Africa USA Export Plan

U.S. International Trade CommissionCOMMISSIONERS Stephen Koplan, Chairman Deanna Tanner Okun, Vice Chairman Jennifer A. Hillman Charlotte R. Lane Daniel R. Pearson Shara L. Aranoff*Robert A. Rogowsky Director of Operations Robert B. Koopman Director of Economics

* Commissioner Shara L. Aranoff was sworn in on September 6, 2005, and did not participate in this investigation. Commissioner Marcia E. Miller, whose term ended on September 5, 2005, participated in this investigation.

Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436

U.S. International Trade CommissionWashington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov

Export Opportunities and Barriers in African Growth and Opportunity Act-Eligible CountriesInvestigation No. 332-464

Publication 3785

October 2005

This report was principally prepared by Country and Regional Analysis Division Arona M. Butcher, Chief Nannette Christ, Project Leader Laura Polly, Deputy Project Leader Team Leaders Heidi Colby-Oizumi, John Davitt, and George Serletis, Office of Industries James Stamps, Office of Economics Office of Economics Kelly Clark, Cindy Cohen, Michael Ferrantino, Kelly Jones, Selamawit Legesse, and Marinos Tsigas Office of Industries Angela Calarco, Eric Forden, Kimberlie Freund, Renee Johnson, Jackie Jones, Christopher Mapes, Elizabeth Nesbitt, Seamus OConnor, Erick Oh, Kim Olsen, Karen Taylor, Alan Treat, and Ralph Watkins Office of Investigations Russell Duncan Primary Reviewers Robert Carr, Office of Industries William Deese, Office of Economics Review Assistance was provided by: Office of Industries Edmund Cappuccilli, Jonathan Coleman, David Lundy, Deborah McNay, Karl Tsuji, and Judith-Anne Webster Office of Economics Judith Dean, James Fetzer, Joanne Guth, and Ted Wilson Supporting Assistance was provided by: Office of Industries Phyllis Boone, Monica Reed, and Catherine Rylyk Office of Economics Nicholas Grossman, Sara Nunley, Kelly Popelas, Patricia M. Thomas, Shakira Van Savage, and Philip Schrader

ABSTRACTOn November 10, 2004, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) requested that the U.S. International Trade Commission (Commission) prepare a report under section 332(g) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1332(g)) that identifies, for each AGOA-eligible country, (1) the major economic sectors with the greatest potential for growth in export sales and (2) domestic and international barriers that impede trade growth in such sectors. In addition, the USTR requested that the Commission's report identify, to the extent possible, private-sector initiatives and technical assistance programs that attempt to address such barriers. The USTR requested that the Commission submit its report no later than June 30, 2005. This study is related to the 2004 AGOA Acceleration Act (AGOA III), which was signed by the President on July 13, 2004. As of June 30, 2005, the 37 AGOA-eligible countries were: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, So Tom and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. For the purposes of this study, sectors or products exhibiting potential export growth include (1) currently exported products with potential for export growth through improved productivity or product quality; (2) products that reflect a countrys endowment strengths, but have not been exported in significant quantities; and (3) downstream products of existing export products. Another avenue for increased exports is diversification or increased penetration of markets. Barriers to increasing exports can arise from international and/or domestic policies, as well as geographic trade-related and/or regional features. Commission research in selected AGOA-eligible countries cited domestic impediments (e.g., infrastructure, utilities, and domestic trade policy) as the major barriers to increased exports. Hence, in this report, the examination of barriers that limit export growth focus primarily on domestic barriers and impediments. The identification of potential export products or sectors and domestic and international barriers or impediments is based on statistical analysis of export data (revealed comparative advantage analysis and market concentration measures); information obtained from fieldwork in selected AGOA-eligible countries; business environment, economic freedom, and infrastructure indicators; and public sources. This information was also supplemented with a review of primary and secondary sources. The 37 AGOA-eligible countries have been categorized into 9 country groups based on similar export patterns.

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CONTENTSPage

Abstract

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i xvii xxi

Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executive Summary................................................... .............................................

Chapter 1: Introduction

1-1

Chapter 2: Petroleum-exporting countries

.......................

2-1 2-3 2-13 2-27 2-37 2-49

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Republic of the Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 3: Predominantly mineral-exporting countries

.......

3-1 3-3 3-19 3-29 3-41

Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 4: Moderately mineral-exporting countries

...........

4-1 4-3 4-17 4-25 4-35 4-43 5-1 5-3 5-13

Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 5: Cotton-exporting countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iii

CONTENTSContinuedPage

Chapter 5: Cotton-exporting countriesContinuedChad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23 5-31 6-1 6-5 6-15 6-25 6-37 6-47 6-59 7-1 7-3 7-13 7-25 8-1 8-3 8-17 8-25 8-35 9-1 9-3 9-13 9-27 10-1 10-3 10-11 10-19

Chapter 6: Fish-exporting countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . So Tom and Principe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 7: Coffee, tea, and spice-exporting countries

..........

Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 8: Other agricultural-exporting countries

.............

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 9: Apparel-exporting countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 10: Transport services-exporting countries

............

Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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AppendixA. B. C. D. E. F. Request letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal Register notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade- and economics-related terms, unilateral trade preference programs, and regional trade agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Description of quantitative analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revealed comparative advantage analysis by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard data definitions and sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 B-3 C-3 D-3 E-3 F-3

Figures1-1. AN-1. CM-1. GN-1. NG-1. RC-1. BT-1. DR-1. GU-1. ZM-1. MZ-1. NI-1. RW-1. SL-1. SA-1. BN-1. BF-1. CH-1. ML-1. GM-1. MT-1. NM-1. ST-1. SN-1. TZ-1. ET-1. KN-1. UG-1. GH-1. GB-1. MW-1. SW-1. LS-1. Map of sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angola: Composition of GDP (2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cameroon: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Republic of the Congo: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botswana: Composition of GDP (2002/03) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo: Composition of GDP (2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea: Composition of GDP (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zambia: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mozambique: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Niger: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rwanda: Composition of GDP (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone: Composition of GDP (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benin: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burkina Faso: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chad: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mali: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Gambia: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritania: Composition of GDP (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . So Tom and Principe: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania: Composition of GDP (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia: Composition of GDP (2002/03) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uganda: Composition of GDP (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana: Composition of GDP (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swaziland: Composition of GDP (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesotho: Composition of GDP (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 2-4 2-14 2-28 2-38 2-50 3-4 3-20 3-30 3-42 4-4 4-18 4-26 4-36 4-44 5-4 5-14 5-24 5-32 6-6 6-16 6-26 6-38 6-48 6-60 7-4 7-14 7-26 8-4 8-18 8-26 8-36 9-4

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FiguresContinuedMD-1. MR-1. CV-1. DJ-1. SY-1. Madagascar: Composition of GDP (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Djibouti: Composition of GDP (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles: Composition of GDP (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14 9-28 10-4 10-12 10-20

TablesES-1. 2-1. AN-1. AN-2. AN-3. AN-4. AN-5. AN-6. AN-7. CM-1. CM-2. CM-3. CM-4. CM-5. CM-6. CM-7. GN-1. GN-2. GN-3. GN-4. GN-5. GN-6. GN-7. NG-1. Summary of findings: Potential export growth sectors and domestic and international barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angola, Cameroon, Gabon, Nigeria, and Republic of the Congo, 1999-2003 average share of total exports, by sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angola: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angola: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angola: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angola: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angola: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angola: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angola: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cameroon: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cameroon: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cameroon: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cameroon: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cameroon: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cameroon: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cameroon: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii 2-1 2-4 2-6 2-6 2-7 2-10 2-10 2-11 2-13 2-16 2-16 2-18 2-22 2-22 2-23 2-28 2-30 2-31 2-31 2-33 2-34 2-35 2-38

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TablesContinuedNG-2. NG-3. NG-4. NG-5. NG-6. NG-7. RC-1. RC-2. RC-3. RC-4. RC-5. RC-6. RC-7. 3-1. BT-1. BT-2. BT-3. BT-4. BT-5. BT-6. BT-7. DR-1. DR-2. DR-3. DR-4. DR-5. DR-6. DR-7. GU-1. Nigeria: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Republic of the Congo: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Republic of the Congo: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Republic of the Congo: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Republic of the Congo: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Republic of the Congo: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Republic of the Congo: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Republic of the Congo: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, and Zambia, 1999-2003 average share of total exports, by sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botswana: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botswana: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botswana: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botswana: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botswana: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botswana: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botswana: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-40 2-40 2-42 2-46 2-46 2-47 2-49 2-52 2-53 2-53 2-56 2-56 2-57 3-1 3-4 3-7 3-8 3-8 3-12 3-13 3-15 3-20 3-22 3-23 3-23 3-26 3-26 3-27 3-30

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TablesContinuedGuinea: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GU-3. Guinea: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GU-4. Guinea: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GU-5. Guinea: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GU-6. Guinea: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GU-7. Guinea: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZM-1. Zambia: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZM-2. Zambia: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZM-3. Zambia: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZM-4. Zambia: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZM-5. Zambia: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZM-6. Zambia: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZM-7. Zambia: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1. Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and South Africa, 1999-2003 average share of total exports, by sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MZ-1. Mozambique: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MZ-2. Mozambique: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MZ-3. Mozambique: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MZ-4. Mozambique: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MZ-5. Mozambique: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MZ-6. Mozambique: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MZ-7. Mozambique: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NI-1. Niger: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NI-2. Niger: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NI-3. Niger: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NI-4. Niger: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NI-5. Niger: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NI-6. Niger: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NI-7. Niger: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RW-1. Rwanda: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GU-2. 3-31 3-32 3-33 3-36 3-36 3-37 3-42 3-45 3-45 3-46 3-51 3-51 3-52 4-1 4-4 4-6 4-6 4-7 4-13 4-13 4-14 4-17 4-20 4-20 4-21 4-22 4-23 4-23 4-26

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TablesContinuedRW-2. Rwanda: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RW-3. Rwanda: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RW-4. Rwanda: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RW-5. Rwanda: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RW-6. Rwanda: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RW-7. Rwanda: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SL-1. Sierra Leone: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SL-2. Sierra Leone: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SL-3. Sierra Leone: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SL-4. Sierra Leone: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SL-5. Sierra Leone: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SL-6. Sierra Leone: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SL-7. Sierra Leone: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA-1. South Africa: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA-2. South Africa: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA-3. South Africa: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA-4. South Africa: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA-5. South Africa: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA-6. South Africa: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA-7. South Africa: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1. Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali, 1999-2003 average share of total exports, by sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BN-1. Benin: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BN-2. Benin: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BN-3. Benin: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BN-4. Benin: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BN-5. Benin: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BN-6. Benin: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BN-7. Benin: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BF-1. Burkina Faso: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28 4-28 4-29 4-32 4-32 4-33 4-36 4-38 4-38 4-39 4-41 4-41 4-42 4-43 4-46 4-47 4-47 4-53 4-53 4-55 5-1 5-4 5-6 5-6 5-7 5-9 5-9 5-10 5-14

ix


TablesContinuedBF-2. BF-3. BF-4. BF-5. BF-6. BF-7. CH-1. CH-2. CH-3. CH-4. CH-5. CH-6. CH-7. ML-1. ML-2. ML-3. ML-4. ML-5. ML-6. ML-7. 6-1. GM-1. GM-2. GM-3. GM-4. GM-5. GM-6. GM-7. MT-1. Burkina Faso: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burkina Faso: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burkina Faso: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burkina Faso: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burkina Faso: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burkina Faso: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chad: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chad: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chad: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chad: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chad: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chad: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chad: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mali: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mali: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mali: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mali: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mali: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mali: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mali: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Gambia, Mauritania, Namibia, So Tom and Principe, Senegal, and Tanzania, 1999-2003 average share of total exports, by sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Gambia: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Gambia: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Gambia: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Gambia: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Gambia: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Gambia: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Gambia: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritania: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16 5-16 5-17 5-20 5-21 5-22 5-24 5-25 5-26 5-27 5-28 5-29 5-29 5-32 5-34 5-34 5-35 5-38 5-38 5-39 6-1 6-5 6-8 6-8 6-9 6-11 6-11 6-12 6-15

x


TablesContinuedMT-2. MT-3. MT-4. MT-5. MT-6. MT-7. NM-1. NM-2. NM-3. NM-4. NM-5. NM-6. NM-7. ST-1. ST-2. ST-3. ST-4. ST-5. ST-6. ST-7. SN-1. SN-2. SN-3. SN-4. SN-5. SN-6. SN-7. TZ-1. TZ-2. TZ-3. Mauritania: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritania: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritania: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritania: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritania: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritania: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . So Tom and Principe: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . So Tom and Principe: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . So Tom and Principe: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . So Tom and Principe: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . So Tom and Principe: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . So Tom and Principe: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . So Tom and Principe: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Senegal: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18 6-18 6-19 6-21 6-21 6-22 6-25 6-28 6-29 6-29 6-33 6-33 6-34 6-38 6-39 6-40 6-40 6-43 6-43 6-44 6-48 6-50 6-50 6-51 6-55 6-55 6-56 6-59 6-62 6-62

xi


TablesContinuedTZ-4. TZ-5. TZ-6. TZ-7. 7-1. ET-1. ET-2. ET-3. ET-4. ET-5. ET-6. ET-7. KN-1. KN-2. KN-3. KN-4. KN-5. KN-6. KN-7. UG-1. UG-2. UG-3. UG-4. UG-5. UG-6. UG-7. 8-1. GH-1. GH-2. GH-3. Tanzania: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda, 1999-2003 average share of total exports, by sector . . . Ethiopia: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uganda: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uganda: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uganda: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uganda: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uganda: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uganda: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uganda: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Malawi, and Swaziland, 1999-2003 average share of total exports, by sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-64 6-67 6-67 6-70 7-1 7-3 7-6 7-7 7-7 7-10 7-10 7-12 7-14 7-16 7-17 7-18 7-21 7-22 7-22 7-25 7-28 7-28 7-30 7-34 7-35 7-35 8-1 8-4 8-6 8-6

xii


TablesContinuedGH-4. GH-5. GH-6. GH-7. GB-1. GB-2. GB-3. GB-4. GB-5. GB-6. GB-7. MW-1. MW-2. MW-3. MW-4. MW-5. MW-6. MW-7. SW-1. SW-2. SW-3. SW-4. SW-5. SW-6. SW-7. 9-1. LS-1. LS-2. LS-3. LS-4. Ghana: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swaziland: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swaziland: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swaziland: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swaziland: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swaziland: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swaziland: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swaziland: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesotho, Madagascar, and Mauritius, 1999-2003 average share of total exports, by sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesotho: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesotho: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesotho: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesotho: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8 8-12 8-12 8-14 8-17 8-20 8-20 8-21 8-23 8-23 8-23 8-25 8-28 8-28 8-29 8-32 8-32 8-33 8-35 8-37 8-38 8-39 8-41 8-41 8-42 9-1 9-3 9-6 9-7 9-7

xiii


TablesContinuedLS-5. LS-6. LS-7. MD-1. MD-2. MD-3. MD-4. MD-5. MD-6. MD-7. MR-1. MR-2. MR-3. MR-4. MR-5. MR-6. MR-7. 10-1. CV-1. CV-2. CV-3. CV-4. CV-5. CV-6. CV-7. DJ-1. DJ-2. DJ-3. DJ-4. DJ-5. DJ-6. Lesotho: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesotho: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesotho: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde, Djibouti, and Seychelles, 1999-2003 average share of total exports, by sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Djibouti: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Djibouti: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Djibouti: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Djibouti: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Djibouti: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Djibouti: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10 9-10 9-11 9-13 9-16 9-17 9-18 9-23 9-23 9-24 9-27 9-30 9-31 9-32 9-36 9-37 9-39 10-1 10-3 10-5 10-6 10-6 10-8 10-8 10-9 10-11 10-14 10-14 10-15 10-17 10-17

xiv


TablesContinuedDJ-7. SY-1. SY-2. SY-3. SY-4. SY-5. SY-6. SY-7. C-1. D-1. D-2. E-1. E-2. E-3. E-4. E-5. E-6. E-7. E-8. E-9. E-10. E-11. E-12. E-13. E-14. E-15. E-16. E-17. E-18. E-19. E-20. E-21. E-22. E-23. E-24. E-25. E-26. E-27. E-28. E-29. Djibouti: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles: Basic economic indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles: Leading 2003 exports by HS 2-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles: Leading 2003 exports by HS 4-digit, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles: Leading export markets, 1994, 1999, 2003, percent of 2003 total, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles: Business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles: Economic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles: Infrastructure-related indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unilateral trade preference programs and regional trade agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Makeup of lower- and middle-income economies (LMI) and rest of the world (ROW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concordance for summary trade categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Angola: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benin: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botswana: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burkina Faso: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cameroon: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cape Verde: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chad: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . Djibouti: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethiopia: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gabon: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Gambia: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesotho: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malawi: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mali: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritania: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mozambique: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Niger: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nigeria: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Republic of the Congo: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rwanda: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . So Tom & Principe: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17 10-19 10-22 10-23 10-23 10-27 10-27 10-28 C-11 D-9 D-12 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 E-10 E-11 E-12 E-13 E-14 E-15 E-16 E-17 E-18 E-19 E-20 E-21 E-22 E-23 E-24 E-25 E-26 E-27 E-28 E-29 E-30 E-31 E-32 E-33

xv


TablesContinuedE-30. E-31. E-32. E-33. E-34. E-35. E-36. E-37. F-1. Senegal: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sierra Leone: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Africa: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Swaziland: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanzania: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uganda: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zambia: Revealed comparative advantage analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard data definitions and sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-34 E-35 E-36 E-37 E-38 E-39 E-40 E-41 F-3

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10/05

ITC READER SATISFACTION SURVEY Export Opportunities and Barriers in African Growth and Opportunity Act-Eligible CountriesThe U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) is interested in your voluntary comments (burden less than 10 minutes) to help assess the value and quality of our reports, and to assist in improving future products. Please return survey by facsimile (202-205-2340) or by mail to the USITC, or visit the USITC Internet home page (http://reportweb.usitc.gov/reader_survey/readersurvey.html) to electronically submit a Web version of the survey. (Please print; responses below not for attribution): Your name and title: Organization (if applicable): Which format is most useful to you? - CD-ROM - Hardcopy - USITC Internet site

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Abbreviations and AcronymsACP AfDB ADF AGOA ATC AU AVE BIT BPO CAGR CAP CBI CEMAC CET CFA CIA CILSS COMESA DOC DROC EAC EBA EBRD EC ECOWAS EEC EIU EPZ ERP ESAP EU Ex-Im Bank FAO FAS FDI FOREX FTA FTZ GDP GMO GNP GSP HIPC African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries African Development Bank African Development Fund African Growth and Opportunity Act Agreement on Textiles and Clothing African Union Ad Valorem Equivalent Bilateral Investment Treaty Business Process Outsourcing Compound Annual Growth Rate Common Agricultural Policy (EU) Cross Border Initiative Communaut Economique et Montaire de lAfrique Centrale Common External Tariff Communaut Financire Africaine Central Intelligence Agency Comit Permanent InterEtats de Lutte Contre La Scheresse dans le Sahel Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa United States Department of Commerce Democratic Republic of the Congo Eastern African Community Everything But Arms European Bank for Reconstruction and Development European Community Economic Community of West African States European Economic Community Economist Intelligence Unit Export Processing Zone Effective Rate of Protection Economic and Social Action Plan European Union Export-Import Bank of the United States Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Direct Investment Foreign Exchange Free Trade Agreement/Area Free Trade Zone Gross Domestic Product Genetically Modified Organism Gross National Product Generalized System of Preferences Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

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Abbreviations and AcronymsContinuedHS HTS IADD IBRD ICSID ICT IDA IDZ IF IFC IFI IGAD IMF IOC IP ISI ITC JITAP LDBC LDC LMI MCA MCC MFA MFN MIGA MOU MRU NEPAD NGO NTB NTM ODA OECD OHADA OPEC OPIC PEAP PRGF PRSP PTA R&D RCA RIFF Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System Harmonized Tariff Schedule Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes Information and Communication Technologies International Development Association Industrial Development Zone Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance International Finance Corporation International Financial Institution Intergovernmental Authority on Development International Monetary Fund Indian Ocean Commission Intellectual Property Import Substitution Industrialization U.S. International Trade Commission Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Program for Selected Least Developed Countries Least Developed Beneficiary Countries Least Developed Country (UN Definition: 49 countries) Lower- and Middle-Income Countries Millennium Challenge Account Millennium Challenge Corporation Multifiber Arrangement Most-Favored-Nation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Memorandum of Understanding Mono River Union New Partnership for Africas Development Nongovernmental Organization Nontariff Barrier Nontariff Measure Official Development Assistance Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organisation pour lHarmonization en Afrique de Droit des Affaires Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Overseas Private Investment Corporation (United States) Poverty Eradication and Action Plan Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Preferential Trade Arrangement Research and Development Revealed Comparative Advantage Regional Integration Facilitation Forum

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Abbreviations and AcronymsContinuedROO Rules of Origin ROW Rest of World RTA Regional Trade Arrangement/Agreement SACU Southern Africa Customs Union SADC Southern Africa Development Community SAF Structural Adjustment Facility SME Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises SMME Small, Medium, and Micro Enterprises SOE State-owned Enterprise SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures SRCA Symmetric Revealed Comparative Advantage Index SSA Sub-Saharan Africa TA Technical Assistance TBT Technical Barriers to Trade TCB Trade Capacity Building TDA Trade Development Agency, U.S. Department of Commerce TIFA Trade and Investment Framework Agreement TRAINS Trade Analysis and Information System (UNCTAD) UEMOA Union Economique et Montaire Ouest Africaine UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agriculture USDOC United States Department of Commerce USDOE United States Department of Energy US&FCS U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service USITC United States International Trade Commission USTR United States Trade Representative VAT Value-Added Tax WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union WAMZ West Africa Monetary Zone WB World Bank WFP World Food Program WITS World Integrated Trade Solution WTO World Trade Organization Source: Nathan Associates, Acronyms Used in International Trade, compiled for USAID/Support for Trade Capacity, June 2002; edited and supplemented by USITC staff.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYOn November 10, 2004, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) requested that the U.S. International Trade Commission (Commission) prepare a report under section 332(g) of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1332(g)) that identifies, for each African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)-eligible country, (1) the major economic sectors with the greatest potential for growth in export sales and (2) domestic and international barriers that impede trade growth in such sectors. In addition, the USTR requested that the Commission's report identify, to the extent possible, private-sector initiatives and technical assistance programs that attempt to address such barriers. The USTR requested that the Commission submit its report no later than June 30, 2005. This study is related to the 2004 AGOA Acceleration Act (AGOA III), which was signed by the President on July 13, 2004. Section 9 of AGOA III directs the President to conduct a study on each AGOA-eligible sub-Saharan African (SSA) country, which (1) identifies economic sectors with the greatest potential for growth, (2) identifies domestic and international barriers that are impeding growth in such sectors, and (3) makes recommendations on how the U.S. government and the private sector can provide technical assistance to these countries to assist in both dismantling such barriers and in promoting investment in such sectors. There are 48 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, of which 37 are AGOA-eligible. As of June 30, 2005, the 37 AGOA-eligible countries were: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, So Tom and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. The Commission employed multiple approaches in addressing the USTRs request. The list of identified potential export sectors and domestic and international barriers provided in this report is based on Commission research, including fieldwork to selected AGOA-eligible countries. For the purposes of this study, sectors or products exhibiting potential export growth include: (1) existing exported products that a country could increase through improved productivity or product quality; (2) products that reflect a countrys endowment strengths, but have not been exported in significant quantities; and (3) products that represent downstream processing of existing export products. The identification of potential export products or sectors and domestic and international barriers or impediments is based on statistical analysis of export data, information obtained from fieldwork in selected AGOA-eligible countries, and public sources. Given that the greatest potential for increased exports for many AGOA-eligible countries is in currently exported products, the country profiles discuss exports at the aggregated (2-digit level) and disaggregated (4-digit) levels, as well as significant trends in these exports. These data form the basis for the revealed comparative advantage analysis and market concentration measures in identifying potential export sectors and products. Information on domestic and international barriers to exports was compiled from a variety of sources, including the World Bank Doing Business in 2005" survey, the Heritage Foundation 2005 index of Economic Freedom Database, and the World Bank World Development Indicators database. The U.S. Trade Representative did not specify the types of barriers or impediments the Commission should consider in its research. Rather, the barriers and impediments reported reflect the concerns raised by the exporters, governments, and other sector participants. Therefore, not all reported barriers or impediments apply equally to all countries and sectors xxi

and some reported barriers or impediments may not, in fact, limit export growth for a particular sector. The information on barriers included in this report reflects the views of industry, government, and other sources as to what they perceive to be the greatest impediments to the ability of AGOA-eligible countries to increase exports. Such barriers may result from a number of sources, including international and/or domestic policies and from geographic or regional features. The Commission has defined international barriers to include factors within each AGOA-eligible country that impede export growth. As discussed further in chapter 1, international barriers, which can be imposed by either the exporting or importing country, directly affect the terms on which international transactions take place. International barriers reported to the Commission include, for example, tariffs, quotas, tariff-rate quotas, and export taxes. Domestic barriers can affect exports by raising the cost of production. Domestic barriers reported to the Commission include, for example, labor market policies, domestic price regulation, certain business regulations, and inability to meet international standards. Commission research in selected AGOA-eligible countries, especially through interviews of company, association, and government representatives, as well as secondary sources, indicates that domestic barriers represent the greatest impediment to increasing AGOA-eligible country exports. Hence, in this report, the examination of barriers that limit export growth focuses primarily on domestic barriers and impediments. Primary research involved gathering information through fieldwork, stakeholder interviews, and communication with the U.S. Department of State, including U.S. Embassies in the 37 countries. Fieldwork in 11 AGOA-eligible countries (Botswana, Cameroon, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia) was conducted to obtain information from in-country businesses, private-sector associations, and multinational companies regarding potential export sectors and products, as well as barriers and impediments encountered in exporting from SSA. Commission staff also interviewed African government officials regarding these topics, as well as efforts they have made to support and expand exports. In addition, Commission staff interviewed African government representatives in the United States, as well as officials of associations that are regularly involved in SSA trade-related issues, including the Africa Coalition for Trade. Secondary sources included publications from various U.S. government agencies, international organizations, and research institutions that deal with SSA trade-related issues. In addition to the three elements discussed earlier, export growth may also result from market diversification or from further penetration of existing export markets. For example, Chinas growing demand for natural resources such as petroleum, timber, cotton, and minerals and metals has benefitted African countries exporting these products. Predominantly agricultural commodity-exporting countries could increase exports by shipping to developing and emerging economies which have been identified as potential markets for raw agricultural commodities, minimally processed products, and lightmanufactured items. For the most part, exports of high-value horticulture, floriculture, or organic agricultural products have typically targeted markets in the European Union and United States. The 37 AGOA-eligible countries have been categorized into 9 country groups based on similarities in export patterns. Table ES-1 provides a summary of Commission findings for each of the 37 AGOA-eligible countries with regard to sectors with the greatest export growth potential, domestic barriers, and international barriers.

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Table ES-1 Summary of findings: Potential export growth sectors and domestic and international barriers in AGOA-eligible countries Petroleum-exporting countries.These predominantly petroleum-exporting countries are located on the Atlantic coast. Their GDPs range from $3.5 billion (Republic of the Congo) to $50.2 billion (Nigeria). These countries' petroleum reserves are predominantly offshore, and there is a varying level of refining capacity in each country. Cameroon's exports are the most diversified, and include, in addition to petroleum, wood, bananas, cocoa, aluminum, cotton, coffee, and natural rubber. Republic of the Congo and Gabon also export wood, and Angola and the Republic of the Congo export diamonds. Agriculture is important in Nigeria, accounting for nearly one-third of GDP and a major share of employment. Angola Leading Export Sectors Sectors with Greatest Export Growth Potential Energy-related, including crude petroleum Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and agroprocessing, including fish, coffee, and wood Energy-related, including liquified natural gas Services, including transportation services Governance, including political instability Infrastructure, including poor roads and railways Uncertain business environment, including institutional weakness, lack of a skilled workforce necessary to diversify into more skill-intensive sectors, high cost of capital, and difficulties obtaining business permits Geographic trade-related barriers, including regional instability

Reported Domestic Barriers and Impediments

Reported International Barriers and Impediments Cameroon Leading Export Sectors

Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and agroprocessing, including hardwood lumber and logs, bananas, cocoa, and cotton Energy-related, including petroleum Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and agroprocessing, including hardwood lumber and wood products, bananas, cocoa, cotton, coffee, and processed fruits and vegetables Energy-related, including downstream petroleum products Manufacturing, including light industrial products Minerals and metals, including aluminum Services, including tourism Governance, including lack of government and judicial transparency Infrastructure, including inadequate rural roads, lack of electricity and fixed line telecommunications network, and lack of a deep-water port Labor, including lack of skilled labor necessary to diversify into more skill-intensive sectors Uncertain business environment, including high cost of capital, low volume capacity, and lack of global business management knowledge Nontariff measures, including standards and developed-country agriculture support programs Tariffs, including tariff peaks and tariff escalation Geographic trade-related barriers, including certification necessary for direct flight access to potential markets and few direct flights Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and agroprocessing, including logs and timber Energy-related, including petroleum Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and agroprocessing, including lumber and wood products, seafood, and palm oil Energy-related, including petroleum Minerals and metals, including manganese

Sectors with Greatest Export Growth Potential

xxiiiReported Domestic Barriers and Impediments Reported International Barriers and Impediments Gabon Leading Export Sectors Sectors with Greatest Export Growth Potential

Table ES-1Continued Summary of findings: Potential export growth sectors and domestic and international barriers in AGOA-eligible countries Petroleum-exporting countries.Continued GabonCont. Reported Domestic Barriers and Impediments Governance, including lack of government transparency Infrastructure, including inadequate and poorly maintained road network Labor, including lack of skilled labor necessary to diversify into more skill-intensive sectors and low funding for education Geographic trade-related barriers, including few direct regional and international flights to potential markets

Reported International Barriers and Impediments Nigeria Leading Export Sectors Sectors with Greatest Export Growth Potential

Energy-related, including petroleum and liquified natural gas Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and agroprocessing, including cocoa, cashews, sesame, shrimp and prawns, and leather Energy-related, including petroleum and liquified natural gas Manufacturing, including leather products Minerals and metals, including tantalum and niobium


Governance, including pervasive unofficial payments Infrastructure, including inadequate road and rail networks and port facilities and high cost of utilities Labor, including labor market rigidity and lack of skilled labor necessary to diversify into more skill-intensive sectors Regulatory, including lack of government transparency in development and implementation of regulations and burdensome regulations Trade policy, including export taxes and high import tariffs Uncertain business environment, including limited access to capital, high cost of inputs, and distorted exchange rate Nontariff measures, including changing regulations in EU markets

Reported International Barriers and Impediments Republic of the Congo Leading Export Sectors

Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and agroprocessing, including wood and wood products Energy-related, including petroleum Energy-related, including petroleum and electricity Manufacturing, including processed wood products Minerals and metals, including magnesium and gold Governance, including internal insecurity Infrastructure, including inadequate road network and port facilities Regulatory, including burdensome regulations and limited contract enforcement Trade policy, including high import tariffs Uncertain business environment, including high cost of inputs, high cost and limited supply of credit, and high cost of utilities

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Reported International Barriers and Impediments

Nontariff measures, including sanitary and phytosanitary standards

Table ES-1Continued Summary of findings: Potential export growth sectors and domestic and international barriers in AGOA-eligible countries Predominantly mineral-exporting countries.With the exception of Guinea, which is in western Africa, these countries are in south-central Africa. Their GDPs range from $3.6 billion (Guinea) to $7.4 billion (Botswana). The products mined in these countries include aluminum, copper, nickel, cobalt, and diamonds. Democratic Republic of the Congo and Guinea also export petroleum, and agricultural exports are important to Botswana (beef), Guinea (fish), and Zambia (cotton, tobacco, and sugar). Botswana Leading Export Sectors Sectors with Greatest Export Growth Potential Minerals and metals, including diamonds Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and agroprocessing, including beef, ostrich products, and hides and skins Manufacturing, including glass and jewelry Minerals and metals, including gold, base metals, and diamonds Services, including tourism and financial services outsourcing


Infrastructure, including high utility costs and supply constraints, insufficient telecommunications infrastructure, and high transportation costs Labor, including lack of skilled labor necessary to diversify into more skill-intensive sectors Regulatory, including restrictive labor laws, land lease restrictions, and restrictive industry structure Uncertain business environment, including low-volume production capacity Nontariff measures, including standards Geographic trade-related barriers, including regional instability, land-locked status that requires use of neighboring country infrastructure, distance to current or potential markets, and regional infrastructure constraints Energy-related, including petroleum and hydroelectricity Minerals and metals, including diamonds Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and agroprocessing, including coffee Energy-related, including hydroelectricity Minerals and metals, including copper, diamonds, cobalt, sulphites, zinc products, and tantalum Governance, including political instability, lack of transparency, and lack of government control over coffee- and mineralproducing territories Infrastructure, including inadequate road, port, and telecommunications networks Uncertain business environment, including collapse of banking system, insecure property rights, difficulties starting a business, and difficulties enforcing contracts Nontariff measures, including standards Geographic trade-related barriers, including regional conflicts and costly air freight Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and agroprocessing, including fish, cocoa, coffee, and natural rubber Energy-related, including crude petroleum Minerals and metals, including aluminum ores, concentrates, and oxides; diamonds; and copper ores and concentrates Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and agroprocessing, including frozen and processed fish, cocoa beans, mangoes, pineapples, and cashews Minerals and metals, including iron ore; aluminum ores, concentrates, and oxides; diamonds; copper ores and concentrates; and gold Governance, including lack of transparency Infrastructure, including poor roads and ports, high utility costs, and insufficient telecommunications infrastructure Labor, including lack of skilled labor necessary to diversify into more skill-intensive sectors Regulatory, including restrictive regulatory framework Trade policy, including delays in value-added tax refunds

Reported International Barriers and Impediments

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Leading Export Sectors


xxvGuinea


Reported International Barriers and Impediments Leading Export Sectors



Table ES-1Continued Summary of findings: Potential export growth sectors and domestic and international barriers in AGOA-eligible countries Predominantly

Africa USA Export Plan

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