Agricultural Research, Extension and Education in AfricaStocktaking and Future Challenges

Accra (July, 2013)

2

2003NARIs – working largely independently, funding eroding

T&V prevalent – 100K extensionists around Africa

Ag universities struggling

SROs – ASARECA and CORAF small but growing, SACCAR gone

SPAAR becoming FARA – FARA not yet Pillar lead agency

CGIAR strong but very independent actor

Fragmented external support - projects

Idea of CAADP emerging – but not yet clear what to do

3

2008NARIs stagnation continues

T&V in decline – nothing to replace it at scale, many interesting boutique approaches

Ag universities struggling - Tsunami of students, continued decline

Fragmented support from partners - projects

CGIAR strong but very independent actor

CAADP process starting in earnest FAAP developed country level processes launched FARA and SROs emerging as strong players

FAAP advocates:Use of agreed design principles for research, extension, and

education – reform where needed

Scale up of investment in research, extension and education – particularly at regional/continental level

Alignment with CGIAR and take better advantage of its resources

Harmonization of external support

Human Capital approach – this leads to profitability, capital accumulation at farm level, and transfer and adoption (so not T&V) integration of University and Research Effort

African institutions to lead this

FAAP’s recommendations

Extension - human capital approach – build capacities of farmers to be good critical thinkers, profitable, able to access information and funding and build capital stock, better able to use purchased inputs Decentralization Farmer control Pluralism

Research – alignment with priorities, closer alignment with universities, strategic use of regional resources, coordination of effort

Education – scale-up, reform, responsiveness to sectoral priorities, regional approaches, stronger links to research programs - less fragmentation of support

Build on CAADP IPs

Selected Accomplishments of FARA and SRO MDTFsScale-up of Programs

Coherence - Comprehensive Strategic Plans and MTOPs

Core Budget – roughly one third to one half of total

Administrative Capacity – established

Leadership role – established (but only partially realized)

2013 – Foundations for Transformation in Place

Conceptual directions widely agreed Principles and Paradigms agreed (FAAP – and Pillar 4 Strategy, Science

Agenda) Roles at each level agreed Research priority studies for all sub-regions

Supra-national Institutions in place to lead, support reform, coordinate investment On Research – SROs and FARA scaled up and administratively capable On Extension – AFAAS solidly launched On Education – TEAM Africa solidly launched

Relationship w/ CGIAR strengthening (Dublin Process)

CAADP processes and IPs at Country and Regional Levels

Harmonization of support at Continental and Regional levels

Scale of programs at supra-national levels Regional Ag Research Institutions

ASARECA (US$93 Million) CORAF (US$120 Million) CCARDESA (US$50 Million) FARA (US$108 Million)

Regional Centers of Excellence in Ag Research West Africa (US$500 Million) East Africa (US$120 Million) Southern Africa (US$90 Million)

AFAAS (US$17 Million)

Tertiary Agricultural Education TEAM Africa (US$8 Million) Regional Projects (US$150 Million) MDTF Investment Fund (? Million)

External support at supra-national levels:DPs launched – WB followed

2006 – from a group of DPs - $ 25 M / year

from WB - $ 0 M / year

2013 – from a group of DPs - $ 70 M / year

from WB - $ 180 M / year

While Foundations for Progress are in place …..

….. Transformative progress not yet achieved

Africa - Labor & Land Productivity Low

10

100

1,000

10,000

100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Agricultural output per worker (log scale)

Agr

icul

tura

l out

put p

er h

ecta

re o

f lan

d (lo

g sc

ale)

Australia & New Zealand

N America

W Europe

Japan & S Korea

Former USSR

W Asia & N Africa

Latin America

Sub-Saharan Africa

ChinaS Asia

South Africa

E Europe

SE Asia

1000 ha/worker

100 ha/worker

10 ha/worker

1 ha/worker0.1 ha/worker

Source: Fuglie, 2011

African Agriculture – Sources of

Growth

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Gro

wth

inde

x (b

ase:

197

1-73

=1)

Output

Inputs

TFP

Growth has been driven by

more land, labor, (and small farms) …..

.…. not by productivity

Little change (or decline) in

Human Capital

Purchased variable inputs

Non-land Physical capital

14Human capital on farms very

low

Source: World Bank SHIP files, 2012

Capital per farm - low and

falling

FAAP approaches can help Reformed extension – raise human capital at farm level (which

will lead to capital accumulation as well) – also (but not only) technology transfer – greater farmer control, pluralism in delivery ….. And scale up

Reformed research – regional systems (not isolated national systems) – specialization – stronger links to university systems – demand driven elements at national level and below – pluralism in delivery – strategic investment - more effective partnerships w/ CGIAR ….. And scale up

Reformed ag education and training – raise human capital at professional levels - stronger links to research system – regional approaches – responsiveness of curriculum for relevance …… And scale up

Important elements of the FAAP agenda not yet done

Scale up, capacity building, and reform at national level

Regional approaches

Greater focus of FARA and SROs on core roles (including supporting evolution at national level)

Further reduction in fragmentation of effort

Challenges at national levelDespite wide-spread commitment to FAAP

principles and CAADP processes – reform limited so far and programs less effective than they could be

Extension and Education not sufficiently present in IPs

Growth in budgets inadequate - resource constraints matter

Making this happen is difficult

Challenges for Continental and Regional StructuresRapid growth of SROs and FARA

Continued proliferation of projects (diverting attention from core functions)

Developing capacity to bring FAAP to bear at national level

Dependence on (weak) national capacity to carry out regional priorities

Developing sustained and focused investments on strategic priorities (Centers of excellence) – not just spreading it around

Demonstrating and recording and communicating impact

But Africa now in a good position to go forward

Implementing FAAPLeadership and technical work from FARA, SROs,

AFAAS, TEAM Africa

Development of materials to lay out implications of FAAP for program, institutional design

FARA / SROs / AFAAS / TEAM Africa to support application of FAAP principles at country level

Scale-up of strategic programs at regional and continental level

Work streams to support Transformation Agenda

Ensure funding of FARA, SROs, AFAAS, and TEAM Africa where they focus on agreed roles and the Transformation Agenda

Support strategic regional investments in research and education

Scale-up and harmonization of support for REE at county level (on FAAP-consistent programs that are part of CAADP IPs) w/ integration of research and university programs

Support CAADP – CGIAR alignment and collaboration on technology platform

Focus on impact – but do not neglect long-term capacity building

Embed REE in CAADP