Africa Curriculum Guide

8/9/2019 Africa Curriculum Guide

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Humanity is Born in Africa,Africans Travel the World

A Study GuideDeveloped by Kaba Hiawatha Kamene (aka Booker T. Coleman, Jr.)

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This Study Guide is an on)/oin/ Process of Becomin/ !t isdedicated to the Beloved .reator, Ancestors, Ori/inal Human0amily, Today1s Human 0amily and the Human 0amily $et to

2e Born The Guide is #ivided into 3 Parts

Part * 4 !ntroduction to Humanity is Born in Africa, Africans Travel

World 4 A Systematic %ie5 of an African .entered.urriculumPart 6 4 0orty Seasons 4 A 0orty $ear .urriculum GuidePart 3 4 #%# .atalo/ 4 (aterials that Su77ort This

.urriculum

!ntroduction to Africa ) Overvie5.ourse O28ectives This is an introd!tory !orse that be"ins with the ori"ins o#Hman li#e in $#ri!an presen!e in the $sia. %t is a !orse that e&plores the !ltral!ontribtions $#ri!a and $#ri!ans made to this an!ient !ontinent. Civili'ations willin!lde those ori"inatin" in $rabia, %ndia, ersia, Chaldea, edia, Babylonia, China,Japan, *ietnam, and many other pla!es in the +ar ast. -tdents will also learn how todevelop a lesson plan !enterin" on one aspe!t o# the !orse. -tdents will implementinterestin" and nie tea!hin"/learnin" methods (i.e. ltiple %ntelli"en!es, motional

%ntelli"en!es and Bloom0s Ta&onomy.

Partial &oo% +ist!ntroduction to African .ivili9ation, Dr. John . Ja!kson, Citadel ress23.4.,1567Wonderful Ethio7ians of the Ancient .ushite Em7ire, Drsilla Dn8eeHostonBla!k Classi! ress2 Baltimore, D, 159:/15;<When We Ruled The World, =obin >alker, very eneration edia, ?K, 977:.The Star of Deep Beginnings, The Genesis of African Science and Technology ,

Charles -. +in!h, .D., Khenti %n!., $., 155;.Memphite Theology, Ancient Egyptian Mystic Wisdom of Ptah , ata $bbaya$shby, Cr'ian ysti! Books, +@., 9777.African osmology of the Bantu!"ongo, Kimbwandende Bnseki +AKia, H.D.,$thelia Henrietta ress, Canada, 9771.

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.ourse Sylla2us

.lass * 4 !ntroduction

.lass :uestion 4 Ho5 did Africa !m7act the History of the Earth;

!Readings

%ntro to $#ri!a

AJJ (John . Ja!kson) p Aonder#l thiopiansADDH (Drsilla Dn8ee Hoston) p iAv, A1>hen >e =led,%ntrod!tion, A1:$ppendi& Chronolo"i!al Table :69A:;

.lass 6 4 Ori/in of Life in Africalass #uestion $ %o& and Why did 'ife (riginate in Africa)

Readings

%ntro to $#ri!a A JJ :7A59>onder#l thiopians ADDH Chapters 1, 9, , and , p 1hen >e =led =obin >alker ACh. E@and o# the Bla!ksF 17A195 Ch. < ECradle o# the Hman =a!eF 17A16

lass * $ The (rigin of the Planet Earth!lass #uestion $What +mpact Does aron -./0itrogen-. %a1e on Dating

Artifacts and (2ects)

Readings

)!ntro to Africa,


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lass . !Ages and Stages of the Earth $ Pangaea/ontinental Driftlass #uestion 4 -!After the Earth 5ormed, What Were the 6arious hanges that

(ccurred) 4 7!What Are the Geological Eras of the Earth)

Readings

!When We Ruled, Dr. >alker, "s. 17A16.!%istory of Africa, Dr.$sante, 1A1, here %s the reat @akes =e"ion/How Did Hman @i#e Be"in and Be!ome @ivin" %n This $rea

9 >hat is the eo"raphi!al/eolo"i!al and $nthropolo"i!alviden!e o# $#ri!ans in the=i#t/Hapi(3ile) *alley

Readings

A%uman ev., K, p A6, 1A1:.

lass : ! .ominid/.ominoidlass #uestion ! Who Are the 'i1ing Beings that omprise the

%ominid/%ominoid Tree)

Readings

A Human #ev., K, p ;A55, 1:A15.


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A 'ife %istory 0otes A $ppendi& 9 lo"er, $llen and Ber"mann0s =les, p 1:, 16, 1;

lass ; ! (or7holo/ical .han/es 4 0rom Animal to Humanlass #uestion 4- ! What hanges +mpacted Primates) What is the Difference

Bet&een %ominid and %ominoid ! Animal to %uman Animal,

hat is the Chronolo"y o# Hmanity0s @i#e History, -i& (:) hysi!al Transmtations o# the Hman +amily

lass -> ! .omo +ine- Part 1.a(ilis/Erectus3lass #uestion 4- ! Who Are the T&o Memers of the Middle %uman Group)

47 ! What (ccurred During their 'ife3s %istory, 5rom Tool Ma?er

an Erect %uman Being)

Readings National Geo/ra7hic, EThe voltionary =oad,F p


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Secial 4ocus ClassClass 11 - The +aetoli 4ootstes o5 $ncient Tan"ania

C0ollo5in/ in the 0ootste7s of our Ancestors We could not have made it 5ithout themD Leavin/ 0ootste7s for our #escendants to 0ollo5 They can not ma=e it 5ithout us

.lass :uestion ) >hat are the @aetoli #ootsteps o# early hmans #ond in Tan'ania,ast $#ri!a

Pur7ose A The stdents will stdy the an!ient @aetoli #ootprints made by earlyhmans in $#ri!a. These #ootprints today nravel the estions s!ientists have re"ardin"the pro!ess o# li#e #rom an!ient days to today0s hman #amily. $ll o# hmanity has#ollowed in these #ootsteps and !old not have made it withot these peoples !alled,E$stralopithe!s $#arensis,F The re!rrin" theme is the D*D, EThe Histori! Jorney.F

%oca2ulary List2Science vol!ano, !inders, anthropolo"y, paleontolo"y, ar!heolo"y, #ossil, hominid,

$stralopithe!s $#arensis, spe!lationGeo/ra7hy @aetoli, Kenya, Tan'ania, ?"anda, =i#t *alley, -adiman, latitde,lon"itde,Lan/ua/e Arts A ere!t, impressions, sh##le, an!estor, des!endant:uestionsDetermine what the main ideas are by answerin" the #ollowin" estions1) >here is Tan'ania in $#ri!aA@atitde/@on"itde lines9) >here is @aetoli in Tan'aniaA@atitde/@on"itde lines) >hat does it mean to #ollowin" in someone0s #ootsteps) >hat wold the stdent want to a!hieve in li#e that wold inspire #tre "enerations to #ollow in their #ootsteps

Academic Standards2eo"raphy @o!ate Tan'ania and @aetoli in $#ri!a. Cite the @atitde and @on"itde

@inesHistory/ath ?sin" a Timeline/3mber line, identi#y the time period when these#ootsteps were made.

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History/Cltre/$nthropolo"y A -tdents will be able to identi#y the spe!ies/#amily "ropthat made these #ootsteps.-!ien!e/eolo"y -tdents will resear!h vol!anoes and the ash/reside le#t behind.-tdents will des!ribe how #ootsteps were preserved #or over .6 million years.-!ien!e/$r!heolo"y -tdents will !ompare and !ontrast $stralopithe!s $#arensis #eet

with the #eet o# todays hman.

Holistic Activity

EFit Pro8ect A ro8e!t in!ldes a (1) Written Essay, (9) Gra7hic Or/ani9er and() Oral Presentation

Lan/ua/e ArtsA 0i/urative Lan/ua/e @0lash2ac=?0oreshado5 -tdentswill resear!h the @aetoli #ootsteps, des!ribin" how all hmans have #ollowed in the#ootsteps o# early hmans in $#ri!a. This a!tivity will !on!lde with the stdents

des!ribin" the @e"a!y they plan to leave #or #tre "enerations to #ollow and !omplete.-tdents will !ompare and !ontrast the story told in the D*D, EThe Histori! Jorney.F

Bac=/round !nformation 4 Laetoli 0ootste7s

The @aetoli #ootsteps are lo!ated abot thirty (7) miles soth o# ldvai. # all the#ossil sites in the =i#t system, @aetoli has always been the odd one. @aetoli was dry thenand "reener now. Today there are several small lakes in its vi!inity and a "ood deal o#ve"etation. @aetoli has attra!ted stdents o# the an!ient world #or more than #orty years be!ase its deposits were b believed to be very old. The hominid #ossils have been datedto be appro&imately .6 million years old. @aetoli was the #irst pla!e where an adlt$stralopithe!ine tooth ever #ond. >hat set @aetoli apart #rom the other sites in theworld are some #ootprints that have been #ond there. @aetoli has a nearby vol!ano, E-adiman.F %t is e&tin!t today. $bot #or () millionyears a"o it was a!tive. ne day it spat ot a !lod o# !arbonite ash. This st## has a!onsisten!y not nlike that o# very #ine bea!h sand, and it powdered down over thesrrondin" lands!ape in a layer that rea!hed a thi!kness o# abot hal# an in!h be#ore theerption stopped. This #all o# sper#ine !inders mst have been e&tremely npleasant #orthe lo!al animals and birds while it was !omin" down, bt there is no eviden!e that it didmore than make them n!om#ortable, b be!ase they stayed in the area. That #irst p## o# ash probably not lastin" more than a day was #ollowed by a rain. The ash be!ame wetand, almost like a newly laid !ement sidewalk, be"an takin" !lear impressions o#everythin" that walked a!ross it2 elephants, "ira##es, antelopes, hares, rhinos, pi"s. Therewere also terrestrial birds like "inea #owl and ostri!hes, and even the small tra!ks o#millipedes.

However, by a wildly improbable linka"e o# events, these #ootprints were made.-adiman had to blow ot a parti!lar kind o# ash. =ain had to #all on it almostimmediately. Hominids had top #ollow on the heels o# the rain. The sn had to !ome ot promptly and harden their #ootprints. Then another blast #rom -adiman had to !over and

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preserve them be#ore another obliteratin" shower !ame alon". $ll this had to happenover a period o# only a #ew days. $ll thin"s !onsidered, the preservation and re!overy o#the @aetoli #ootprints are nothin" short o# a mira!le. They !on#irm that hominids were#lly ere!t walkers at three million years Be#ore the Christian ra and even possiblyearlier.

The #ootprints are like modern hman #ootprints. There is wellAshaped modern heelwith a stron" ar!h and a "ood ball o# the #oot in #ront o# it. The bi" toe is strai"ht in line.%t doesn0t sti!k ot to the side like an ape toe, or like the bi" toe in so many drawin"s yosee o# astralopithe!ines. The hominids o# @aetoli were imper#e!t walkers be!ase the#ootprints show that they walked with a sh##le. The dire!tion o# the prints indi!ate thattheir maker had been walkin" north nder some se!tions o# land that had not yet beeneroded. There were two hominids, they were probably walkin" to"etherL one (withsli"htly lar"er prints) was a maleL the other, possibly pre"nant, was a #emale. They probably had been ere!t walkers #or at least a million years.

$ll o# this is spe!lationL there is still a lot more resear!h to be doneM $re yointerested in ar!heolo"y, paleontolo"y or anthropolo"y How abot $#ri!an History

+ollow in the #ootsteps o# yesterday0s s!ientists and stdy the past. 4o !an0t make itwithot themN@eave yor intelle!tal #ootsteps behind. 4or present be!omes yordes!endant0s past. Their present will be yor #tre. >e !an0t make it withot ea!hotherMMM

'ife %istory of %uman 5amily

rehistory is s!h that all that is written abot it, all theories, and all theses are o#ne!essity provisional and preliminary. These theories ad theses are arrived at by #ossils. Te!hni!ally, a #ossil may be any eviden!e o# Opast li#e. Bt, were mammals are!on!erned, s!h eviden!e almost always !onsists o# bones and teeth, the most drable

tisses o# the body. +ossils may be dated one o# two waysL 1) They may be assi"ned an a"e in years. 4ear dates are "enerally obtained #rom thero!ks in whi!h the #ossils are #ond rather than #rom the #ossils themselves. 9) They may be pla!ed relative to ea!h other % the n#oldin" seen!e o# "eolo"i!alevents.

There are two (9) methods o# datin" #ossils.

1) Carbon 1/3itro"en 1 datin" is se#l only in #ossils less than 7,777 years o# a"e.This radio !arbon datin" is based pon the #a!t that all livin" or"anisms assimilate theradioa!tive isotope o# Carbon (C1) at a #i&ed rate drin" their li#etimes. The

assimilation o# the isotope !eases at death. This isotope has a hal#Ali#e o#


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Both te!hnies assess the de!ay o# natrally o!!rrin" radioa!tive isotopes, whi!htakes pla!e at very steady rates. 3ot all #ossils !an be radioa!tively dated, and their a"emst, there#ore, be estimated by "eolo"i!al and paleontolo"i!al !omparisons with otherre"ions.

The oldest #ossils o# the hman #amily were lo!ated in $#ri!a. $stolopithe!s $rdiN@!y, named, EDanknesh,F by the indi"enos $#ri!ans (@!y2 The Be"innin"s o#Hmankind, Donald Johansson and aitland dey, (-imon and -!hster2 34), 15;1.Danknesh0s importan!e in paleontolo"y resets on two (9) #a!tors, 1) -he has been dated to be .< millions years o# a"e.

9) Her skeleton is the most !omplete ever #ond o# any hominid older than 6


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the hominids wold have perished entirely. Bt, it did not last. The io!ene eriod be!ame the lio!ene periodL neither the pon"ids, nor the hominids had the leastresponsibility #or the !han"e. The world0s !limate altered. $t this point, the earth entereda dro"ht millions o# years lon". +orests dwindled and the pon"ids swindled with them.By the sheerest a!!ident, hominid liabilities drin" the io!ene be!ame assets drin" the

lio!ene. %t is o#ten said that or #ailre to adapt the #orests le#t or adaptional optionsopen #or the new environmental !onditions o# the lio!ene/. %t is trer to say that the!onditions o# the lio!ene happened to #avor or primitive !hara!teristi!s. Hmans are primitive and nspe!iali'ed primates. The anthropoid apes have #or () "eneraL "ibbon,oran"tan, !himpan'ee and "orilla. The "ibbon and oran"tan anthropoids have tra!e ba!k to the li"o!ene, havin" developed #rom small Tarsoids o# the o!ene. Theanthropoid an!estors o# the "ibbon, oran"tan, !himp, "orilla and man, bran!hed #rom the!ommon ape sto!k abot 9< million years a"o, in the io!ene eriod. an des!ended#rom a io!ene $peAlike $n!estor. >e #ind the #irst tra!es o# hman #ossils in thelio!ene period, a#ter whi!h !ame the leisto!ene period (%!e $"e).

%umanity3s Ancestor $ .6,$78T3S $7CESTO2

-omewhere between 1 and million years a"o, it is theori'ed that Hmanity0s mostan!ient an!estor moved almost entirely ot o# the #orest and into open savannah. %n sodoin", they be!ame entirely pri"ht, biApedal walkersL a nie development in primate"rowth. >hen or an!estor emer"ed as a "rond dweller, he/she di##ered #rom the other"rond dwellin" apes by bein" more willin" to ventre into this open savannah. This ledto his/her dietary !han"e. This !han"e was re#le!ted in the morpholo"y o# their ba!kteeth. These dietary and habitat !han"es also led to sele!tion pressres that !ased!han"es in other parts o# their skeleton s!h as, arms, le"s, pelvi! "irdle and skll. >e

!an see this in the "rondAdwellin" apes by the arboreal apes and in or an!estor by other "rond dwellin" apes. r an!estor, while havin" many pon"id #eatres, di##ered #romthe tre pon"ids, eno"h to be !onsidered the #irst hominid or protoAhominid. Theearliest spe!imen o# or an!estor was #ond in ldvai or"e in Tan'ania tho"h otherswere #onded #rom a later period in $sia and rope. r an!estor represents an earlyevoltionary diver"en!e #rom pon"ids. Be#ore we "o thro"h the evoltionary path, lets e&amine a hypothesis o# how this diver"en!e showed itsel# in the development o#hman morpholo"y. To do this, we mst retrn to the Triassi! period o# the eso'oi!$"e.

5rom Animal to %uman Animal@ The e woldlike to hi"hli"ht some o# the important ideas presented in this paper.

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-ometime in the Triassi! eriod, there lived in -oth $#ri!a a "rop o# animals !alled,ETherapsidaeF. These animals presented a blend o# primitive reptilian and primitivemammalian !hara!teristi!s. They lived mainly in the water, bt, were !apable o#srvivin" on land. They possessed, like all reptiles and mammals, #or () limbs, bt,they were short and mobile, !apable o# prod!in" motion, bt, not o# spportin" the

wei"ht o# the body. $s time passed these animals, #or reasons nknown, either volntary or involntary,took to a terrestrial habitat. %n an attempt to adapt themselves to the now !onditions andenvironment, its or"ans and limbs be"an to spe!iali'e so to spport the body and !arry it!lear o## the "rond. Bt, in doin" this, stability was "ained and mobility was lost.-!!ess#l tho"h it was, this #eat was very "radal. The limbs, at #irst, spported the body, only drin" the a!t o# propellin". %ts body snk to the "rond when pro"ressionwas !ompleted. -oon the limbs be!ame stron" eno"h to7 spport the body !ontinoslyand hen!e stability be!ame #i&ed. $s stability be!ame #i&ed, however, the limbs"radally be!ame less mobile. They had been !apable o# movin" in any dire!tion, btnow were only able to move in a #orward, ba!kward motion. This !reatre be!ame the

an!estor o# the adrpeds or prono"rade animals. Bt, not all o# the Terapsidae spe!ies#ollowed the above !orse. -ome, while retrnin" the mobile limbs, took to !limbin",#irst over ob8e!ts in the pathway, and then in bshes and trees. %n the !limbin" pro!ess,the animals rea!hed ahead with one or the other o# the mobile #oreAlimbs #or a new "rasp.>hile doin" this, the wei"ht o# the body was temporarily shi#ted to the hind limbs.-imltaneosly, be!ame spe!iali'ed #or spportin" or"ans and be!ame stable. The #irst part o# this is !alled, EThe eman!ipation o# the #oreAlimbs.F This habit o# !limbin" savedthe #oreAlimbs their mobility and prevented them #rom be!omin" or"ans o# more stability.%t also handed them over #or #rther adaptation o# the inherent potentialities. %t was s!ha !ondition as this, that kept the sto!k whi!h !lminated in man #rom be!omin" a #orle""ed prono"rade animal, and "ave to his/her parti!lar sto!k s!h potentialities asa#terwards developed and made him leader o# the world. The spe!i#i! morpholo"i!ally and physiolo"i!al o!!rren!es "rowin" in #ll or in part,ot o# these arboreal habits whi!h !onted most in the development towards man were as#ollows the2

1) Development o# the power to "rasp9) Development o# the hind limbs as spportin" and balan!in" or"ans, and the loss o# the prehensile (wrap arond adapted #or sei'in" or holdin") !hara!ter o# the "reat toe. ) =e!ession o# the snot re"ions and modi#i!ations in the shape o# the spine and base o#the skll.) er#e!tion o# the pAri"ht postre.


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order "o make "raspin" more per#e!t. The power to "rasp was #irst sed in "raspin" thelimbs and bran!hes o# the trees in whi!h the !reatre !limbedL bt, on!e attained, it wasalso to "rasp leaves and #rits, #or !arryin" #ood to the moth, #or s!rat!hin" the body,et!... These a!tivities "ave rise to the E#eel,F o# the body and the shape and #orm o# the body. The hand, then, is an e&traordinary srvival o# a very primitive #eatre whi!h "oes

#ar ba!k into the mammalian series. %t is the retention o# a !ondition so primitive that it ismat!hed only amon" its immediate sin and by types sitated in vertebrae sto!k at the point o# mammalian diver"en!e. The hand o# man is more is more like the hand o#$rmanda and Tortoise than like that o# a do", pi", or horse, these bein" in this parti!larrespe!t, more hi"hly spe!iali'ed.

7 The De1elopment of %ind!'ims The body o# a prono"rade is at the ri"ht an"les to the lower limbs, while the body o#an ortho"rade is in a strai"ht line with the lower limbs. 3ow, the e&tensions o# the le"pon the trnk and the anatomi!al adaptations it involved were the ot!ome o# thearboreal habit. %n Therapsidae, the hind limbs were mobile and more or less at ri"ht

an"les with the a&is o# the trnk. >ith the !omin" o# the !limbin" habits, the relations between these parts o# the body were !han"ed and the le"s were e&tended pon the trnkin a more or less strai"ht line. The animal ths be!ame ortho"rade instead o# prono"radein postre. %n rea!hin" ot #or a new "rasp while in this position, the wei"ht o# the bodywas thrown pon the hind limbs. ?nder these !onditions, an!estral mobility o# the hindlimbs was a "reat handi!ap in the way o# a##e!tin" the stability reired #or the hindlimbs. $s time passed these disadvanta"es were over!ome tho"ht morpholo"i!al!han"es in the 8oints whi!h limited mobility and a"mented stability. >hile thesedevelopments had their ori"in in the adaptations to prely arboreal habits, their!ompleteness did not take pla!e ntil the terrestrial pro"ression had been assmed. $s amatter o# #a!t, stability is still in pro"ress. This !an be proven by a stdy o# the

morpholo"i!al development o# the e&tremities o# the hindAlimbs, the #eet and toes. The#eet in the early arboreal sta"es, were in all probability bilt on the same pattern as thehand, havin" the same di"it #ormlaNnamely, , , 9,


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while in apes and hman bein"s there are, in!ldin" the pper and lower sets, twoin!isors, one !anine, two premolars, and two molars or a total o# thirtyAtwo. The 8awsand moth be!ame smaller, natrally with the atrophy o# the teeth. These "eneral!han"es o# the moth bro"ht abot !ertain other !han"es o# !onsiderable importan!eNthe !han"e in the si'e o# the moth !avity, a!!ompanied by a modi#i!ation o# the

ms!latre o# the ton"e, throat, and ne!k a##e!tin" to some de"ree the arti!lation inspee!hL the !han"es in the "eneral lo!ation o# the eyes, brin"in" them #rom a position onthe sides o# the #a!e to a position in #ront o# the #a!e and in more or less the same planeand balan!e.

. The Perfection of the hile be!omin" dense the hman brain0s indentations "ot deeper. Themore the !ons!ios tho"ht, the deeper the indentations be!ame. The more theindentations be!ame, the more their tho"ht be!ame !ons!ios and this interdependent!y!le !ontines to this very day.

The hronology of %umanity3s 'ife %istory

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The basi! model pon whi!h hmanity is patterned !learly on the $#ri!an model. Theabndan!e o# ar!heolo"i!al re!ords report that no skeletal remains older than


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The a!irin" o# the "rondAdwellin" habitat ne!essitated the trans#ormation o# the #oot#rom a prehensile (sei'in", "raspin") to a spportin" or"an. =elatively little !han"e took pla!e in the arms and hands. The !omplete #reedom o# the hand bro"ht abot the #rther opposability (pposite) o# the thmb, whi!h be!ame lon" and opposed to the other di"its(#in"ers), and in!reasin"ly se#l on that a!!ont. The #reedom o# the hand led to toolA

prod!in" and to tool sin" habits, and opened the door to the !reation o# !ltral history.%nitially, or an!estors wold have been !lassi#ied as another spe!ies o# ape, bt, aseen!e o# three () !han"es lan!hed than in the dire!tion o# modern hmans.

1st !han"e !!rred by arond #or () million years a"o. The str!tre o# #ossili'edlimb bones show that by then or an!estors, in !ontrast to the "orilla and !himps, werehabitally walkin" pri"ht. The pri"ht postre #reed or #oreAlimbs to do other thin"s,amon" whi!h toolAmakin" wold eventally prove to be the most important.

9nd !han"e !!rred arond three () million years a"o, when or linea"e split in two.

There were two (9) spe!ies o# hmans, $stralopithe!s =obsts and $stralopithe!sra!ile. $stralopithe!s ra!ile transmted into the denser brained Homo Habilis(Hman o# $bility).

rd !han"e !!rred arond two and hal# (9.


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>ith the appearan!e o# $stralopithe!s some #or () o# more million years a"o, werea!h the dawn o# hmankind. There are !ertain thin"s we !an say abot the$stralopithe!ines,1) They were e##i!ient biApedal walkers.9) Their habitat was lar"ely open savannah and woodland.

) They lived in hntin"/"atherin" so!ieties %t is also #elt that #rom the $stralopithe!ines onward, hominids developed patterns o##ood sharin" had a pro#ond e##e!t on hominid history sin!e it !reated a whole now!ooperative arena o# behavior. $stralopithe!ines were probably herbivorosL the blk o# their ntrition depended on"atherin" ve"etables and #rits. Their environment was lar"ely open savannah. Thro"h the !omparisons o# $stralopithe!ine sklls demonstrated beyond allar"ment that while they had some apeAlike #eatres, $stralopithe!ines were de#initelynot an ape, bt a hominid in the pro!ess o# movin" !loser to hman that ape.

The %omo 'ine

%omo %ailis

The earlier o# the two e&tin!t spe!ies o# or "ens normally re!o"ni'ed is HomoHabilis. %t #irst appeared in the #ossil re!ord at abot 9 million years and seems to have persisted #or nder hal# a million years. Homo Habilis means, EHman o# $bility.F Their remains !an be #ond in Kenya, thiopia, ?"anda and parts o# -othern $#ri!a. Theywere "iven this name be!ase they were the #irst tool maker. akin" and sin" tools is!learly one o# the dia"nosti! #eatres o# hmanity. Habilis di##ered little #rom$stralopithe!s ra!ile in the teeth, bt, had a si"ni#i!antly e&panded brain, a less pro8e!tin" #a!e and a more modern body skeleton. Homo Habilis a!tively hnted smalland medim si'ed animals as well as !olle!tin" a variety o# plant #oods and bt!herin"

dead or disabled lar"er animals. Homo Habilis, like those o# $stralopithe!s, are!on#ined entirely to $#ri!a. Homo Habilis were the #irst prod!ers o# the rdiments o#hman !ltre.

%omo Erectus

Homo re!ts appeared in $#ri!a abot 1.6 million years a"o. He/-he has also been#ond in astern $sia. Homo re!ts is perhaps the most distin!tive o# all #ossil hmanspe!ies. =obst, bt, essentially modern in its body skeleton, it possessed a lon", lowskll, an"led sharply at the ba!k and !onstr!ted o# thi!k bone. The brain o# re!ts waslar"er, bt, its teeth were small than Habilis. re!ts was apparently the earliest #orm o#hman to not only se #ire (do!mented as early as 1. million years in ast $#ri!a), bt

also to live in !aves as well as in open sites. $ more !omple& stone tool kit appears in$#ri!a at arond the same time as #ossils o# its probable maker, Homo re!ts. Thesetools are lar"er and more !are#lly shaped than Homo Habilis and made #rom a "reatervariety o# stony materials. any tools were made #or bt!herin", di""in" and skin!leanin" tasks. -!h tools have been #ond a!ross $#ri!a, rope, %ndia, China and-oth ast $sia. Homo ere!ts was the #irst to stand #lly ere!t !alled, EBipedalism.F Bipedalism is theability to stand or walk on two le"s rather than #or (Iadrpedalism). Hmans e&hibit

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habital bipedalismAthat is, they stand and walk on two le"s all the time. Habital bipedalism evolved independently in several linea"es o# vertebrates, in!ldin" thean!estors o# !ertain li'ards and dinosars and the an!estors o# the birds and hmans. Homo ere!ts0 hei"ht ran"ed #rom 1/9 to < #eet. He/-he was an avid, hi"hly skilledtool maker and was like his/her hominid prede!essor, bla!k in !omple&ion. Homo

re!ts developed the mi"ratory habit, #or his #ossils have been #ond in rope and$sia. @eadin" s!holars re8e!t the idea that this evoltion stopped at the Homo re!tssta"e and that E-apieni'ation,F took pla!e at the level o# ea!h !ontinent. %t is believedthat the work o# Dr. @eakey and other e&perts have reslted in the trimph o# theEono"eneti!,F theory o# hmanity in $#ri!aL they were by ne!essity bla!k be#ore be!omin" li"hter in !omple&ion thro"h environmental adaptation at the end o# the>rm "la!iations in northern rope. $#ter one million years, Homo re!ts was the sole hominid in possession o# theearth, ntil the appearan!e o# Homo -apiens 977A1orld, the Homo re!ts poplation was


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A @oss o# #r was an adaptation to !han"in" environmental !onditions that #or!edor an!estors to travel lon"er distan!es #or #ood and water.

A $nalyses o# #ossils and "enes hint at when this trans#ormation o!!rred.A The evoltion o# hairlessness helped to set the sta"e #or the emer"en!e o# lar"e

brains and symboli! tho"ht

" 9 A Nnaked skin itsel# played a !r!ial role in the evoltion o# other !hara!teristi!hman traits, in!ldin" or lar"e brain and dependen!e on lan"a"e.

" A Bene#its o# Hairlessness 3aked hman skin is better at ridin" the body o# e&!ess eat than is #rA!overed skin.ammals possess three types o# "lands #or the prpose2 apocrine, eccrine and sebaceous. %n most mammals the otermost layer o# the skin, known as the epidermis,!ontains an abndan!e o# apo!rine "lands. These "lands !lster arond hair #olli!les and!oat the #r in a lather o# oily seat. vaporation o# this sweat, whi!h !ools the animal by

drawin" heat away #rom the skin, o!!rs at the sr#a!e o# the #r. Bt the more theanimal perspires, the less e##e!tively it eliminates heat be!ase the #r be!omes matted,hamperin" evaporation. %n the hman epidermis, in !ontrast, e!!rine "lands predominate.These "lands reside !lose to the skin sr#a!e and dis!har"e thin, watery sweat thro"htiny pores. %n addition to evaporatin" dire!tly #rom the skin sr#a!e, this e!!rine sweatvapori'ed more readily than apo!rine sweat, ths permittin" improved !oolin".

" %n marine mammals that never ventre ashore, s!h as whales, naked skin#a!ilitates lon"Adistan!e swimmin" and divin" by red!in" dra" on the skin0s sr#a!e. To!ompensate #or the la!k o# e&ternal inslation, these animals have blbber nder the skin.%n !ontrast, semiAaati! mammals otters, #or e&ample have dense, waterproo# #r that

traps air to provide positive boyan!y, ths de!reasin" the e##ort needed to #loat. This #r also prote!ts their skin on land.

" the lar"est terrestrial mammalsAnamely, elephants, rhino!eroses andhippopotamsesAalso evolved naked skin be!ase they are at !onstant risk o# overheatin".The lar"er an animal is the less sr#a!e area it has relative to overall body mass and theharder it is #or the !reatre to rid its body o# e&!ess heatNDrin" the leisto!ene epo!h,whi!h spans the time between two million and 17,777 years a"o, the mammoths andother relatives o# modern elephants and rhino!eroses were EwoolyF be!ase they lived in!old environments, and e&ternal inslation helped them !onserve body heat and lowertheir #ood intake.

" Hman hairlessness is not an evoltionary adaptation to livin" nder"rond or inthe waterAthe poplar embra!e o7# the soA!alled aati! ape hypothesis notwithstandin". 3either is it the reslt o# lar"e body si'e. Bt or bare skin is related to stayin" !ool, asor sperior sweatin" abilities s""est.

" S&eating +t (ut

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Keepin" !ool is a bi" problem #or many mammals, not 8st the "iant ones, espe!iallywhen they lie in hot pla!es and "enerate abndant heat #rom prolon"ed walkin" orrnnin". These animals mst !are#lly re"late their !ore body temperatre be!ase their tisses and or"ans, spe!i#i!ally the brain, !an be!ome dama"ed by overheatin"N-weatin" !ools the body thro"h the prod!tion o# liid on the skin0s sr#a!e that then

evaporates, drawin" heat ener"y away #rom the skin in the pro!ess. This whole body!oolin" me!hanism operates a!!ordin" to the same prin!iple as an evaporative !ooler(also known as a swamp !ooler), and it is hi"hly e##e!tive in preventin" the dan"erosoverheatin" o# the brain, as well as o# other body parts.

" < A ammalian skin !ontains three types o# "landsAseba!eos, apo!rine, and e!!rineAthat to"ether prod!e sweat. %n most spe!ies, seba!eos and apo!rine "lands are thedominant sweat "lands and are lo!ated near the base o# hair #olli!les. Their se!retions!ombine to !oat hairs with an oily, sometimes #oamy, mi&tre (think o# the lather ara!ehorse "enerates when it rns). This type o# seat helps to !ool the animal. Bt itsability to dissipate hear is limited.

" < Hmans, in addition to la!kin" #r, possess an e&traordinary nmber o# e!!rine"landsAbetween two million and #ive millionAthat !an prod!e p to 19 liters o# thin,watery sweat a day. !!rine "lands do not !lster near hair #olli!lesL instead they residerelatively !lose to the sr#a!e o# the skin and dis!har"e sweat thro"h tiny pores. This!ombination o# naked skin and watery sweat that sits dire!tly atop it rather than !olle!tin"in the #r allows hmans to eliminate e&!ess hear very e##i!ientlyNor !oolin" system isso sperior that in a marathon on a hot day, a hman !old ot !ompete a horse.

" < $ati! $pe Theory holds that arond #ive million to seven million years a"ote!toni! pheavals in the =i#t *alley o# ast $#ri!a !r early hman an!estors o## #romtheir pre#erred tropi!al #orest environments. $s a reslt, they had to adapt to asemiaati! li#e in marshes, alon" !oasts and in #loodplains, where they lived #or abot amillions years.

" : The trans#ormation seems to have be"n with !limate !han"e. By sin" #ossilso# animals and plants to re!onstr!t an!ient e!olo"i!al !onditions, s!ientists havedetermined that startin" arond three million years a"o the earth entered into a phase o#"lobal !oolin" that had a dryin" e##e!t in ast and Central $#ri!a, where hman an!estorslived, >ith this de!line in re"lar rain#all, the wooded environments #avored by earlyhominids "ave way to open savanna "rasslands, and the #oods that or an!estors theastralopithe!ines sbsisted onA#rits, leaves, tbers and seedsAbe!ame s!ar!er, more pat!hily distribted and sb8e!t to seasonal availability, as did permanent sor!es o##reshwater, %n response to this swindlin" o# resor!es, or #orebears wold have had toabandon their relatively leisrely #ora"in" habits #or a m!h more !onsistently a!tive wayo# li#e 8st to stay hydrated and obtain eno"h !alories, travelin" ever lon"er distan!es insear!h o# water and edible plant #oods. %n!reased walkin" and rnnin", drin" whi!hms!le a!tivity bilds p heat internally, wold have reired that hominids both enhan!etheir e!!rine sweatin" ability and lose their body hair to avoid overheatin".

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" :/6 This metamorphosis o!!rred abot 1.: million years there was an earlymember o# or "ens !alled %omo ergaster who evolved essentially modern body proportions, whi!h wold have permitted prolon"ed walkin" and rnnin". oreover,details o# the 8oint sr#a!es o# the ankle, knee and hip make !lear that these hominidsa!tally e&erted themselves in this way. Ths, a!!ordin" to the #ossil eviden!e, the

transition to naked skin and an e!!rineAbased sweatin" system mst have been well nder way by 1.: million years a"o to o##set the "reater heat loads that a!!ompanied or prede!essors0 newly strenos way o# li#e. The hmnC1= "ene is amon" the "enesresponsible #or prod!in" skin pi"mentation. %t was #ond that a spe!i#i! "ene variantalways #ond in $#ri!ans with dark pi"mentation ori"inated as many as 1.9 million yearsa"o. arly hman an!estors are believed to have had pinkish skin !overed with bla!k #r,m!h as !himpan'ees do, so the evoltion o# permanently dark skin was presmably areisite evoltionary #ollowAp to the loss o# or sn shieldin" body hair.

" 6 How did hominids evolve bare #lesh Hints have emer"ed #rom lar"eAs!ale!omparisons o# the seen!es o# D3$ E!ode letters,F pr n!leotides, in the entire

"enomes o# di##erent or"anisms. Comparison o# the hman and !himp "enomes revealsthat one o# the most si"ni#i!ant di##eren!es between !himp D3$ and or own lies in the"enes that !ode #or proteins that !ontrol properties o# the skin. The hman versions o#some o# those "enes en!ode proteins that help to make or skin parti!larly waterproo#and s!## resistantA!riti!al properties, "iven the absen!e o# prote!tive #r. This #indin"implies that the advent o# those "ene variants !ontribted to the ori"in o# nakedness bymiti"atin" its !onseen!es.

" 6/; The otstandin" barrier !apabilities o# or skin arise #rom the str!tre andmakep o# its otermost layer, the stratm !ornem (-C) o# the epidermis. The -C haswhat has been des!ribed as a bri!ks and mortar !omposition. %n this arran"ement,mltiple layers o# #lattened dead !ells !alled !orneo!ytes, whi!h !ontain the proteinKeratin and other sbstan!es, are the bri!ksL ltra thin layers o# lipids srrondin" ea!ho# the !orneo!ytes make p the mortar. ost o# the "enes that dire!t the development o#the -C are an!ient, and their seen!es are hi"hly !onserved amon" vertebrates. That the"enes nder"irdin" the hman -C are so distin!tive si"ni#ies, there#ore, that the advent o# those "enes was important to srvival. These "enes en!ode the prod!tion o# a nie!ombination o# proteins that o!!r only in the epidermis, in!ldin" novel types o# keratinand invol!rin. Hman hair keratins were not as important to srvival as the hair keratinso# other primates were over the !orse o# evoltion and this be!ame weak.

" ; How did hman skin !ome to !ontain s!h an abndan!e o# e!!rine "lands$lmost !ertainly this a!!mlation o!!rred thro"h !han"es in the "enes that determinethe #ate o# epidermal stem !ells, whi!h are nspe!iali'ed, in the embryo. arly indevelopment, "rops o# epidermal stem !ells in spe!i#i! lo!ations intera!t with !ells o#the nderlyin" dermis, and "eneti!ally driven !hemi!al si"nals within these ni!hes dire!tthe di##erentiation o# the stem !ells into hair #olli!les, e!!rine "lands, apo!rine "lands,seba!eos "lands or plain epidermis. Hair in the armpits and "roin probably serves bothto propa"ate pheromones (!hemi!als that serve to eli!it a behavioral response #rom otherindividals) and to help keep these areas lbri!ated drin" lo!omotion. $s #or hair on the

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head, it was most likely retained to help shield a"ainst e&!ess heat on the top o# the head.That notion may sond parado&i!al, bt havin" dense hair on the head !reates a barrierlayer o# air between the seatin" s!alp and the hot sr#a!e o# the hair, ths, on a hot,snny day the hair absorbs the heat while the barrier layer o# air remains !ooler, allowin"sweat on s!alp to evaporate into the layer o# air. Ti"htly !rled hair provides the

optimm head !overin" in this re"ard, be!ase it in!reases the thi!kness o# the spa!e between the sr#a!e o# the hair and the s!alp, allowin" air to blow thro"h. !hremains to be dis!overed abot the evoltion o# hman head hair. Bt it is possible thatti"htly !rled hair was the ori"inal !ondition in modern hmans and that other hair typesevolved as hmans dispersed ot o# tropi!al $#ri!a. eople with the least body hair tendto live in the tropi!s, whereas those with the most tend to live otside the tropi!s. 4ethair on nonAtropi!al people provides no warmth to speak o#. These di##eren!es inhairiness !learly stem to some e&tent #rom testosterone, be!ase males in all poplationshave more body hair than #emales do.

" 5 oin" #rless was not merely a means to an endL it had pro#ond !onseen!es

#or sbseent phases o# hman evoltion. The loss o# most o# or body hair and the"ain o# the ability to dissipate e&!ess body heat thro"h e!!rine sweatin" helped to make possible the dramati! enlar"ement o# or most temperatreAsensitive or"an, the brain.>hereas the astralopithe!ines had a brain that was, on avera"e, 77 !bi! !entimetersAro"hly the si'e o# a !himp0s brainAHomo er"aster had a brain twi!e that lar"e. $ndwithin a million years the hman brain swelled another 77 !bi! !entimeters, rea!hin"its modern si'e. 3o dobt other #a!tors in#len!ed the e&pansion o# or "ray matterAtheadoption o# a s##i!iently !alori! diet to #el this ener"eti!ally demandin" tisse, #ore&ample. Bt sheddin" or body hair was srely a !riti!al step in be!omin" brainy.r hairlessness also had so!ial reper!ssions. $ltho"h we !an te!hni!ally raise andlower or ha!kles when the small ms!les at the base o# or hair #olli!les !ontra!t andrela& or body hairs are sop thin and wispy that we do not pt on m!h o# a show!ompared with the displays o# or !ats and do"s or o# or !himpan'ee !osins. 3eitherdo we have the biltAin advertisin"Aor !amo#la"eAo##ered by 'ebra stripes, leopard spots,and the like. %ndeed, one mi"ht even spe!late that niversal hman traits s!h as so!ial blshin" and !omple& #a!ial e&pressions evolved to !ompensate #or or lost ability to!ommni!ate thro"h or #r. @ikewise, body paint, !osmeti!s, tattoos and other types o# skin de!oration are #ond in varios !ombinations in all !ltres, be!ase they !onvey"rop membership, stats and other vital so!ial in#ormation #ormerly en!oded by #r. >ealso employ body postres and "estres to broad!ast or emotional states and intentions.$nd we se lan"a"e to speak or mind in detail. *iewed this way, naked skin did not 8st !ool s downAit made s hman.

" : When 0a?edness E1ol1edrotohmans s!h as the astralopithe!ines probably led relatively sedentary lives, astoday0s apes do, be!ase they lived in or near wooded environments ri!h in plant #oodsand #reshwater. Bt as woodlands shrank and "rasslands e&panded, later an!estors, s!has Homo er"aster, had to travel ever #arther in sear!h o# sstenan!eAin!ldin" meat. Thisspe!ies whi!h arose by 1.: million years a"o was probably the #irst to possess naked skin

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and e!!rine sweat, whi!h wold have o##set the body heat "enerated by s!h elevateda!tivity levels.

" : Beating the %eat 3aked skin is not the only adaptation hmans evolved to maintain a healthy body

temperatre in the swelterin" tropi!s where or an!estors lived. They also developedlon"er limbs, in!reasin" their sr#a!eAtoAvolme ratio, whi!h in trn #a!ilitated the loss o# e&!ess heat. That trend seems to be !ontinin" even today. The best eviden!e o# thissstained adaptation !omes #rom poplations in ast $#ri!a, s!h as the Dinka o#sothern -dan. %t is no !oin!iden!e that these people, who live in one o# the hottest pla!es on earth, also have e&tremely lon" limbs.>hy do modern hmans e&hibit s!h a wide ran"e o# limb proportions $s or #orebearsmi"rated ot o# tropi!al $#ri!a into !ooler parts o# the world, the sele!tion pressres!han"ed, allowin" #or a variety o# body shapes to evolve. O-ee $ppendi& 9 Ber"mann0s rleS

Appendi 47

Gloger’s Rule named a#ter 'oolo"ist Constanin >ilhelm @ambert lo"er, who #irstremarked pon this phenomenon in 1; in a review o# !ovariation o# !limate and avian plma"e !olor.

lo"er0s rle is a 'oolo"i!al rle whi!h states that within a spe!ies o# endotherms(mammals and birds), more heavily pi"mented #orms tend to e #ond in more hmidenvironments, e.". near the eator. lo"er #ond that birds in more hmid habitatstended to be darker than their relatives #rom re"ions with hi"her aridity. ver 57U o# the

spe!ies resear!hed !on#orm to this rle. $n e&planation o# lo"er0s rle in the !ase o# birds appears to be the in!reased resistan!e o# dark #eathers to #eatherAorAhair de"radin" ba!teria (Ba!ilis li!heni#ormis). +eathers in hmid environments have a "reater ba!terialload, and hmid environments are more sitable #or mi!robial "rowthL dark #eathers orhair are more di##i!lt to break down.

melanin is the most abndant type o# melanin in the hman body. melanin is adark brown or bla!k pi"ment !omposed o# an a""re"ate o# small sbnits (polymers).melanin imparts varyin" shades o# brown to hair and skin, with hi"h !on!entrations#ond in the skin o# darkly pi"mented people. ore resilient emelanins are deposited inhot and hmid re"ions.

heomelanin are the reddish or yellow type o# melanin #ond in the hair and skin o#

li"htly pi"mented people. heomelanin is a polymeri! pi"ment !omposed o# mltiplesmaller sbnits. heomelanin "enerates rather than netrali'es #ree radi!als when it ise&posed to ?*= and ths may be impli!ated in the development o# skin !an!er in li"hter!omple&ioned people.?ltra *iolet =adiation (?*=) is the type o# solar radiation that is o# shorter wavelen"thand there#ore "reater ener"y than visible li"ht. ?*= !omprises the ran"e o# wavelen"ths#rom 177 to 77 nanometers. There are three types o# ?*=L

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1) ?*= $ ?ltraviolet radiation o# relatively low ener"y, spannin" wavelen"ths #rom1< to 77 nanometers.9) ?*= B ?ltraviolet radiation o# relatively hi"h ener"y, spannin" wavelen"ths #rom9;7 to1< nanometers.) ?*= C The hi"hest ltraviolet radiation, spannin" wavelen"ths #rom 177 to 9;7

nanometers. +ree radi!als are shortAlived, hi"hly rea!tive mole!les that have one or more npairedele!trons ad are !ommon byAprod!ts o# normal !hemi!al rea!tions o!!rrin" in !ells.$mon" the most !ommon are the spero&ide and hydro"en pero&ide ions. %n s!ienti#i!literatre, they are o#ten !alled rea!tive o&y"en spe!ies. +ree radi!als are prod!ed by?*= and !an dama"e D3$. %n arid re"ions, pheomelanin predominate to the bene#it o#!rypsis. $mon" mammals, there is a marked tenden!y in eatorial and tropi!al re"ions tohave a darker skin !olor that pole ward relatives. %n this !ase, the nderlyin" !ase is probably the need to better tili'e the sn0s ?* radiation with de!reasin" latitde.$bsorption o# a !ertain amont o# ?* radiation is ne!essary #or the prod!tion !ertain

vitamins, notably *itamin D.O*itamin D is an essential vitamin that is responsible #or the absorption o# dietary !al!im#rom the di"estive system and is ne!essary #or the "rowth and stren"th o# bones. Theman#a!tre o# vitamin D be"ins #rom !holesterol pre!rsors in the skin, tri""ered by?*=B in snli"ht. The bioa!tive #orm o# the vitamin, vitamin D, is prod!ed via aseries o# !hemi!al trans#ormations that take pla!e in the liver and kidney a#ter the pro!essis initiated in the skin.S This prin!iple is also vividly demonstrated amon" hman poplations. oplationsthat evolved % n snnier environments !loser to the eator tend to be darkerApi"mentedthan poplations ori"inatin" #arther #rom the eator.

Allen’s Rule $llen0s rle is a biolo"i!al rle posited by Joel $saph $llen in 1;66.%t states that endotherms #rom !older !limates sally have shorter limbs (or

appenda"es) than the eivalent animals #rom warmer !limates. $llen0s rle states that endothermi! animals (mammals and birds) with the samevolme may have di##erin" sr#a!e areas, whi!h will aid or impede their temperatrere"lation. %n !old !limates, the "reater the e&posed sr#a!e area, the "reater the loss o# heat andthere#ore ener"y. $nimals (and Hmans) in !old !limates need to !onserve as m!hener"y as possible. $ low sr#a!e area to volme ratio helps to !onserve heat. %n warm !limates, the opposite is tre. $n animal will overheat i!kly i# it has a low

sr#a!e area to volme ratio. There#ore, animals in warm !limates will have hi"h sr#a!earea to volme ratios so as to help them lose heat. %n a ntshell, it simply means there is a ratio between body sr#a!es to body mass. +or e&ample, +r or Ttsi people o# $#ri!a release body heat more readily be!ase their rationis hi"h. However, skimos and %nit have a lower ratio and there#ore retain body heat.

Bergmann’s Rule

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Ber"mann0s rle is a 'oolo"i!al rle named a#ter a biolo"ist named ChristianBer"mann who #irst #ormlated the rle in1;6.

%t is an e!o"eo"raphi!al rle that !orrelates latitde with body mass in animals.Broadly it asserts that within a spe!ies the body mass in!reases with latitde and !older!limate, or that within !losely related spe!ies that di##er only in relation to si'e that one

wold e&pe!t the lar"er spe!ies to be #ond at the hi"her latitde. The rle is o#tenapplied only to mammals and birds (endotherms), bt some resear!hers have also #ondeviden!e #or the rle in stdies o# e!tothermi! spe!ies.

@ar"er animals have a lower sr#a!e area to volme than smaller animals, so theyradiate less body heat per nit o# mass, and stay warmer in !old !limates. n the otherhand, warmer !limates impose the opposite problem2 body heat "enerated by metabolismneeds to be dissipated i!kly rather than stored within. Ths, the hi"her sr#a!e areaAtoAvolme ratio o# smaller animals in hot and dry !limates #a!ilitates heat loss thro"h theskin and helps !oolin" o# the body.

The Mo1ement of Ancient %umanity

'ife Along %api

$#ri!a has remained a land area sin!e the rdovi!ian period (appro&imately ;7million years a"o) and m!h o# it sin!e the re!ambrian a"e "oin" ba!k some two (9) billion years a"o. Hapi *alley Basin is :;9< Km in len"th #rom the @!ron'a =iver inTan'ania to the editerranean -ea, drainin" an area o# three () million sare km passin" thro"h si& (:) di##erent re"ions that di##er #rom ea!h other in natral and"eolo"i!al history,

1) The @ake latea9) The -dd) Central -dan) thiopian Hi"hlandse !ame #rom

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the be"innin" o# Hapi, where the 3eter (od) dwells, at the #oothills o# the Eontainso# the oonF. TheseF ontains o# the oonF areF Kiliman8aroF in Tan'ania andE=wen'oriF in =wanda/?"anda. There is a !ltral kinship all "rops o# $#ri!ans north,soth, east west and !entral. These lin"isti!, !ltral, so!iolo"i!al and politi!al #a!torsreveal the kinship that binds these $#ri!an poplations that are presently separated by

enormos "eo"raphi!al distan!es. >est $#ri!an le"ends report that $#ri!ans mi"rated#rom the re"ion o# the Ereat >atersF. These Ereat >atersF are the Hapi (3ile =iver). 3o matter where we !olle!t le"ends on the "enesis o# $#ri!an people, those who stillremember their ori"ins, say they !ame #rom the east and that their #orebears #ond Twa people in the !ontry. $#ri!an le"ends an!ient and modern, =eveal the Twa were probably their #orebears #ond Twa people in the !ontry. $#ri!an le"ends an!ient andmodern, reveal the Twa were probably the #irst to o!!py the interior o# the !ontinent, atleast at a !ertain period. They settled in this area prior to the development o# the lar"er$#ri!ans, either thro"h mi"ration o# histori!al evoltion. $#ri!anist, Dr. Cheikh $ntaDiop, sed lan"a"e as one o# his approa!hes to the relationship amon" di##erent >est$#ri!an eople. ne o# these "rops is the 4orbas o# present day, 3i"eria. $ !hain o#

events lead to the !on!lsion that they mst have settled #or many years in that part o# the!ontinent known as $n!ient Kemet. %n his book, EThe =eli"ion o# the 4orbas,F by J.lmide @!as, Dr. @!as presents the #a!ts leadin" to this !on!lsion. These #a!ts may be "roped nder the #ollowin" Headin"21) -imilarity or identity o# lan"a"e b) -imilarity or identity o# reli"ios belie#s!) -imilarity or identity o# reli"ios ideas and pra!ti!es) -rvival o# !stoms and names o# persons, pla!es, ob8e!ts, et!. $bndant proo# o# intimate !onne!tion between the an!ient t Kemites and the4orbans may be prod!ed nder this head. ost o# the prin!ipal ssen!es were wellknown at one time to the 4orbans. $mon" these ssen!es are. >sir, $set. Her, -h,Tehti, Khepera, $men, $n, Khons, Khnm, Khopri, HetAHer, -okaris, =a, -eb, the#or () elemental essen!es and many others. These $#ri!ans, born within the re"ion o# Kenya, ?"anda, Tan'ania and thiopiaOin!ldin" -omalia (an!ient nt)S, then traveled alon" a northAsoth a&is. Theydeveloped the #ondations o# what wold later be!ome !ivili'ations #rom $'ania in thesoth, to Kemet in the north. -ome ventred to >est $#ri!a. %t is !lear that any hman born that had its birth in this re"ion wold not have srvived withot pi"mentation. 3atre does not do anythin" by !han!e. %t is #or that reason that hmanity o# the sbAeatorial re"ion was "iven melanin to prote!t her/his skin. >e know s!ienti#i!ally thatltraAviolet rays o# the sn wold have destroyed the hman or"anism in the eatorialre"ions, i# this or"anism had not been prote!ted by the elanin !over. %t is only a#ter$#ri!an men/wombedmen le#t the !ontinent o# $#ri!a to people other parts o# the northernlands, whi!h had a di##erent, and later, dramati! !limate, that men/wombedmen !han"ed.They had a di##erent lookL they lost their pi"mentation. The peoples o# $#ri!a did notleave be!ase they were tryin" to #lee the e##e!ts o# the sn. Drin" these times, the snwas a blessin". The re"ion o# the reat @akes was an earthly paradise, #ood was inabndan!e there. >hen we stdy the ways in whi!h these early hmans traveled, we see that i# a#terevery 9< years, at the be"innin" o# a "eneration, $#ri!ans moved 9< kilometers, lookin"

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in one dire!tion or another #or norishmentL at the end o# 17,777 years these smallmovements (9< km per "eneration #or 17,777 years) wold take this $#ri!an as #ar asChina in the +ar ast. %t is only 1< km a!ross the water #rom ibraltar to rope. %nnderstandin" the previos in#ormation, #ive #a!tors shold be hi"hli"hted,1) How $#ri!a was people

9) How the #irst hmans in $#ri!a !on#ronted 3atre) How they tool on the !hallen"e o# natre to !reate !ivili'ations) How these !ivili'ations spread a!ross $#ri!a and eventally to other parts o# the world


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sea. %n the winter and sprin", the river rolls alon" sl""ishly thro"h a dry and dsty plainL bt, it the smmer all this !han"es, by then the waters be"in to move swi#tly. Hapi#irst trns red in !olor, later it lakes a "reen he, and eventally it over#lows its banks and#loods the valley to the bases o# the hills. The whole valley be!omes a h"e lake #romwhi!h the villa"es rise like islands, bein" in #a!t, bilt on arti#i!ial monds.

The sor!es o# Hapi are two "reat lakes lo!ated deep in the heart o# $#ri!aL @akewan'a (*i!toria) and 3yan'a (=dolph). $s the !lods laden with moistre pass overatorial $#ri!a, they release their waters. This reslts in a rainy season o# ten month0sdration. The del"e #inds its way into the "reat lakes, and they dis!har"e their e&!esswaters, whi!h #low northward as Hapi. $s this stream #lows thro"h a thirsty land, the par!hed soil drinks it p, bt, the waters !ontine to #low #orth, and so psh the rivera!ross a "reat desert stret!hin" #rom the latitde o# @ake Chad to the editerranean -ea. Hapi owes its e&isten!e to the reat @akes, bt, the inndation is prod!ed by aseparate !ase, in whi!h the lakes do not parti!ipate. %n between Hapi and the moth o#the $rabian l# are the Hi"hlands o# thiopia, whi!h rise toward the heavens thosandso# #eet above sea level. Clods #loatin" in #rom above the %ndian !ean are inter!epted

by these montains as they travel northward. The !lods release this brden o# moistre,and drin" the rainy season, these rivers rsh thro"h their arid beds and roar into Hapi.The "reat river moves northward between ro!ky walls as it traverses the 3bian Desert,and when the lowlands o# Kemet are rea!hed, it over#lows its banks. The two thiopiantribtaries make respe!tively important and nie !ontribtions. The waters o# >hiteHapi are !rystal !learL btL the $tbara and Ble Hapi systems brin" alon" ri!h bla!k silt#rom the $byssinian Hi"hlands. This sediment #inally settles over the land o# Kemet asri!h topsoil. >hen the waters re!ede, the #armers s!atter their seeds over the #ertile landand then wait #or the solar ener"y to brin" #orth their !rops. Bt, #or white Hapi, therivers o# thiopia wold be absorbed by the thirsty desertL and withot the thiopiawaters, the >hite Hapi wold be a barren water !orse. The river is "enerated by theatorial rains. The land, on the other hand, is prod!ed by the pre!ipitation o# thetropi!al rains on the slopes o# the thiopian montain pile. %n that Hapi valley #attened bya top soil, bri"htened by eternal snshine, watered by terrestrial rains, the people wereable to obtain a year0s #ood in retrn #or a #ew days0 toil. %n e##e!t, they ere provided witha wealth o# time whi!h was essential #or the !onstr!tion o# their nation0s "rowth. This"rowth wold lead to $#ri!an peoplin" not only their !ontinent, bt also the rest o# theworld.

The 5irst Migration

The #irst mi"rations moved alon" tropi!al latitdes enablin" $#ri!ans to inhabit %ndia,

-otheast $sia and ltimately, $stralia and the a!i#i! %slands. $#ri!ans !old haveinhabited rasia by mi"rations thro"h the -traits o# ibraltar the %sthms o# -e' and perhaps -i!ily. $#ri!ans srvived everywhere in rope in rope and $sia ntil the 3eolithi! eriod. Their remains !an be #ond in -pain, ort"al, Bel"im, the Balkans,-lovakia, 3orthern =mania, oland, oravia, $stria, -iberia, China, astern rope,the 3ear ast, Crimea, rimaldi and Java.. There was an early mi"ration to rope and $sia by the $#ri!an rimaldian/>ombedman and the $ri"na!ian indstry o# paintin"L other materials !an be radio

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!arbon dated #or an absolte !hronolo"y. rope did not see the birth o# Homo -apiens-apiens ntil the $#ri!an appeared by mi"ration. The #irst so !alled, Ewhite people,F theECroAa"non,F hman did not appear ntil arond 97,777 years a"o, probably as a reslto# the physi!al trans#ormation by adaptation to the !old environment. This ra!ialdi##erentiation was a!hieved in rope, probably in sothern +ran!e and in -pain, at the

end o# the last >rmian la!iations between 7,777 and 97,777 years a"o. There is absoltely no dobt that the white ra!e whi!h appeared #or the #irst timedrin" the ?pper aleolithi! period arond 97,777 years a"o was the prod!t o# a pro!esso# depi"mentation. This date !old be m!h earlier (abot 7,777 years a"o. # !orse, itwold be di##i!lt it not impossible, to provide e&a!t data on the nmeri!al proportion o#these protoAwhites to their bla!k an!estors at that period in rope. However, there !an be no dobt that the !ltral otlook o# these protoAwhites was eventally !onditioneddrin" the "la!ial epo!h by the e&tremely harsh !onditions o# their 3orthern !radle, ntilthe moment o# their mi"ratory movements towards the sothern areas arond 1


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Drin" the !onstr!tion o# a railroad #rom $"en to eri"e&, a hman skeleton wasnearthed in a ro!k shelter that the lo!al inhabitants !alled CroAa"non. The di""in"was stopped and a "eolo"ist, Dr. @a"anne was !alled in #or his opinion. Dr. @a"annereported his #indin"s to an ar!heolo"ist, r. @ois @artet. To"ether they n!overedremains o# #ive individals who seemed to have been mrdered all at on!e. Their bodies

were le#t where they had #allen. The s!ientists #ond the #ollowin"L1) $ skeleton o# a healthy old man9) -kll #ra"ments o# another old man) $n in!omplete skeleton o# a man abt 17 years old) $ skll and #ra"mented skeleton o# a middleAa"ed womanhen Canon de *illeneve and @oren'i #irst arrived at the rimaldi !aves in 1;5


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-i"nior $bbo #ond a se!ond skeleton at the same depth. -i"nor $bbo reported his #indsto . *ernea who sbseently #ond two more skeletons. *ernea then #ond threeskeletons near this site. . =iviere also e&!avated at this depth, bt he only went as #ar as the #irst level.*illaneve went to the !ave0s ro!k bottom. He distin"ished twelve more strati#ied

layers. The #irst level was the skeleton o# the !hildren. n the se!ond level, he #ond bones o# an old woman. n the third, #orth, #i#th, si&th and seventh level he #ond #ossilremains o# a reindeer, horse, wild boar, wol#, #o&, wild ass and !ave lion. n every levele&!ept the #i#th, #ire hearths and other arti#a!ts o# $ri"na!ian in#len!e s""ested hmanhabitation. n the ei"hth level another man0s skeleton was #ond with nassa shells andanimal teeth adornin" his head and ne!k. n the ninth level, *illaneve #ond two well preserved skeletons. ne skeleton was a womanL the other was a boy abot si&teen yearsold. Both were bried with their le"s and arms ti"htly #olded. ro#essor Hansberry notedthat this type o# brial was e&tensively pra!ti!ed in the @ate aleolithi!, 3eolithi!, androtoAHistori! periods in $#ri!a, >estern and -othern rope and -othern and-othwestern $sia.

The most important aspe!t to this #ind was that the old woman and boy di##erednoti!eably #rom the other skeletons #ond in the hi"her levels. Their physi!al traits werenot a mi&tre o# $#ri!an and Ca!asian, like CroAa"non, bt predominantly $#ri!an.Dr. *ernea pointed this ot at the Thirteenth %nternational Con"ress o# rehistori!$nthropolo"y and $r!heolo"y in ona!o, in $pril o# 157:. He said they were so$#ri!an they belon"ed in a separate ethni! "rop. He named them, E@0Homme derimaldi,F or the rimaldi !ltral "rop. Below this ninth layer more animal remains s!h as the rhino!eros was #ond. Thisanimal did not #lorish in rope a#ter the idAleisto!ene $"e. %t was theori'ed that thelowest deposits were laid down towards the end o# the iddle aleolithi! period and thesperin!mbent layer and two $#ri!an skeletons in the ninth level dated ba!k to the be"innin" o# rope0s pper aleolithi! period. rior to this no other hman remains were #ond anywhere in rope. This made it possible to date them ba!k to the be"innin" o# the pper aleolithi! a"e. This was a timewhen the $ri"na!ian !ltre #irst appeared on the ropean !ontinent. $ll o# the CroAa"non remains #ond p to that date veri#ied that the $ri"na!ian !ltre was alreadywidely established in rope. The two rimaldi skeletons dated ba!k to a time when this!ltre was in its earliest sta"es.

ro#essor Hansberry0s theory was that the rimaldi ($#ri!an) was older than the CroAa"non ($#ri!an/Ca!asian). He also believed that the rimaldi was the #irst tointrod!e the $ri"na!ian !ltre to the ropean !ontinent. He said that as $#ri!ansmoved into rope, !limati! !han"es, (>rm la!iation) had a biolo"i!al e##e!t on them.Their dark pi"mentation evolved into a li"hter !omple&ion resltin" in the rimaldi be!omin" the CroAa"non. The mtation o# the $#ri!an into the CroAa"non did nottake pla!e in a day. There was a lon" transition period o# more than 1


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17,777 years be#ore the Christian era. This sto!k wold "ive birth to the -!andinavianand ermani! bran!h (see $# r %n arly rope). $ #irst "rop will be!ome separated#rom this 3ordi! bran!h at an ndetermined time, bt !ertainly well a#ter 17,777 years be#ore the Christian era (BC) and will o!!py the eastern part o# rope, then willdes!end to -!ythia, to the !on#ines o# the sothern !radle. ther bran!hes probably

des!ended by means o# the =hine and Danbe to the Ca!ass and into the Bla!k -ea,#rom there, the se!ondary mi"rations o# the Celts will set ot, %beria and other %ndoAropean nations. $rond 9,977 BC, the reeks be!ame separated #rom the 3ordi! bran!h and in a northAsoth mi"ration arrived in ree!e.

The 'ife %istory (f The aucasoid

The li#e history o# the Ca!asoid o!!rred in an i!e a"e environment near the sothernlimit o# the "reat line o# rasian "la!iers in an area o# sothwestern =ssia near the


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#rom ltraAviolet rays in the snli"ht, via an intermediate isomer preAvitamin D(Chole!al!i#erol). %t is also #ond in the milk o# several mammalian spe!ies.

Chole!al!i#erol is a #orm o# *itamin D, also !alled *itamin D. %t is str!trallysimilar to steroids s!h as testosterone, !holesterol and !ortisol (tho"h vitamin D itsel#

is a se!osteroid. Chole!al!i#erol has several #orms,1) Cal!iol, is an ina!tive, nhydro&ylated #orm o# vitamin D,9) Cal!idiol is the blood !al!im #orm) Cal!itriol is the a!tive #orm o# D How it metaboli'es,A6ADehydro!holestrol is the preA!rsor o# vitamin D and only #orms the vitamin a#ter bein" e&posed to solar ?* radiation. This !reates !al!iol.ACal!iol is then hydro&ylated in the liver to be!ome !al!idiol.ACal!idiol is on!e a"ain hydro&ylated, this time in the kidney, and be!omes !al!itriol.Cal!itriol is the a!tive hormone #rom vitamin DL #or this reason *itamin D is o#ten

re#erred to as a prohormone. Chole!al!i#erol is the #orm o# *itamin D normally added drin" #orti#i!ation o# #oods.Chole!al!i#erol is prod!ed indstrially by the irradiation o# 6 DeAhydro!holestrole&tra!ted #rom lanolin #ond in sheep0s wool. %n prod!ts where animal prod!ts are notdesired the alternative is to se er"o!al!i#erol (*itamin D9) derived #rom his #n"al steroler"osterol

Cholesterol is a lipid #ond in the !ell membranes o# all animal tisses, and is transportedin the blood plasma o# all animalsO@ipidPor"ani! !omponds #ond in all livin" thin"s, it!ontains 9G the amont o# ener"y in (ener"yP!alories) than proteins and !arbohydratesS.ost o# the !holesterol in the body is synthesi'ed by the body and some has dietaryori"in. Cholesterol is more abndant in tisses whi!h either synthesi'e more or havemore abndant denselyApa!ked membranes, #or e&ample, the liver, spinal !ord and brain.%t plays a !entral role in many bio!hemi!al pro!esses, s!h as the !omposition o# !ellmembranes and the synthesis o# steroid hormones. -in!e !holesterol is insolble(insolbleP!an not be broken down) in blood, it is transported in the !ir!latory system.Cholesterol is reired to bild and maintain !ell membranesL it re"lates membrane#lidity over a wide ran"e o# temperatres. Cholesterol is reired in the membrane o#mammalian !ells #or normal !elllar #n!tion.

'ocation

The skin !onsists o# two primary layers2 the inner layer !alled the dermis, !omposedlar"ely o# !onne!tive tisse, and the oter thinner epidermis. The thi!kness o# theepidermis ran"es #rom 7.7;mm to more than 7.:mm (7.77 to 7.79 in!hes)The epidermis !onsists o# #ive strata (layers). +rom oter to inner,1) -tratm !ornem9) -tratm l!idm) -tratm "ranlosm) -tratm spinosm

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e assme that it was nder !onditions o# intense sele!tion pressre, s!h as wold have been #ond in the i!e a"e environment o# sothwestern rasia, that the bla!k skin o# theHomo -apiens -apiens, who had mi"rated there sometime a#ter the be"innin" o# the>rm % %nterstadial, wold have !han"ed to white skin. This $#ri!oid Homo -apiens-apiens wold have be!ome isolated in this environment and in this threatenin" i!e a"ee!olo"y two adaptive !hoi!es wold have presented themselves21) e&ploitation o# dietary sor!es ri!h in *itamin D whi!h were not available in the inner

re!esses o# rasia9) @oss o# the melanin !over, i.e., bla!k skin +or this srvivin" mar"inal poplation, this loss o# bla!k skin is what is srmised tohave o!!rred. The !olor variations #ond in the hair, skin and eyes o# typi!alCa!asoids are mani#estations o# the in!omplete penetran!e and variation o# e&pressiono# the "enes that !ontrol this albino !ondition. %t has been s""ested that the #a!ialmorpholo"y o# this "rop also evolved in response to the !limati! si"nals in this #ri"idenvironment sin!e the smaller nasal inde& (narrower nose) o# the Ca!asoid is apparentlymore e##e!tive in warmin" !old inspired air. The Ca!asoid type o# hmanity reslted#rom the appearan!e o# albinoids ot o# an ori"inal $#ri!oid so!k, in the i!e a"eenvironment o# sothwestern rasia be!ase the whitened skin o# the albinoids was better adapted to *itamin D prod!tion. The development o# this new hman sto!k wasmade possible by prolon"ed isolation #rom other hman "rops, leadin" to an inbreedin"within the albinoid "rop whi!h !ontinally hei"htened the albinoid !hara!teristi!s. Theimportan!e o# snli"ht to the srvival o# early Homo -apiens in northern lands and thelimitations that it pla!ed on his/her #rther e&pansion, !annot be e&a""erated. Thesenmeros ropean 3eanderthal skeletal #indin"s o# ri!kets is !riti!al physi!al eviden!ethat the #irst people in rope were bla!k skinned. Drin" the last i!e a"e, the only entran!e into the $rti! was thro"h this warmer!orridor in -iberia. on"oloid men/wombmen lived in this area and were able to #ollowthe warmer weather into the north and inhabit the "eo"raphi!al area o# the $rti!.Conditions were so bitter in rope that many thosands o# miles o# i!e separated rope


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#rom the $rti! and prevented an/>ombman, no matter how ECold $dapted,F #rom!rossin" the sterile i!e barrier. >orld !limate has !ooled periodi!ally over "eolo"i!al time. The most re!ent i!e a"e,a!!ompanied at hi"h latitdes and elevations by the spread o# i!e sheets, be"an to a##e!ttemperate rasia abot one (1) million years a"o, well a#ter the be"innin" o# the

"eolo"i!al epo!h known as the leisto!ene period (1.: illion years a"o). -in!e thattime, the !limate has alternated re"larly between !old phases o# i!e sheet bildp andwarmer periods !omparable to today. n avera"e it has taken abot 177,777 years to pass #rom one period o# ma&imm !old to the ne&t. Drin" !old phases, i!e sheets advan!ed over rasia as #ar soth as !entral ermanyand northern China, pshin" the ve"etation 'ones (tndra and temperate #orests) be#orethem. +rther, worldwide sea levels dropped (o#ten by several hndred #eet) as a reslt o# the lo!kin" p o# pre!ipitation in the e&pandin" "la!ier. Ths advan!in" i!e sheets notonly #ra"mented hman poplations livin" in more northerly areas, bt allowed hmansto !oloni'e re"ions s!h as Java, whi!h was apparently rea!hed at arond one (1) millionyears a"o and had previosly been isolated by shallow seas. %n tropi!al areas ($#ri!a),

the !older periods had in!reased rain#all. %n !on!lsion, the a!!mlation o# the best and most a!!rate in#ormation now makesit very !lear that hmankind had her/his ori"in in $#ri!a. This $#ri!an almost nilaterally peopled and in#len!ed the world #rom #ive (


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!rve. %t has been observed that wherever there are $sian people, one still #inds small po!kets o# $#ri!ans and rasians who seem to be residal elements o# the $sian sto!k.This is the !ase thro"hot sotheast $sia. The 3iors live in the montains o# *ietnamwhere in addition, it is !rios to en!onter s!h names as Kha, Thai, and Chem. The 3e"ritos and $ins live in Japan. There is a #amos Japanese proverb, E+or a -marai to

be brave, he mst have a bit o# Bla!k Blood.F Chinese !hroni!les report that an $#ri!anempire e&isted in the soth o# China at the dawn o# that !ontry0s historyLrotoA$ryan Q rotoADravidian Q !old Climate P $sian thni! -to!k +rom sothern $sian "rops o# $#ri!oids mi"rated northward into the northern $sianstepped in present day on"olia, drin" the >rmian "la!ial and nderwent a series o#adaptations that prod!ed the on"oloid type o# hmansL short in statre, with lank bla!k hair (a dire!t inheritan!e #rom the $sian $#ri!an) epi!antal #olds arond the eyes, to help prote!t a"ainst the !onstant wind o# the steppes and a yellowish !omple&ion. $#ter a!ertain time, the on"oloids probably made !onta!t and intermin"led with Ca!asoids#rom the western rea!hes o# the "reat rasian plains. They wold have also made!onta!t #rom tine to time with $#ri!oids in -othern $sia

0eanderthal/%omo Sapiens in Eurasia

The 3eanderthals, also !lassi#ied as Homo -apiens ori"inated in one o# the #ollowin"ways.1) By mi&tre o# ropean/Ca!asian sto!k with astern -inanthropsA$sian sto!k 9) By indi"enos evoltion in rope itsel# #rom Homo -apiens sto!k or #rom some more an!ient sto!k de to sele!tion #or !old srvival alities (rimaldi/CroAa"non) The oldest 3eanderthal #ossils o# rope s!ar!ely seem to date ba!k beyond the%nterstadial >rm %/%% (;7,777 BC). There is an in!reasin" body o# s!ienti#i! data

s""estin" that this "rop o# men/wombmen did not develop in a narrow 'one o# !ave#ires and the sava"e !old o# the >rm % i!e a"e. >e will attempt to show that "la!ialevoltion demanded !ertain spe!ial adaptations o# 3eanderthal wombmen/men and that present day rasians still show physi!al and mental vesti"es o# these adaptations. The 3eanderthals apparently died ot with the warmer weather o# the >rmian %nterstadialand more modern kinds o# men mi"rated into rope. The last >rmian !old snap #romabot 7,777A;,777 BC was endred by essentially modern men/wombmen who werethe an!estors o# ropeans today.

lass -7 ! .omo +ine - Part : .omo Saiens/.omoSaiens

Saienslass #uestion $ What Brain De1elopments Ele1ated the Thin?ing apacity of the

T&o 5inal Phases of the %uman Being)

Readings


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)Ori/in of Human=ind, K, p


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Readings 5or lass -* and -.

i1iliation or Bararism, Dr. Diop, art 1

lass -; ! Ethioia and the Origin o5 Civili"ationlass #uestion $ %o& Did i1iliation (riginate +n Ethiopia C0orthern "enya,

Ethiopia, Somalia, D2iouti, Eritrea, Sudan, Southern "emet)

Readings

%ntro to $#ri!a JJ 5A1onder#l thiopians A DDH Chapters hen >e =led A =>

Ch. 1 E>hat %s Bla!k HistoryF 16A<Ch. : Early History o# the 3ile *alleyF 17A1;7Ch. 1< East $#ri!an $ntiitiesF


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The African (rigin of i1iliation@ Myth or Reality, Dr. Cheikh $nta Diop,@awren!e Hill and Company2 ?-$, 156.

"ush@ The Fe&el of 0uia, iriam a0at Ka =e on"es, $#ri!an >orld ress2 3J,1556.

Egypt Re1isited,Eri"in o# the $n!ient "yptians,F Cheikh $nta DiopE>orkin" Chronolo"y o# the =oyal Kemeti! Dynasties, =noko =ashidiE>aset, The ye o# =a and the $bode o# a0at2 The inna!le o# Bla!k @eadership in the$n!ient >orld, $sa . Hilliard

Blac?s +n Science,E3amoratn"a2 the +irst $r!haeoA$stronomi!al viden!e in -bA-aharan $#ri!a,F B..@yn!h and @.H. =obbins

Egypt, hild of Africa,E$#ri!an ri"in o# $n!ient "yptian Civili'ation,F %van *an -ertimaE3ile enesis2 Continity o# Cltre #rom the reat @akes to the Delta,F Charles +in!hEThe =a!ial %dentity o# $n!ient "yptian oplations based on the $nalysis o# hysi!al=emains,F Keith >. Craw#ordEBla!k @and o# $ntiity2 $ Brie# Histori!al tline o# Dynasti! Kmt,F =noko =ashidiEThe -i&th 3apatan Dynasty o# Ksh,F e""y BrooksABertramEreADynasti! "yptL $n $#riACentri! *iew,F James Brnson %%%, =eviewed by =e"inaBla!kbrnE"ypt and the ontains o# the oon,F +.D.. >hitaker, =eviewed by $nthony=i!hards

E-even Times -even, the -even Hermeti! rin!iples o# $n!ient "ypt, E>ayne Chandler

ourse Syllaus

lass -= ! +ntroduction/(1er1ie&lass #uestion $ Why +s "ush +mportant to


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Readings

Ksh, =eAon"esCh 1AE$n!estral Be"innin"s,F p" 1A1;,Ch 9AEClearin" ddled erspe!tives,F p" 15A:9,Ch AEman!ipatin" the -tdy o# $#ri!an Cltre and History,F p" :A:;.

lass 7- ! The 0ation of "ermalass #uestion $ What +mpact Did the 0ation of "erma %a1e (n "ush)

Readings

Ksh =eAon"esCh E$#ri!an Commonalities,F p" :5A;;Ch < EDivine Kin"ship,F p" ;5A19

lass 77 ! The 0ation of 0apatalass #uestion $ What Role Did 0apata %a1e (n "ush and "emet

Readings

Ksh =eAon"esCh : Eatriar!hy,F p" 19


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lass #uestion $ %o& Did "emet +mpact ancient and Modern Technology)

Readings

>onder#l thiopians DDH Chapters ;, 5 and 17, p 111A1hen >e =led A =>

Ch. 6 EThe @ater History o# the 3ile *alleyF 1;1A99Ch. ; E"yptian Chronolo"yF A 99


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9 >ho Created the iddle Kin"domReadings

"ypt =evisited, EBla!k =lers o# the olden $"e,F @erand Cle""F

Class =1–'emet/Egyt and the Origin o5 Technology-Part :lass #uestion $ What Are The Technological Ad1ances of "emet That Still Eist)

Readings

>hen >e =led, =>Ch. 5 EThe "yptian IestionF 9:


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lass *9 ! Shaa?a Stone $ Part 7lass #uestion $ What Are the Sections and Philosophies (f The Shaa?a Stone)

Readings

Memphite Theologyart %%%%, art %%%%%, 17A1;5

Class =>- $ncient ,id-Western $sia 8ncluding $ra(ialass #uestion $ What Role Did Africa Play +n The reation of West Asian

ulture)Readings

>onder#l thiopians DDHCh. 11, 19, 1, 1, 1hen >e =led A =>Ch. 15 Eeoplin" o# the $n!ient astF Ch. 91 E%nds *alley and $rabiaF :96A:

Class =9- $ncient $sia Class Iestion How Did $#ri!a Contribte To China, Japan and the +ar ast

Readings

%ntro to $#ri!a A JJ p 15:A91

Boo=sAAfrican Presence in Early Asia, ed. Dr. %van *an -ertima and =noko =ashidi,Transa!tion ress23J, 15;alker, very eneration edia, 977:

Class ;0 - 8ntroduction and Overvie.lass :uestion 4 What &ole #id Africa Play in #evelo7in/ Early Asian.ulture;

&eadin/s

9


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African Presencelossary, p ;9A57Ch. 1 A Ere#a!e to the Tenth $nniversary dition,F =noko =ashidi, p ;A5Ch. 9 A E%ntro to the Tenth $nniversary dition,F =noko =ashidi, p 17A19Ch. A Editorial and %ntrod!tion to the #irst dition,F %van *an -ertima, p 1A1;

Ch. A EDedi!ation and Tribte A The assin" o# iants A John lover Ja!kson and Chan!ellor >illiams,F =noko =ashidi, p 15A97Ch. < A E$#ri!ans in arly $sian Civili'ations2 $n verview,F =noko =ashidi, p 91Aalker, p :A:Wonderful Ethio7iansChapters 11, 19 and 1, 1:7A975Chapters ;, 5 and 17, 111A1


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Chapters 11, 19 and 1, 1:7A975Chapters 16, 9


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.lass :uestion 4 What #id Africans contri2ute to Ancient !ndia;&eadin/sAfrican PresenceCh. 19 A ECommentary2 Bla!k Bonda"e in $sia,F =noko =ashidi, p 1;A15Ch. 1 A E$#ri!an Bonda"e in $sian @ands,F ershom >illiams, p 17A1<

Ch. 9 A ECheikh $nta Diop and the -ear!h #or !ltral =oots o# Dalits,F *.T. =a8shekar, p 9A9Ch. 9< A EThe Bla!k ?nto!hables o# %ndia2 =e!laimin" r Cltral Herita"e,F

*.T. =a8shekar, p 9alla!e a"sby, p 1:A7Ch. < A EThe Bla!k resen!e in Classi!al -otheast $sian Civili'ation,F =noko=ashidi, p 1A


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%ntrod!tion, Ch. 1, 9, and &vA&&, 1A177

lass 87 $ Dogon reation Story $ Part 7lass #uestion $ What is the Astronomical and Agricultural +mportance of the

Dogon reation Story)

Readings

Star of Deep Beginnings

Ch. , e =led A =>Ch. 17 ECartha"e and 3midiaF 957A19

Ch. 1 ECivili'ation o# the oorsF 5;A9

.ourse #escri7tion$#ri!ans in edieval rope will in!lde e&ploration o# !on!epts in $#ri!an andropean !ivili'ations. resentations will in!lde the resear!h on settlements andsbseent movement o# $#ri!an people into -othern -pain in 617 $C to the de#eat o#the last re!orded $#ri!an rler,F Boabdil,F in ranada, -pain on Janary 9, 159.

.ourse O28ectives1) Dis!ss the otline o# the history o# $#ri!an peoples travelin" to edieval

rope9) Des!ribe the otline o# rope0s edieval $"e in speakin" and writin") $rti!late an nderstandin" o# the interArelationships o# the history o#

edieval $#ri!a and rope to the histories o# other "rops in the $#ri!a andrope.

) @o!ate materials relevant to the !orse in library databases.


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ListGolden A/e of the (oors, ed. Dr. %van *an -ertima,Jornal o# $#ri!an Civili'ations @td, %n!., *ol 11, +all 1551.African Presence in Early Euro7e, ed. Dr. %van *an -ertima,Jornal o# $#ri!an Civili'ations @td, %n!., *ol 6, 3ovember 15;


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lass 8: ! Africans in the Ancient Mediterranean +sles and Mainland

Mainland Greece.lass :uestion 4 What cultural im7act did Africa have on the (editerranean !sles includin/ Greece;Readings $

JBAEThe $#ri!an resen!e in the $n!ient editerranean %sles and ainland ree!eFA AEThe -tolen @e"a!y2 $ =eviewA " ;A;5$HAEBla!ks in $ntiityF p 57A5<

lass 8; ! Moors from Pre!%istory to the Moorish Dynasty in

Al!Andalusia .lass :uestion 4 Who are the (oors; Where did the (oors .ome 0rom;Readings $D= E$#ri!an Herita"e/thnoAHistory o# the oors,F p 5A1C EThe oorA@i"ht o# rope0s Dark $"e,F p 1


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.lass :uestion 4 What classical role did (oors 7lay in the Arts ofEuro7e?&ussia;2eadings-hakespeare0s thello or any o# $le&andre Dmas0 !lassi!s=J $ A E$#ri!an resen!e in -hakespearean Drama,F p 96:A9;6

World1s Great (en of .olor, estern ropeans ?niversities %n The iddle $"es,F p 1;9A96.

lass 9* ! Moorish Science.lass :uestion 4 What scientic methods did the (oors .ontri2ute toEuro7e1s

C&enaissance;Readings $B@/-R A ECairo2 -!ien!e $!ademy o# the iddle $"es,F p ;9A5<%*- EThe "yptian re!rsor to reek and $rab -!ien!e,F p 5:A7:

lass 9. ! African 5aith Systems in Medie1al Europe

.lass :uestion 4 Ho5 did African 0aith Systems im7act .hristian And!slamic

Philoso7hy of Eurasia;Readings $- AE$#ri!an opes,F p 5:A176C E$#ri!ans in the Birth and &pansion o# %slam,F p :7A;1

lass 98 ! African Women in Moorish Europe.lass :uestion 4 What role did African Women 7lay in Euro7e;Readings $- E$#ri!an >omen in rope,F p 97A999D= EBla!k adonnas o# rope2 Di##sion o# the $#ri!an %sis,F p 17;A1

lass 99 ! Music of the Moors .lass :uestion) What is the (oorish (usical Le/acy in Euro7e;Readings $


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4$Asi! o# the oors in -pain, p 96;A7>orld0s reat en o# Color, J$ =o"ers, Beethoven/eor"e Brid"etower

lass 9: $ The rusades $ 5rom the --th entury


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ABenAJo!hannan, 4ose#, $., $., Au Simel $ Gieh, ($lkebA@an Books2 34), 15;


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$#ri!an resen!e %ntro p


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Physical E1idencelass #uestion $ What is the Physical E1idence of the Presence of Africans in

America)

Readings

?ne&pe!ted +a!es in reAColmbian $meri!a, $le&ander *on >thena, p ;9A171.The African Presence in Ancient America, Eviden!e #rom hysi!al $nthropolo"y,FKeith Jordan, p 179A116.

lass :8 ! The Moors of 0orth/0orth West Africalass #uestion $ What is the %istory of Africa 5rom :->!-.=7 AE)

Readings

Golden Age of the Moor, JJ Empire o# the oors,F p ;einer, $ lea +or =ee&amination,FDavid J..##et, p 1


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Ch. 1 The -e!ret =ote #rom inea, p 1A1;,Ch. 9 the *isible >itnesses, p 15A:,Ch. The ariner rin!e o# ali, p ;A5,Ch. $#ri!ans $!ross the -ea, p


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Readings

They Came Be#ore Colmbs, %van *an -ertima, Elants and Transplants,F p 1;7A97;.Dawn *oya"er, Eviden!e o# Botany,F p 1A15.

lass ;- ! African Presence in Early America, Selected Topic 4* The Pyramids of Africa and Americalass #uestion $ What are the Similarities and Differences Bet&een the Pyramids of

Africa and America)

Readings

Bla!ks in -!ien!e2 $n!ient and odern, Jornal o# $#ri!an Civili'ations, ed., %van *an-ertima, EThe yramids2 $n!ient -how!ase o# $n!ient -!ien!e and Te!hnolo"y,F p 1:A1


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Readings

>hen >e =led =>Ch. 16 E-othern $#ri!aF Ch. 1 EThe Central -ahara

lass ;8 ! "ongolese osmology $ Part -lass #uestion $ %o& Does The "ongolese osmology Reflect the Earliest

Thin?ing of The %uman 5amily)

Readings

$#ri!an Cosmolo"y, Dr. +AKia,$bot Dr. +AKia, 1


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End of Part -

#4orty ;03Seasons)The er $nkh The Temple o# @i#e$n %dea >ho0s Time Has Come

The follo5in/ list of classes outline the rst @*st Ten .ycles of thePer An=h .urriculum Plan

.ycle * 4 BE0O&E THE BEG!NN!NG BEGAN-eason 1 1.1Theme A E$ Kemeti! Theory n The ri"in # The Cosmi! ?niverseF+o!s Iestion(s) >hat did the an!ient Kemites ("yptians) envision e&istin" be#orethe Cosmi!


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?niverse be"an >hat be"an the Cosmi! ?niverse at that #irst moment o# e&isten!e >hat kept (keeps) this Cosmi! ?niverse be!omin"

-eason 9 1.9Theme EThe Do"on eople # ali, 3orth >est $#ri!aF

+o!s Iestion(s) >hat ed!ational system did the Do"on people o# ali develop thatwold allow them to !reate an astronomi!al system arond the -iris star system

-eason 1.Theme EThe %mpa!t # The oors # 3orth $#ri!a n >orld HistoryF+o!s Iestion(s) >hat role did the oors o# 3orth $#ri!a play in the development o#modernCivili'ation

-eason 1.Theme EThe -pe!ial =elationship $mon" the -n, lants, animals and HmansF

+o!s Iestion >hat happens to plants, animals and hmans when e&posed tosnli"ht

.ycle 6 4 .OS(!. BEG!NN!NGS-eason < 9.<Theme E$ Kemeti! Theory n The ri"in # The Cosmi! ?niverseF+o!s Iestion(s) $#ter the ro!ess o# Be!omin" be"an, how did "ala!ti!, stellar and planetary systems !ontine be!omin"

-eason : 9.:Theme EThe -!ienti#i! >isdom Contained >ithin The $ten Te&tF+o!s Iestion(s) >hat role did the sn play in the lives o# 1;th Dynasty (1


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+o!s Iestion(s) >hat impa!t does !arbon have on the development o# r"ani! @i#eand how is it des!ribed in the -habaka Te&t ($sarian Drama)

.ycle 3 4 AT"(!. .ONS.!O"SNESS

-eason 5 .5Theme Ea0at2 The +eathered >ombedmanNBalan!e in the Cosmi! ?niverseF+o!s Iestion(s) How was Jsti!e, Balan!e, Trth and =i"hteosness portrayed and pra!ti!ed in $n!ient Kemet ("ypt)

-eason 17 .17Theme EThe Be8eweled Brain and the -a!red -!ien!e written on Kin" Ttankhamen0s-ar!opha"s+o!s Iestion(s) >hat three () ma8or parts o# the brain were identi#ied by an!ientKemites ("yptians) to be responsible #or mental and spirital as!ension

-eason 11 .11Theme Esy!holo"i!al and +n!tional Cons!iosnessF+o!s Iestion(s) >hat are the mental bondaries o# Created Cons!iosness

.ycle 4 STA& BEG!NN!NGS

-eason 19 .19Theme EThe -ta"es o# %ntelle!tal rowth and the rades o# Cons!iosnessF+o!s Iestion(s) >here !an today0s theories pertainin" to %ntelle!tal Cons!iosness be #ond amon" the Kemites ("yptians) o# Kemet ("ypt) and Do"on o# ali, 3orthwest $#ri!a

-eason 1 .1Theme EThe Do"on eople o# ali, 3orthwest $#ri!aN$ -o!ially -!ienti#i! *iewF+o!s Iestion(s) >ho are the Do"on >hat is their so!ial str!tre >here did they!ome #rom How do they #n!tion >hat role does a"ri!ltre and astronomy play in

their daily lives

-eason 1 .1Theme EThe Do"on eople o# ali, 3orthwest $#ri!aN$ -!ienti#i!ally -!ienti#i!*iewF+o!s Iestion(s) >hat astronomi!al wisdom did the Do"on people possess thatadvan!ed the theories ori"inally "enerated in an!ient Kemet

:7


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-eason 1< .1<Theme E=a @i"htN=a Bri"ht The -!ienti#i! >isdom developed thro"h $#ri!an philosophyF+o!s Iestion(s) >hat are stars How did/do stars #orm Do stars die How did thesestars !reate planets and why did li#e !ome to be on the earth

-eason 1: .1:Theme E$n $#ri!anACentered Theory ?tili'in" an $n!ient Kenyan/thiopian Cemeterynamed, 3amoratn"a that ##ers ossible =easons >hy the yram

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