Africa and the Middle East After WWI
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Transcript of Africa and the Middle East After WWI
AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST AFTER WWI
World History: 1750 - Present
Africa and the Middle East After WWI
AFRICA
AFRICA
During the early 1900s, almost every part of Africa was a European colony
During World War I (1914-1918), more than 1 million Africans fought on behalf of their colonial rulers
AFRICA
Many Africans thought their services in WWI would lead to their independence, but it did not
Many Western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of imperial rule
AFRICA
The best jobs still went to Europeans
Due to the inequality of the imperial system, led by capitalist countries, many Africans turned to socialism
AFRICA
Many laws were passed to ensure white supremacy
Whites, by law, were paid more
AFRICA
Some blacks were forced off their land and forced to live on reservations
In South Africa, like in Kenya, blacks had to carry passes at all times
AFRICA
Blacks were not allowed to be in the streets after dark in parts of South Africa
In one province in South Africa, black land owners had the right to vote. The right was taken away in 1936
AFRICA
Segregation was commonplace
These policies would become even stricter and enforced greatly in 1948, during apartheid
Actual sign from Durban, South Africa taken in 1989
AFRICA
Pan-Africanism became popular
It emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent worldwide
One of the most prominent leaders of the movement was Marcus Garvey
AFRICA
Garvey preached “Africa for Africans”
Garvey also demanded the end of colonial rule
AFRICA
W.E.B. DuBois organized the first Pan-African Congress in 1919
The conference took place in Paris, where the Allies were holding the WWI peace conferences
AFRICA
Delegates from African colonies, the West Indies, and the United States called on the Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans
Their demands were ignored
AFRICA
French-speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean began the negritude movement
Writers expressed pride in their African roots and protested French colonial rule
The writers were influenced by the Harlem Renaissance in the United States
AFRICA
Egyptians held protests, strikes, and riots after WWI
In 1922, Britain was forced to grant Egypt its independence
Britain still had a large influence of the Egyptian monarchy
AFRICA
Displeased, many young Egyptians formed the Muslim Brotherhood
The organization fostered Islamic nationalism and rejected Western culture
MIDDLE EASTAfrica and the Middle East After WWI
MIDDLE EAST
The Middle East grew in prominence after WWI
The vehicles of WWI proved that gasoline was the fuel of the future and the Middle East had an abundant supply
MIDDLE EAST
The Ottoman Empire was dissolved after WWI
The Ottoman sultan also gave some land to Greece after WWI
MIDDLE EAST
Turkish nationalists, led by Mustafa Kemal, overthrew the Ottoman sultan and declared Turkey a republic
Kemal defeated the Greeks and negotiated a treaty in which 1.3 million Greeks left Turkey and 400,000 Turks left Greece
MIDDLE EAST
Kemal then took the name Ataturk (father of the Turks)
Ataturk moved to westernize Turkey and separate religion from government
MIDDLE EAST
Many Turks praised Ataturk for the growth of their country
Islamic hardliners resented his rejection of religion in laws and government
MIDDLE EAST
In Persia, Britain and Russia had controlled the shah since the early 20th Century
Reza Khan led nationalists in an overthrow of the shah
MIDDLE EAST
Reza Khan modernized Persia
Like Ataturk, Khan also removed Islamic law from the government
He was condemned by Muslim religious leaders
MIDDLE EAST
Arabs were outraged by the European-controlled mandates set up at the Paris Peace Conference
Arabs thought they would get the right to self-rule
MIDDLE EAST
Instead, France was given mandates in Syria and Lebanon
Britain was given mandates in Iraq, Iraq, and Trans-Jordan
MIDDLE EAST
During WWI, The Allies made two sets of conflicting promises
First, they promised Arabs they would get their own kingdoms, including Palestine
MIDDLE EAST
The second occurred in 1917 when the British announced the Balfour Declaration
In it, the British advocated the idea of setting up a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine
MIDDLE EAST
From 1919 to 1940, tens of thousands of Jews immigrated to Palestine
At the same time, the Arab population almost doubled
MIDDLE EAST
Tensions between Jews and Arabs grew
To this day, Arabs and Jews are fighting over this territory