Srishti 2014 The fantabulous college magazine of Coimbatore Institute of Technology
Africa, India & The New British Empire Presented By the Amazing & Fantabulous Team of Aditi Sharma &...
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Africa, India & The New British
EmpirePresented By the Amazing &
Fantabulous Team of Aditi Sharma & Sunnie Lee
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Africa
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New Kingdoms & National Identity
• Conflicts in farm lands, droughts and problems created several kingdoms in Africa.
• As kingdoms expanded national identity
and wealth increased along with the spread of culture.
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The Zulu Kingdom
Founded by Shaka in 1818 in South Africa due to conflicts in grazing and farming lands.
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Islamic Movements • During this time period Islamic movements and
reforms increased. • Jihad (holy war), was used to add new lands
where governments spread and promoted Islam.
• The greatest movement was in the The Huasa States (N. Nigeria).Led by Usuman dan Fodio, overthrew the government and formed the Sokoto Caliphate.
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The Sokoto Caliphate (1809-1906)
• Largest state in West Africa since the fall of the Songhai and until the British conquest in 1903.
• Located mostly in Northern Nigeria.• Development led to increase in spread of
Islamic elements and education.
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Egypt: Muhammad Ali • Muhammad Ali arose after
Napoleonic rule• Created the strongest state in
Africa through the use of Western methods for modernization.
• Changes under his rule:• Increase in Agricultural
Production• European style school system &
Military college• Egyptian Peasants required to
cultivate cotton for export.
Aren't I attractive?
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Results of His Rule
•Results
• Population Doubled
• Trade with Europe increased by 600%
• New Class of educated Egyptians replaced the aristocracy.
•His grandson, Ismail’s rule further increased modernization, British involvement and led to Cairo as the capital of Egypt.
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Ethiopia
• The Christian rulers of Ethiopia regained control and reunited territories.
• Strong loyal armies were created from the purchase of modern weapons increasing loyalties.
• A giant cannon was constructed but, failed with the attack of the British.
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Invaders, Explorers & Trade
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France vs. Algeria• In 1830, France invaded Algeria, a
state that provided olive oil and grain to France.
• This invasion begun the “Scramble for Africa”.
• Failure the pay of debts by the French to the Algerians = dispute & resistance for 18 years led by Abd al-Quadir.
• After his death another 30 years were spent in eliminating resistance from the mountains.
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European Explorers• European explorers had peaceful expeditions
keen on exploring the secrets of Africa and wanted to asses the mineral wealth and convert Africans to Christianity.
• David Livingston: Missionary doctor that spotted locations for Christian mission and traced the Zambezi river.
• Explorers were able to move unharmed from place to place. Strangers were seldom harmed and received with gratitude.
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Consequences of Abolition of Slavery
• In response to abolition of slavery Africans increased their “Legitimate trade”(trade of goods other than slaves) which led to new exports like palm oil.
• Led to the spread of foreign and Western cultural influences. • Slaves in British colony, Sierra Leone were liberated
and lived in Freetown where they were provided with education.
• Several people of African descent returned to their ancestral lands. ( The formation of Liberia)
• Slavery shifted towards the Southern and Eastern Africa.
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India Under British Rule
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India-->British• South Asia was impacted more severely by European
commercial/cultural/colonial expansion than Africao Europeans only laid claim to small parts of Africa
but...o ...nearly all of India was under direct/indirect
British rule 1750-1870• During the 250 years after founding the EIC, Britain:
o Commandeered colonies and trade of the Dutch (dissolving Dutch East India Company in 1795)
o Fought off French and Indian challenges (blocking France in 1763)
o Took Mughal Empire over (last Mughal emperor, dethroned in 1858)
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Company Men• Mughal power weakened in the 18th century: several areas took
advantageo European (Dutch, British, French) power took overo (1739) Iranian armies defeated Mughal forces & sacked Delhi o Indian states asserted independence (Maratha Confederation
-- a coalition of states in central India -- controlled more land than Mughals). They had nawabs (Muslim princes who were deputies of the Mughal emperor) who ruled the states.
• Far flung European trading was risky. Their success depended on "company men" (hard-drinking, ambitious young men) who used bargaining and fighting to persuade Indian rulers to allow them to establish strategic trading posts.
• The companies hired sepoys (trained Indian troops) to protect their fortified warehouses from attack by other Europeans.
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"Black Hole of Calcutta" and "Bombay Presidency"
• EIC established an outpost at the fishing port of Calcutta in 169. A new nawab pressed claims for additional tributes, overran the fort in 1756, and captured a group of EIC men of which several died of suffocation
• A large EIC force from Madras led by Robert Clive overthrew nawab to avenge their deaths. Weak Mughal acknowledged EIC's right to rule Bengal in 1765, Calcutta grew into a city of 250,000 by 1788
• Clive also used a large EIC force from Arcot during the Seven Years War (1756-1763) to secure victory for British Indian nawab candidate-->advantage over French traders
• Third major center of British power was Bombay
• After long series of contest with Martha Confederation rulers, the EIC gained advantage in 1818. They annexed large territories to form the "Bombay Presidency"
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British Raj• "raj" - reign• Many inconsistencies of British policy towards India
o British raj wanted to remake India through administrative reform/economic development/technology
o Company men tempered interference with Indian culture in order to avoid starting rebellions
• British policies included:o Create a powerful and efficient system of governmento Disarm approx. 2 million warriors and turn them to
civilian taskso Give freer reign to Christian missionarieso Substitute ownership of private property for India's
overlapping patterns of landholding
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Rebellion• British and Indian elites worked together/against each
other but ordinary people suffered (women, "untouchables," "tribals," and the poor found less benefit in British reforms)
• Transformation of economy proved good and bad. British raj created many new jobs resulting from growth of internal/external trade but competition of cotton goods drove many Indians out of handicraft textile industry
• Beneficial economic changes were disruptive and had no safety net for the needy-->constant local rebellions
• Discontent growing among Indian soldiers as well, and the events of the "Sepoy Rebellion" (1857-1858) escalated quickly as changes offended the soldiers-->turning point in history of modern India
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Political Reform & Industrial Impact• 1858 - Britain eliminated last traces of Mughal and Company rule• Tried to convince Indian princes that British viceroys were Mughal
descent and held great pageants called durbars• Indian Civil Service - powerful and efficient bureaucracy that
controlled Indian masses (Recruitment by open examinations given in Britain, worked to exclude Indians)
• India's trade expanded rapidly after involvement with industrial Britaino Invested millions to improve irrigationo Exports: tea, cotton, sugar and other agricultural commoditieso Imported manufactured goods from Britain
• Indian government ushered in new technology i.e. railroad boom and telegraph
• Spread of cholera due to freer movement of Indian pilgrims - kala mari (black death) was a divine punishment
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Nationalism
• Success and failures of British India sparked Indian nationalism
• Many Indian intellectuals moved to Western secular values and nationalism as the way to reclaim India for its people
• Majority of nationalists came from middle class (prospered from increase of trade/manufacturing)
• Indian National Congress (1885)
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The British Eastern Empire
Several Factors allowed the development of the British Eastern Empire
• String of military victories• New policies favoring free trade• Increase in Maritime Commerce
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Colonial Rivalry & Expansion• Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815): The British defeat
of Dutch & French = more control in Africa, South E Asia and the Caribbean.
• Cape Colony: • Valuable supply station for ships going from
Britain to India. • The British protected African rights and
alienated Afrikaners.• In response, descendants of earlier French and
Dutch settlers (the Afrikaners) begun the “Great Trek” to found new colonies
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Imperial Policies• British = "reluctant builders":
more interested in trade than territorial expansion.
• The British began to encourage free trade and build new ships like the clipper ships.
• New advancement and policies Increased size of trade, lowered shipping costs and greatly impacted the environment.
Clipper Ships: Built with iron & huge canvas sails.
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Colonization of Australia and New Zealand
• New ships and shipping-->third form of British rule in South Pacific
• Australia remained fairly remote until Captain James Cook made first systematic European exploration of New Zealand in 1769-1778
• Australian and New Zealand populations=vulnerable to disease (like Amerindians)
• "Aborigines" - first permanent British settlers in Australia (rush of people after discovery of gold)
• Sperm whales caught British interest in New Zealand• Australia - powerful trade unions• New Zealand - availability of land to common people,
one of first states in world to grant women right to vote (1894)
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Labor Migrations• British India - greatest source of laborers and British
colonies were their principal destinations• Britain's emancipation of slaves in 1834, freed Africans
unwilling to do work, needed new laborers-->turned to India's impoverished people
• Larger, faster ships made transporting laborers more affordable (spread of disease on ships)
• Laborers served under contracts of indenture which bound them to work for a specific period (5-7 yrs)o Paid small salaryo Provided housing, clothing, medical care
• Most people who signed contracts were trying to improve their lives by emigrating
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A Short & Sweet Conclusion
• During this period the most important factor was the growing dominance of the British in World Commerce.
• Rapidly growing exchanges and trade was mutually beneficial because, Industrialization created new jobs and markets for African and Asian goods.