

• Interesting Case Studies you can look into– Bogota, Curitiba, and Ahmadabad with BRT

– Caraccas, Menellin and Algiers with CRT

– Chennai – use of NMT facilities


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African City Planner: Urbanization 2nd class

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