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Transcript of AFRICA Jambo - Lion Sleeps -
AFRICAJambo - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUrVeRGo5IM&feature=related Lion Sleeps - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNXRn8d9jlk&feature=related Zimbabwe - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDTyfm7Rp1g
1
LOGISTICS - Field TripsLOGISTICS - Field Trips
- travel in two rental vans- 10 participants in each van- lottery next Monday morning for all three trips (Nov 5, 12, 19)
- bring sack lunch (drinks provided) - $15 for transport & drinksXX 2
Monday, November 5Monday, November 5thth - 9:00am-5:00pm - by bus - 50 participants - $ ?? Inclusive
““Amazing Geology of Georgetown”Amazing Geology of Georgetown” - visit local geologic sites with Dr. ‘D’ - lunch at the French Quarter Grill - afternoon tour of Inner Space Caverns
LOGISTICS - Field TripLOGISTICS - Field Trips
3
Please . . . .
4
Vagabonds TrampingVagabonds TrampingThroughThrough
East AfricaEast Africa
5
SOUTH SOUTH AFRICAAFRICA
ANGOLAANGOLA
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
Week 1: living in AfricaWeek 1: living in Africa
EAST AFRICAEAST AFRICA
Vagabonds TrampingVagabonds TrampingThroughThrough
East AfricaEast AfricaWeek 2: ZimbabweWeek 2: Zimbabwe
Week 3: Tanzania (1)Week 3: Tanzania (1)
Week 4: Tanzania (2)Week 4: Tanzania (2)
Week 5: KenyaWeek 5: Kenya
Week 6: EgyptWeek 6: Egypt
TANZANIATANZANIA
KENYAKENYA
EGYPTEGYPT
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
6
TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS
Overview
Hwange National Park
ZimbabweGeography & Statistics
7
Zambezi River & Victoria
Falls
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
Series Notes Africa Overview
OVERVIEWOVERVIEWZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
8
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
9
Series Notes
- My slides violate the normMy slides violate the norm- Vagabond’s RoleVagabond’s Role- Geologic Study & Extra MaterialGeologic Study & Extra Material- Hidden AgendaHidden Agenda
THE VAGABOND’S ROLETHE VAGABOND’S ROLE
• Our role in these classes is to introduce GEOLOGY not just as an academic study but to show how pervasive GEOLOGY is, particularly, how it relates to most if not all of your travels
• It’s processes have formed most of what we go to see & do
• Geology Rocks!
OUR HIDDEN AGENDAOUR HIDDEN AGENDA
• To show you how interesting science, and in particular, geology, can be in the hopes that you will spread the word to your grandchildren & great-grand-children!
• Our future will have a high demand for science & math oriented graduates!
GEOLOGIC STUDYGEOLOGIC STUDY
• The following chart shows the topics of geology study
•We will cover, to varying depths, most of the topics shown on this chart
• As time permits, we will develop additional material on some topics to provide added depth of study
SLIDES SLIDES
• I include more text on each slide than what is the norm in the business of presentations
• I do that so that if you want to review something, the text of most of what I talk about is there
• To help during the class, I underline the important points on the slide
10
Africa Overview
VAGABONDS TRAMP THRU EAST AFRICAVAGABONDS TRAMP THRU EAST AFRICA
11
AFRICA OVERVIEWAFRICA OVERVIEW1. 54 fully recognized sovereign states
("countries") and 9 territories2. World’s largest international aid
recipient3. Although it has abundant natural
resources, Africa remains the world's poorest and most underdeveloped continent
3. Causes for this dismal situation may include: Endemic spread of deadly diseases Repeated corrupt governments and failed central planning All to frequent tribal and military conflicts Seemingly unchangeable high levels of illiteracy Lack of access to foreign capital And lastly, geography (as Dr. D will explain later) 12
XX
AFRICA GEOGRAPHYAFRICA GEOGRAPHY1. Continent is 4550 miles wide by 4900
miles long2. Only continent to stretch from the
northern temperate to southern temperate zones
3. Covers 20.4 percent of the Earth's total land area
4. Contains the world’s longest river: The Nile5. Contains the world’s largest desert: The Sahara6. Highest point on the continent is: Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania)7. Lowest point on the continent is Lake Assal (Djibouti)8. Africa is the hottest continent on earth (Libya 136 deg F);
drylands and deserts comprise 60% of the continent’s land surface9. Deforestation is affecting Africa at twice the world rate
4550 miles4550 miles
4900 4900 milesmiles
Northern Temperate ZoneNorthern Temperate Zone
Southern Temperate ZoneSouthern Temperate Zone
S A H A R AS A H A R A
13
AFRICA POPULATIONAFRICA POPULATION1. World's second-most-populous
continent behind Asia
ASIAASIA
AFRICAAFRICA
EUROPEEUROPE
AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA
NORTH AMERICANORTH
AMERICA
SOUTHAMERICASOUTH
AMERICA
ANARCTICAANARCTICA
Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop. Area Pop.Area Pop.
ASIA AFRICA N.A. S.A. ANT- ARCTIC
EUROPE AUSTR.
Land Area
Population
14
AFRICA POPULATIONAFRICA POPULATION1. World's second-most-populous
continent behind Asia
2. Population grew from 221 million in 1950 to 1 billion in 2009;
a 2.6% annual compound rate
3. Accounts for 14.8% of the world's human population
4. World’s most fertile continent; 5 children per woman
5. World’s highest infant mortality rate
6. World’s highest AIDS rate
7. 80.5% of the Sub-Saharan Africa population was living on less than $2.50 a day in 2005
8. By some counts, over 3000 languages are spoken natively in Africa15
AFRICAN MINERALSAFRICAN MINERALS1. Continent is believed to hold
2. The DRC also has more than 30% of the world’s diamond reserves 3. Guinea is the world’s largest exporter of bauxite
- 98% of world’s chromium- 90% of its platinum- 90% of its cobalt- 64% of its manganese - 50% of its gold- 33% of its uranium
16
AFRICA AFRICA SOURCE: ORIGINS OF MANSOURCE: ORIGINS OF MAN
1. Widely regarded within the scientific community to be the origin of humans and the earliest hominids and their ancestors
2. Earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago
17
TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS
Overview
Hwange National Park
ZimbabweGeography & Statistics
18
Zambezi River & Victoria
Falls
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
ZIMBABWE GEOGRAPHY
& POLITICS
19
ZIMBABWE GEOGRAPHYZIMBABWE GEOGRAPHY
Landlocked and surrounded by
4 countries
20
ZIMBABWE GEOGRAPHYZIMBABWE GEOGRAPHY
ZambiaZambia
BotswanaBotswana
MMoozzaammbibiqquuee
440 miles
440 miles530 miles
530 miles151,000 sq. miles151,000 sq. miles
(1/2 that of Texas)(1/2 that of Texas)
South AfricaSouth Africa 21
ZIMBABWE HIGHLIGHTSZIMBABWE HIGHLIGHTS
ZambiaZambia
BotswanaBotswana
MMoozzaammbibiqquuee
South AfricaSouth Africa 22
ZIMBABWE HIGHLIGHTSZIMBABWE HIGHLIGHTS
23
ZIMBABWE POLITICALZIMBABWE POLITICAL• The name “Zimbabwe” based
on a Shona name for a famous ruined ancient city (UNESCO World Heritage Site)• Predominantly white minority
govt of Rhodesia, unilaterally declared independence from Britain in 1965• Zimbabwe achieved
recognised independence in April 1980
• Robert Mugabe, former leader of the Zimbabwean African National Union from 1975, won a landslide victory in 1980• Tribal unrest between 1981 & 1990 killed an estimated 20,000+
Zimbabweans 24
ZIMBABWE POLITICALZIMBABWE POLITICAL• Robert Mugabe, 88; President 4 times
•widely accused of ethnic cleansing, rigging elections, terrorizing opposition, controlling media and presiding over a collapsed economy
• He’s been named one of the world’s “worst dictators” for having a questionable human rights record
• Supported killing of white, Zimbabwean farmers & gave their farms to his supporters
• He is banned from traveling to Europe but can & has traveled to the USA• In an odd announcement, United Nations recently endorsed Mugabe
and his regime as a “leader for tourism” 25
ZIMBABWE DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMIC
STATISTICS26
ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 people/sq mile 25 104 57 indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% european extraction 2% 9% <1% other(mixed, Indian/Asian) 3% 11% 1% median age (years) 18 24 19 life expectancy (2012 (est) 50.7 years 52 years 51.8 years life expectancy (1990) 40 years 62 years 60 years
LANGUAGES (official) Portuguese 11 official (Eng) 3 official (Eng) RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% Tribal 7% 15% 14% Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none 5% 5% 1% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $9,000 $10,100 $500 GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- GDP: tourism -- 12% 9% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8%
oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 --
gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 0.32 --
diamond reserves (billion ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3
coal reserves (billion tons) -- 54 30
other fish,coffee platium, gold platium
ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA
STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON
27
ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 people/sq mile 25 104 57 indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% european extraction 2% 9% <1% other(mixed, Indian/Asian) 3% 11% 1% median age (years) 18 24 19 life expectancy (2008) 38.2 years 50 years 45.7 years life expectancy (1990) 40 years 62 years 60 years
LANGUAGES (official) Portuguese 11 official (Eng) 3 official (Eng) RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% Tribal 7% 15% 14% Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none 5% 5% 1% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $9,000 $10,100 $500 GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- GDP: tourism -- 12% 9% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8%
oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 --
gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 0.32 --
diamond reserves (billion ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3
coal reserves (billion tons) -- 54 30
other fish,coffee platium, gold platium
ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA
STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON
Mugabe takes over,Internal Fighting
Mugabe dictatorship rule/
support of DRC war
War ended
28
ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 people/sq mile 25 104 57 indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% european extraction 2% 9% 1% other(mixed, Indian/Asian) 3% 11% 1% median age (years) 18 24 19 life expectancy (2007) 38 years 50 years 38 life expectancy (1990) 40 years 62 years 60
LANGUAGES (official) Portuguese 11 official 3 official (Eng) RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% Tribal 7% 15% 14% Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none 5% 5% 1% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $9,000 $10,100 $500 GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- GDP: tourism -- 12% 9% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% 8%
oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 --
gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 0.32 --
diamond reserves (billion ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3
coal reserves (billion tons) -- 54 30
other fish,coffee platium, gold platium
ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE
ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE SIZE (X Texas) 2X 2X ½ X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 18 49 12 people/sq mile 25 104 57 indiginous tribes 95% 80% 98% european extraction 2% 9% 1% other(mixed, Indian/Asian) 3% 11% 1% median age (years) 18 24 19 life expectancy (2008) 38.7 years 50 years 45.7 years life expectancy (1990) 40 years 62 years 60 years
LANGUAGES (official) Portuguese 11 official 3 official (Eng) RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% 85% Tribal 7% 15% Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none 5% 5% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40-65% 96% 92% primary (% complete) 35% 77% 50% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $9,000 $10,100 $500 GDP: mining 11% 6% 20% GDP: oil/gas 85% -- -- GDP: tourism 0 12% 9% NATURAL RESOURCES 19 arable land 3% 12% 8% oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 --
gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 0.32 -- diamond reserves (billion ct) 0.18 1.1 > 3 coal reserves (billion tons) -- 54 30 other fish,coffee platium, gold platium
ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE
STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON
29
STATISTICAL COMPARISONSTATISTICAL COMPARISON
EnglishEnglish
diamonds diamonds
& COAL& COAL
mining: mining:
38.7 yrs 45.7 yrs
30
OTHER ECONOMIC DATAOTHER ECONOMIC DATA• After the start of Mugabe’s reign, inflation slowly started
to get out of control
• Zimbabwe’s participation in tribal fighting in DRC and in 2000 started printing money to finance that effort which lead to HYPERINFLATION
• The peak month of hyperinflation occurred in mid-November 2008 with a rate of inflation estimated at
79,600,000% per month• The worst of the inflation occurred in 2008, lead to the
abandonment of the Zimbabwean currency
• USD and South African RAND are now used as trading currencies 31
OTHER ECONOMIC DATAOTHER ECONOMIC DATA
This finishes our statistical comparison but stay tuned!
32
TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS
Overview
Hwange National Park
ZimbabweGeography & Statistics
33
Zambezi River & Victoria
Falls
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK
34
ZAMBIA
Zambezi River
Zambezi River
Victoria FallsVictoria Falls
HWANGE NATIONAL PARK
The HideThe Hide
HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK
35
ZAMBIA
Zambezi River
Zambezi River
Victoria FallsVictoria Falls
HWANGE NATIONAL PARK
The HideThe Hide
HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK
36
• It is the largest game reserve in Zimbabwe
• 100 mammal• 400 bird species• 19 large
herbivores • 8 large carnivores
• Park has over:
• It was royal hunting grounds to the Ndebele warrior-king Mzilikazi in the early 19 th Century and was set aside in 1929• population of African wild dogs in Hwange is thought to be of one
of the larger surviving groups in Africa today • Hwange is about 1 hour south of Victoria Falls• This area is a malarial area; dry season is July to September
HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK
Hwange National Park includes many diverse habitats including teak forests, palm islands, Kalahari savannah and acacia woodlands.
GEOLOGY SOILS PLANT LIFE ANIMALSGEOLOGY SOILS PLANT LIFE ANIMALS
37
The HideThe Hide
HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK2003
38
2012
HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK
39
HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK
40
HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK
41
HWANGE NATIONAL PARKHWANGE NATIONAL PARK
42
TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS
Overview
Hwange National Park
ZimbabweGeography & Statistics
43
Zambezi River & Victoria
Falls
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
ZAMBEZIRIVER
44
ZAMBEZI RIVERZAMBEZI RIVER• River source is in Zambia at
4,900 ft above sea level• Fourth-longest river in Africa
at 1,700 miles• Largest river flowing into the
Indian Ocean from Africa • Drainage basin 540,000 sq mi • two main hydroelectric dams;
Kariba Dam between Zambia & Zimbabwe & Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique
45
ZAMBEZI RIVERZAMBEZI RIVER• River source is in Zambia at
4,900 ft above sea level• Fourth-longest river in Africa
at 2,200 miles• Largest river flowing into the
Indian Ocean from Africa • Drainage basin 540,000 sq mi • two main hydroelectric dams;
Kariba Dam between Zambia & Zimbabwe & Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique
46
• Starts in Zambia, flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses that country to empty into the Indian Ocean 47
PALEO-ZAMBEZI ROUTE
BUT,The Zambezi didn’t
always flow this way…
Let’s look at it’s route 15 million yrs ago!
BUT, THE STORY GETS EVEN BETTER!
Strange, upward forces formed a ridge, Kalahari-Zimbabwe Axis
The Zambezi starting filling the newly created depression
Ancient Lake Makgadikgadi was formed
AncientLakeMakgadikgadi
Lake runoff finally created an outlet near Katombora, creating
the Zambezi’s current route & residual Makgadikgadi Pans48
ZAMBEZI RIVERZAMBEZI RIVER
49
VICTORIAFALLS
50
““MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)
360 FT drop,twice that of Niagara Falls
5840 ft wide 430 ft
apart
In the rainy season, this is the largest “curtain” of water in the world!
51
““MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)
52
BASALT ROCK,CLUE TO THE PAST
53
VICTORIA FALLS ROCKS
BASALT ROCKBASALT ROCK
• Rocks around Vic Falls are BASALT rocks
• Don talked last week about the ROCK CYCLE and the 3 TYPES OF ROCK:
_________, ___________, _________
• BASALT is one type of IGNEOUS rock
• BASALT is a rock composed of low quartz, melted oceanic crust material
• BASALT is “lava” that doesn’t explode onto the surface; it oozes…
Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous
54
A LITTLE GEOLOGIC HISTORY
55
SOURCE OF BASALT• 250 mya, “Pangea” formed,
a “super-continent with all earth’s continents grouped together• Started assembly ~ 300
mya; started breaking apart ~ 180 mya• During breakup, massive
“volcanoes” formed near “RIP” zones •molten mantle poured out,
on and off, for at least a million years
• Basalt is 1,000 ft thick at Victoria Falls & up to 27,000 ft thick at other locations 56
EXTENT OF BASALT
Victoria Falls
120 miles
57
BASALT COOLING,“JOINTS”
58
MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?Zambezi River
Zambezi River
Victoria FallsVictoria Falls
59
1) WHAT ARE THESE THING AND
2) ARE THEY INFLUENCING THE
PATH OF THE ZAMBEZI??
MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?
LET’S PULL BACK AND SEE A MUCH LARGER
VIEW
60
MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?THERE ARE HUNDREDS OF THESE “THINGS”;
WHAT ARE THEY?
ON CLOSER INSPECTION WE CAN SEE THAT THEY ARE
“COOLING CRACKS” (JOINTS) THAT FORMED AS THE
MOLTEN BASALT COOLED
THE “CRACKS” HAVE BEEN FILLED IN WITH EROSIONAL DEBRIS FROM MILLIONS OF YEARS OF EROSION
THE “CRACKS” WERE WIDENED 110MYA
DURING BREAKUP OF GODWANA
61
MORE THAN ONE VICTORIA FALLS?
62
SEVERAL OTHER FALLS EXISTED!
63
NEXT EROSIONAL CHANNELDEVIL’S CATARACT,
MOST WESTERN PART OF FALLS
• 2 additional joints have been identified behind the main Fall curtain•Within 20,000 yrs, one of
these joints will form the “NEW” Victoria Falls 64
VICTORIA FALLSSAFARI LODGE
65
VICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGE
66
VICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGE
67
VICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGEVICTORIA FALLS SAFARI LODGE
68
WHITE WATERRAFTING
69
WHITE WATER RAFTING
70
Oh, Zambezi also has good fishing!
71
BUNGEEJUMP
72
BUNGEE JUMP
73
BUNGEE JUMP
74
““MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)MOSI OA TUNYA” (VICTORIA FALLS)
75
TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS
Overview
Hwange National Park
ZimbabweGeography & Statistics
76
Zambezi River & Victoria
Falls
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
Mt KilamanjaroMt KilamanjaroThe SerengetiThe Serengeti
TanzaniaTanzania
whatever. . .whatever. . .Next week – Session 3Next week – Session 3
78
All class material either is or
will be on 1) the University’s website
and on
2) Our website at:
www.vagabondgeology.comANY QUESTIONS??
79
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
REMEMBER…REMEMBER…
GEOLOGY ROCKSGEOLOGY ROCKS80
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
THANK YOU!
THANK YOU!
THANK YOU!
THANK YOU!
REFERENCESREFERENCEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_continents_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ContinentStatistics.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14113249 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html http://www.chamberofminesofzimbabwe.com/geology.htmlhttp://www.chamberofminesofzimbabwe.com/geology.html http://www.zimparks.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=18 http://www.wildcru.org/research/research-detail/?project_id=47 http://www.game-reserve.com/zimbabwe_hwange_np.html http://www.game-reserve.com/african_wildlife_checklist.html http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/05_library/5_3_publications/W/Wilson_1997_Biodiversity_of_Hwange_National_Park_Zimbabwe.pdf http://tracksofgiants.org/field-notes/through-hwange-and-back-to-botswana http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/hwange-national-park.html http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/the-hide.html http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/victoria-falls-pictures.html http://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/map-victoria-falls.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_river http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambo http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.S51F..01N http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRB..10910102H http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/wa-girl-survives-bungy-cord-snap/story-e6frg12c-1226239389858 http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=eFgwuqQXHpE&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=_WqSpHA1uUM&feature=fvwp http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/29/robert-mugabe-un-international-envoy-tourism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_Pools http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_kariba http://www.okavangohouseboats.com/reviews/ http://www.botswana-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1171 http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/VolcanoTypes/volcano_types.html http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/africa/zimbabwe/map_of_zimbabwe.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.htmlhttp://www.indexmundi.com/zimbabwe/median_age.htmlhttp://botswana.safari.co.za/Eco-Tourism_In_Botswana-travel/botswana-country-guide-desert-and-delta_p2.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
http://globecrashers.blogspot.com/2011/07/rafting-trip-of-lifetime.html http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln44/milich5.html http://www.wayfaring.info/search/Zambia/page/3/ https://www.google.com/search?q=zambezi+river&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=univ&sa=X&ei=zfRfTbGhLoXZcfuPndYJ&ved=0CEUQsAQ&biw=1229&bih=518&tbm=isch#q=zambezi+river&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=X&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&tbm=isch&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=98511af6562d1eea&biw=1138&bih=712 http://www.durangobill.com/AncestralRivers/AncestralRiversAfrica.html http://www.dansadventure.co.uk/2009/09/03/rafting-zambezi-river/ http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jii/4750978.0015.208?rgn=main;view=fulltext http://wiltoday.wordpress.com/2010/08/12/zambezi-river/ http://www.worldisround.com/articles/327034/photo14.html http://www.zambia-mining.com/geologyright.htmlhttp://eprints.jcu.edu.au/4462/ http://vicfalls.zimbabwe.co.za/Climate,_Geology,_Flora-travel/explore-victoria-falls-geology.html http://vicfalls.zimbabwe.co.za/Climate,_Geology,_Flora-travel/explore-victoria-falls-big-picture.html http://vicfalls.zimbabwe.co.za/Climate,_Geology,_Flora-travel/explore-victoria-falls-habitats.html http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/content/63/1-4/162.abstract http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Makgadikgadi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dyke http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoka_Formation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barotse_Plain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Mckinney http://geology.com/volcanoes/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/plates/index.htm#movies 81
“PLATES 2006 Atlas of Plate Reconstructions (750 Ma to Present Day)”, L.A. Lawver, I.W.D. Dalziel, and L.M. Gahagan, 2007, University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, March 8, 2007
songshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUrVeRGo5IM&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUvo6vrIzkg&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNXRn8d9jlk&feature=related
videoshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDTyfm7Rp1g http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=r1inueBSwko http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=6Jz5s6YlD2U http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=gvXV17yWNtg
REFERENCESREFERENCEShttp://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25539:tourism- sector-increases-gdp-contribution&catid=44:environment-a-tourism&Itemid=136http://www.thehide.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_craton http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufilian_Arc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_orogeny http://sajg.geoscienceworld.org/content/102/4/363.abstract http://sajg.geoscienceworld.org/content/110/4/535.abstract http://sajg.geoscienceworld.org/content/110/2-3/367.abstract http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Development_Assistance http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid
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Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness… and narrow-mindedness…
Broad, wholesome, charitable views of Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by men and things cannot be acquired by
vegetating in one little corner of the vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. earth all one's lifetime.
~Mark Twain~Mark Twain
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““Twenty years from now Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines, you did do. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor. Catch sail away from the safe harbor. Catch
the trade winds in your sails. the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.” Explore. Dream. Discover.”
– – Mark TwainMark Twain
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