Africa – the challenges of

development

Preview

I- Did Africa get off to a bad start and never make it to the finishing line?

II- So… what’s changing in Africa?III- Challenges to Meet

I- From Dumont to Négrologie: Did Africa get off to a bad start and never make it to the

finishing line?”

A- René Dumont, bearer of bad news?

1962 2003

Annual growth rate of GNP/capita

Subsaharan Africa

Developing Countries

Industrialized Countries

World

1965-1980

1980-1993

1,2

-1,4

3,2

2

3

1,7

2

0,9

Source: PNUD, Rapport mondial 1997, cité dans R. Pourtier, Afriques noires, Hachette, 2010

1. Economic Growth: Africa’s fall from 1980-1990

B- Decades of chaos (1980-2000) confirming Dumont’s prediction

Malaria: 493,000 deaths in 1980 and 1.613 M in 2004

source: WHO

AIDS: in 2000 Africa makes up 70% of the estimated HIV positive people in the world, i.e. 28 M people

source: Ferry, 2007 cité ds A. Dubresson et al, L’Afrique subsaharienne

2. Public Health Disasters

3. Water Supply and Sanitation in Africa

Source : WHO and UNICEF, 2000 On the website http://www.unep.org

In 2000 62 % of Africans had access to improved water sources and 60 % to sanitation services – but coverage is mediocre in vast regions of the African continent

According to the annual precipitation index of the RDI, the drought which hit the Sahel from 1976 to1993 (18 years) was the longest and the harshest of the century.

3. Drought and Famine

4. Armed Conflict

Main conflicts during the 90’sprovoking famines and refugee populations

Wars in the Horn of Africa and the region of the Great Lakes

By adding up the refugee and displaced populations of these

neighbouring regions, one obtains the figure of 12 million people. The

multiplication and the persistence of armed conflict and ethnic

violence has led to major flows of population since the 1970’s.

Refugees pass each other on the roads of exodus: 470,000 Sudanese

have fled war by moving into neighbouring countries while 350,000

Ethiopians and Eritreans have found asylum in the Sudan. In addition,

more than 300,000 Somalians are still in Ethiopia and Kenya, 500,000

Burundis and 100,000 Congolese in Tanzania. There are still 2 million

displaced people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (RDC), 1.4

million in Burundi and Rwanda, and especially 4 million in the Sudan.

Les réfugiés dans le monde par Philippe Rekacewicz, April

2001

Source: http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/

Source: Nathan Terminale textbook, 2012 program

5. Uncontrolled Urban

Explosion

5 to 6% urban growth rate until the 80’s

C- Would the title of Dumont’s book be different today?

-3% of world trade (North Africa included)-Overall GDP (1.2 M $) of the continent comparable to that of Mexico and South Korea- average annual GDP per capita: $2,000 (world average: $10,000) - Africa received only 5.6% of FDI in 2009- 48.5% of the population lives with less than $1.25 a day-34 of the 48 LDCs identified by the United Nations are in Africa - the “demographic explosion” weighs on food, health, training, employment, migrations, etc. -Lowest food production per capita,-Lowest energy consumption,-Lowest life expectancy, - infant mortality rate still the highest in the world (80 %)- highest number of deaths related to AIDS

Source: Images Economiques du Monde 2012…

Some Alarming Facts and Figures on Africa

Source: Mapping the world

… and new

Problems

Drug Traffickin

g

Shanty Town of Old Fadama in Accra, Ghana

Source: http://www.lemonde.fr/

E-waste

CybercrimesAccording to official statistics, cybercrimes accounted for financial losses of 3.6 billion FCFA in the Ivory Coast in 2013 compared to 3.3 billion in 2012. During this period, 70 people were arrested by the police. In Ghana, 80 cases of cybercrimes are counted every month according to figures published in July 2013 by the Ministry of Communication. 

Source: « Cybercriminalité : guerre déclarée aux « brouteurs » et aux « sakawa», 21/02/2014, http://www.ouestaf.com/

Source: www.unodc.org

PiracyIn 2012 Africa remained the most

dangerous region in the world, concentrating more than half of

reported piracy incidents.

Source: http://www.franceinfo.fr/ 04/11/2013

Land Grabbing in Africa

(source: Courrier International)

Land Grabbing in Africa 2000-2013

RecapNew Problems•Trafficking (drugs, weapons, humans)•E-waste dumping•Cybercrimes•Piracy•Land grabbing

Old Problems•Poverty•Public health•Corruption•Water supply & sanitation•Drought & famine•Armed conflict•Urban explosion