Africa. Geographically Major Rivers Nile Niger Zambezi Mountains Drakensberg Mountains Rainforest...
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Transcript of Africa. Geographically Major Rivers Nile Niger Zambezi Mountains Drakensberg Mountains Rainforest...
GeographicallyMajor Rivers
NileNigerZambezi
MountainsDrakensberg
MountainsRainforest
Sierra LeoneGabon
GrasslandsZambia
DesertSahara
Rift ValleyMozambique
HistoryFirst human traces
10,000 years agoClimate change
Ice AgeWetter climate
Most conducive to farming
Ancient CivilizationsEgypt 5,000 years agoKush/Aksum (Ethiopia)Bantu (Cameroon)Ghana/Mali (Sahel)Great Zimbabwe (S.
Africa)
Trade and Enslavement
1500 C.E.Europeans tradeGold, Ivory, slavesCoastal kingdoms
ravagedColonialism
Mid-1800sEuropeans abolished
slavery, developed industryColonies set up in Africa to
secure raw materials and markets for European goods
Advantages: highways, educational opportunities, medical advances
Disadvantages: political and cultural divisons
Independence and New Challenges
1960sMost African nations
independentProblems
Colonialism left povertyMassive loans= debtEthnic and military turmoilMilitary coups
1990sDemocracy
South Africa, Tanzania, Ghana
TodayFood, Aids, Ethnic
conflict
Social Indicators of Development
MDCs use part of their wealth to provide schools, hospitals, and welfare servicesPeople are better
educated, healthier, and better protected from hardships
Infants more likely to survive, Adults live longer
In turn, well-educated, healthy, and secure population can be more economically productive
Health and Welfare
People are healthier in MDCs
Health influenced by dietMDCs: eat more calories
and proteinLDCs: receive less than
the daily minimum allowance of calories and proteins
MDCs health care is a public serviceIn LDCs individuals pay
more than 50% of costs
Aids in Africa
Demographic Indicators of Development
Life expectancyLive into 60s in LDCsLive into 70s in MDCsGap between males and
females greatNumber of young people
6X the number of older people in LDCs
Infant Mortality RateBetter health allows
more infants to survive6% die in LDCs, less than
1% in MDCsGreater in LDCs because:
Babies die from malnutrition, lack of medical attention, dehydration, poor medical practices
Higher the level of development = greater quantity and quality of a country’s education
Measure quantity of education is the average number of school years attended
Quality of education is measured in two ways:Student/teacher ratioLiteracy rate
Percentage of a country’s people who can read and write
Ethiopia and Eritrea
EritreaLocated along Red SeaItalian colony in 1890Was independent for
2000 years prior to 1890
Independent after WWIIUnited Nations “gave”
Eritrea to EthiopiaEthiopia banned Eritrea
language and dissolved government
Eritreans rebelled
Ethiopia and Eritrea
30 year war for independence (1961-1991)
665,000 Eritrean refugees fled to Sudan
Eritreans defeated Ethiopian army in 1991
Became independent state
Dispute over border in 1998 led to more conflict
Ethiopia defeated Eritrea in 2000 and took disputed land
EritreaPopulation of 5
millionSplit between
Christian and MuslimNine major ethnic
groupsComplex multi-ethnic
stateGroups:
Amharas- ChristianOromo- Muslim
fundamentalists, largest ethnicity
Tigres- Orthodox Christian
SudanPopulation of 40 millionCivil war since 1980’s2 million, 5% of population
died from civil war1 million migrated to
EthiopiaWar “winding” down in
2005, sharing of government
Wanted full independence from Sudan
Arab-Muslim government vs black Christians and Animists
Resisting government attempt to convert country to Islamic state
Adopted laws to segregate sexes in public
Single-sex schools
DarfurEthnic war in western
SudanResented
discrimination and neglect of government
Black Africans launched rebellion in 2005
Janjaweed crushed farmers
450,000 have been killed
2.5 million living in refugee camps in harsh desert environment
SomaliaOverwhelmingly
Sunni Muslim and speak Somali
Share sense of nation, national history, and culture
Population of 9 million6 ethnic groups,
clans:Isakk, Darod, Dir,
Digil, Hawiye, Rahanwayn
SomaliaDarod clan ruled Somalia
until 1991RebellionsNational government
collapsedClans and sub-clans
claimed control over the government
Seized food, goods, weapons and forced less powerful clans to flee
US sent troops in 1992 after 300,000 mainly women and children died
Islamic militias took control in 2006 and overthrew the warlords
Ethnic CleansingDefinition: process in
which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.
Point is not to simply to defeat but completely exterminate
Involves removal of males, females, and children
Central AfricaRwanda
Hutus: farmersTutsis: cattle-herders,
took control of region around 400 years ago and turned Hutus into their serfs
Became a colony of Belgium
Right before Rwanda gained its independence in 1962 led to ethnic cleansing of Tutsis out of fear that they would control government
1994Hutu president shot downTutsis and Hutus battled
over a million killedSpilled into neighboring
countries such as: Democratic Republic of
the Congo
CongoThought the have the world’s
deadliest war since 1945Tutsis overthrew Congo
president Joseph Mobutu in 1997During his rule he limited
European influence and changed name to Zaire
Changed city names to “African name”
Amassed a personal fortune while impoverishing the rest of the country
Tutsis led a rebellion, replaced him with Joseph Kabila
Kabila split with Tutsis, Kabila sided with Hutus
Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe came to help Kabila
Was assassinated in 2001Son negotiated accord with
rebels in 2002
Africa’s Food Supply Crisis
Sub-Saharan Africa cannot keep food production ahead of population growth
40 million Africans face famine
1/3 of Africans are estimated to be malnourished
Africa’s ClimateMost severely affected
region:Horn of Africa
Somalia, Ethiopia, SudanSahel
Gambia, Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad
Why? Limited agricultureProblem: population
growthOverproduction, soil
erosion, overgrazingResulted in declining
production
Genetically Modified FoodWhat is it?
Crops and livestock that has been genetically modified
Involves mixing genetic material among two or more species that would not otherwise mix in nature
HistoryFarmers have been
manipulating crops for thousands of years
Selective reproductionScience of genetics
expanded during 19th century
In the U.S.Widespread in
processed foods63% of worlds GM
crops grown Positives
Higher yieldsIncreased nutritionResistance to pestsBetter tasting?
Dilemma for Africa
NegativesSafety problems
Lowered resistance to antibiotics
Destroy long-standing ecological balances in local agriculture
European dilemmaEurope opposes GM foodIf Africa grows GM crops,
can’t sell to EuropeIncreased dependence
Need GM seeds from U.S. corporations
“Terminator” geneDependence on new
seeds every year