AFRICA AND AMERICAS
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AFRICA AND AMERICAS
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I. KUSHITES CONQUER THE NILE
A. PEOPLE OF NUBIA (KUSH) 1. LOCATION
a. SOUTH OF EGYPTb. BETWEEN FIRST
CATARACT AND FORK OF BLUE AND WHITE NILE
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2. LINK FOR TRADE
a. NORTH – EGYPT AND MED.b. SOUTH – INTERIOR AFRICA
AND RED SEA
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3. INTERACTION OF EGYPT AND NUBIA
a. NAPATA – CAPITAL, BECAME CENTER FOR SPREAD OF EGYPTIAN CULTURE
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b. ADOPTION OF EGYPTIAN CULTURE
1.) LANGUAGE2.) RELIGION3.) CULTURE AND CLOTHING
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c. EGYPT’S DECLINE
1.) KUSH TRIED TO RESTORE EGYPTIAN CULTURE
2.) CONQUERED PARTS OF EGYPT
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II. AKSUM (AXUM)
A. LOCATION1. ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS NEAR THE RED SEA AND NILE RIVER2. LOCATED ON TRADE ROUTES CONNECTING THE ARABIAN PENINSULA, KUSH & EGYPT, AND INDIAN OCEAN MARITIME ROUTES
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B. GROWTH AND CULTURAL DIFFUSION
1. CONQUERED KUSH AND NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
2. RELIGION INITIALLY POLYTHEISTIC WITH NATURE SPIRITS
3. CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY AROUND 4TH CENTURY A.D.
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III. SOUTH AFRICA AND GREAT ZIMBABWE
A. LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY1. BETWEEN ZAMBEZI (NORTH) AND LIMPOPO (SOUTH) RIVERS2. ON WELL WATERED PLATEAU
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B. GREAT ZIMBABWE
1. CONTROLLED TRADE ROUTES TO GOLD FIELDS
2. TAXES - TAXED TRADERS USING TRADE ROUTES
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...ZIMBABWE
3. EFFECT – BECAME ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, & RELIGIOUS CENTER
4. AREA EVENTUALLY ADOPTED ISLAM THROUGH TRADE ROUTES
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IV. GHANA
A. LOCATION1. CENTRAL WESTERN AFRICA2. NORTH OF NIGER RIVER3. SOUTH OF SAHARAN DESERT
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B. GOLD FOR SALT TRADE
1. GOLDa. LOCATION – FROM FORESTED AREA BETWEEN NIGER AND SENEGAL RIVERS
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...GOLD
b. MINED OR TAKEN FROM RIVERS
c. TRADE – TRADED FOR SALT AND GOODS
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2. SALT
a. LOCATION – SALT FROM SAHARAN DESERT
b. TRADE1.) CARAVANS CARRIED SALT & MED. GOODS
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…SALT
2.) TRADED FOR GOODS FROM MED. AND GOLD FROM GHANA
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...SALT
c. ESTABLISHED TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE ROUTES FROM N. AFRICA TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
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C. ISLAMIC INFLUENCES
1. SPREAD – BY TRADE AND CONQUEST
2. CONVERSIONa. RULERS AND UPPER CLASS CONVERTED (NOT LOWER CLASSES)
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b. POLYTHEISTIC BELIEFS IN ISLAM
1.) ANIMISM – BELIEF THAT SPIRITS ARE PRESENT IN PLANT, ANIMAL, AND OTHER NATURAL FORCES INCLUDING SOULS OF THE DEAD ANCESTORS
2.) OBSERVED BY LOWER CLASSES ALONG WITH ISLAM
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V. MALI
A. LOCATION1. SOUTH OF SAHARA2. SOUTHERN BORDER BOTH SIDES OF NIGER RIVER
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B. GOLD-SALT TRADE
1. MALI BUILT WEALTH ON GOLD
2. FOUND NEW DEPOSITS TO THE EAST
3. SHIFTED TRADE ROUTES EAST
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C. MANSA MUSA
1. MANSA – EMPEROR2. EXPANDED EMPIRE AND
DIVIDED INTO PROVINCES
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3. EFFECTS OF HAJJ
a. BUILT MOSQUES IN CITYb. TIMBUKTU
1.) BECAME IMPORTANT CITY
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...HAJJ
2.) ATTRACTED JUDGES, DOCTORS, RELIGIOUS LEADERS, &SCHOLARS
3.) EFFECT – SPREAD ISLAM THROUGHOUT REGION
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VI. SONGHAI
A. LOCATION1. SOUTH OF SAHARAN DESERT2. SOUTHERN BORDER BOTH SIDES OF NIGER RIVER
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...LOCATION
3. FURTHEST EAST ALONG NIGER RIVER
4. TRADE ROUTES – GAINED CONTROL OVER ALL MAJOR TRADE ROUTES
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B. GOLD FOR SALT TRADE
1. CONTINUED TRADE ACROSS SAHARA
2. CONTINUED SPREAD OF ISLAM
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VII. MAYAN
A. LOCATION1. FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO TO NORTHERN CENTRAL AMERICA2. CONTROLLED YUCATAN PENINSULA
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B. URBAN CENTERS
1. CITY STATES – STARTED AS COLLECTION OF INDEPENDENT CITY-STATESa. RULED BY A GOD-KINGb. CENTERS FOR TRADE & RELIGIONc. CHICHEN ITZA – MAJOR CITY STATE
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2. ARCHITECTURE
a. GIANT PYRAMIDSb. TEMPLESc. PALACESd. ELABORATE STONE
CARVINGS
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C. AGRICULTURE AND TRADE
1. LINKS – THROUGH TRADE AND ALLIANCES
2. GOODS TRADED – SALT, FLINT, FEATHERS, SHELLS, CLOTH, HONEY, SHELLS
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...AGRICULTURE
3. MONEY – CACAO BEANS (CHOCOLATE)
4. BASIS OF MAYAN LIFEa. AGRICULTUREb. CROPS – 1.) MAIZE 2.) BEANS 3.) SQUASH
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D. RELIGION
1. POLYTHEISTIC WITH NATURE SPIRITS
2. PERFORMED SOME HUMAN SACRIFICE
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VIII. AZTEC
A. LOCATION & GEOGRAPHY1. VALLEY OF MEXICO2. MODERN DAY MEXICO CITY3. SEVERAL LARGE, SHALLOW LAKES
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B. URBAN CENTERS
1. TEOTIHUACÁNa. FIRST MAJOR CITY STATEb. CENTER OF TRADE NETWORK
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C. AZTECS BUILD AN EMPIRE
1. AZTECS GROW STRONGERa. TRIPLE ALLIANCE
1.) JOINED WITH TWO OTHER CITY-STATES
2.) BECAME LEADING POWER IN VALLEY
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D. TRADE BRINGS WEALTH
1. TRADE BASED ON AGRICULTURAL ITEMS
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E. RELIGION
1. TYPE – POLYTHEISTIC2. SACRIFICE
a. HUMAN SACRIFICE ON MASSIVE SCALEb. PYRAMID TEMPLES USED FOR SACRIFICE
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IX. INCAN
A. LOCATION1. SOUTH AMERICA2. HIGH PLATEAU OF ANDES3. MODERN DAY PERU
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B. PACHACUTI BUILDS AN EMPIRE
1. EXPANSIONa. CONQUERED ALL OF PERUb. STRETCHED 2500 MILES ALONG WEST COAST OF S. AMERICA
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2. INCAN CITIES SHOW GOVERNMENT
a. ARCHITECTURE OF GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS THE SAME
b. ROADS BUILT THROUGHOUT EMPIRE
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3. ROADS LINK EMPIRE
a. 14,000 MILE NETWORK OF ROADS AND BRIDGES
b. PAVED STONE TO SIMPLE PATHS
c. GUEST HOUSES BUILT TO PROVIDE SHELTER
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4. ECONOMY
a. BASED ON HIGH ALTITUDE AGRICULTURE
b. INCORPORATED TERRACING
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C. RELIGION SUPPORTS THE STATE
1. TYPEa. POLYTHEISTICb. BELIEF IN NATURE SPIRITS
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X. ACHIEVEMENTS
A. CALENDARB. MATHEMATICSC. WRITING SYSTEMS
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