AFM Vol.2 Generic Enemy Handbook - Mobile Forces Pt 1 - Operational Art AndTactical Doctrine 1997

8/15/2019 AFM Vol.2 Generic Enemy Handbook - Mobile Forces Pt 1 - Operational Art AndTactical Doctrine 1997

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D/DGD&D/18/34/48 Army Code 71659

GENERIC ENEMY (GENFORCE) HANDBOOK

MOBILE FORCES

PART 1

OPERATIONAL ART AND TACTICAL DOCTRINE

HANDBOOK CONTENTS

This pubication replaces

AC 71383 Parts 1 and 2 ofGENERIC ENEMY (Basic Forces)

1997 which are now superseded.

http://../misc/main%20pages.pdfhttp://../misc/main%20pages.pdf


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Copyright ThisworkisCrowncopyrightandtheintellectualpropertyrightsforthispublication belong exclusively to the Ministry of Defence (MOD). No

materialorinformationcontainedinthispublicationshouldbereproduced,

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ACTSOF19111989.

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Status Thecontentsprovideclearmilitaryinformationconcerningthemostuptodateexperienceandbestpracticeavailableforcommandersandtroopstouseintheiroperationsandtraining. Ifyouareprosecutedforabreachofhealthandsafetylaw,anditisprovedthatyouhavenotfollowedthe

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PREFACE GENFORCE MOBILEFORCES

GENFORCE

1. ThepurposeoftheGenericEnemyForce(GENFORCE)istoprovideabasisforthegenerationofenemyforcesforallexceptthemostspecialisedtrainingneeds.Itisdesignedtobeusedflexibly,inamodularfashion,tocraftenemyrequirementsfortraining.

2. GENFORCEofferstwotypesofartificial,yetchallengingandrealistic,opposingforceoptions. Ithasbeenissuedinaseriesoftwopackages:

MobileForces:ThisenemyhasheavyandlightarmouredforcesequippedonthelinesoftheFormerSovietUnionbutdevelopedandprojectedforwardtoaround

2005. Ittakesintoaccounttheimpactoftheearlystagesofthecurrentrevolutioninmilitaryaffairsandtheeffectsofmajorforcereductions. Thebattlefield,andconsequentlytheoperationalartandtacticsportrayed,aredominatedbyadvancedweaponryandamanoeuvristapproachtowarfighting.However,thisGENFORCE

isanarmyintransitionandthemajorityofitsformationsandunitsarestillofBasicForces'type(albeitmodifiedtocopewithchangingconditionsonthebattlefield).

RestoftheWorldEnemy(ROWEN):Thiscompositeenemyhasabroadrangeofequipmentsofmixedorigin.ItsTacticalDoctrineandOperationalArtaredesignedtosupportspecificoperationalenvironments:normal,desert,mountain,OBUAand jungle.

Acknowledgements

3. GENFORCE,OperationalArtandTacticswascompiledbytheConflictStudiesResearchCentre,RMASandhurst.Commentsandsuggestionsonthispublicationshouldbesent toCommand Support Branch in theDirectorateGeneralof

DevelopmentandDoctrine. AnyenquiriesaboutGENFORCE’sconceptsandmodus operandi shouldbeaddressedtoCSRC.

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GENFORCEOPERATIONALARTANDTACTICSII

INTRODUCTION

1. GENFORCE BasicForces “Tactics”and “Operational Art” described the

GENFORCE approach towar in thenineteen eighties andearly nineties.Essentially,thisapproachwasarefinedandupdatedversionof thatwhichhadservedGENFORCEwellinWorldWarII,butwhichtookaccountofthelessonsof

subsequentlocalwars,particularlythoseintheMiddleEastin1973and1982.

However,GENFORCEtheoristswereincreasinglyawarethatboththeiroperationaland tactical concepts needed considerable revision in the light of three

developments. Thesewere:

a. Thereductioninthesizeoftheirown,andmostoftheirpotentialenemies’,

armedforces.Theinitialimpetusforthiscontractioncamefromtherequirements

oftheParisTreatyof1990whichlimitedthesizeofarmiesandairforcesinEurope. Itwassubsequentlydriven(inallcountries)bythespirallingcostof

thenewweaponssystemswhichwereindispensabletoanystatewhichaspired

tobeagreatmilitarypower. Theeconomysimplycouldnotmaintainamass

armyandatthesametimeequipitplentifullywithmoderninstrumentsofwar.

b. Therevolutioninmilitaryaffairs. Thissubject,addressedmorefullyinChapter

1,concernstheimpactwhichradicallynewtechnologiesarehavingonthenatureoffuturewar. Qualitativelynewweapons,whendeployedinrelative

quantity, render formermethodsofwarfightingobsoleteandrequirenew

approachestobedeveloped. GENFORCEhadbeenawarefromtheearly

eightiesthattechnologicalwarfarewouldbecomethedominantforceincombatinthefuture.ThisperceptionwasgivengreatimpetusbytheGulfWarof1991,

whenanumericallysuperior Iraqi force (basedon1970sweaponry)was

defeatedatsmallcostincasualtiesbyacoalitionwhosecuttingedgewasthe

weaponryoffuturewar.

c. Thedowngradingofoperationalandtacticalnuclearweaponsandchemical

warfare. GENFORCEhascometotheconclusionthatNBCweaponshave

onlylimitedutilityonthebattlefieldofthefuture,atleastaftertheinitialperiodofwar(theperiodofmobilization,concentrationanddeployment). Weapons

ofmass destruction arenowseen as insufficientlydiscriminatingandresponsivetobeemployedroutinelyinthesortoffragmented,nonlinearcombat

whichisdescribedinChapter1.Situationswillchangetoorapidlyandradically

andopposingforceswillbetoointermingledoverhugeareasfortheeffective

useofsuchblunt instruments. Moreover, theyarenow unnecessaryasprecisionandotheradvancedconventionalmunitions(eg,fuelairexplosive

andremotelydeliveredmines)canaccomplishbattlefieldmissionshitherto

performedbyNBCweaponsbothmoresuccessfullyandrapidlyandwithno

attendantcollateraldamageandcontaminationordangerofescalationtoa

strategicnuclearexchange. Ifnuclearandchemicalweaponsareemployed

atall(andGENFORCE’Sfearofescalationseemstomakethisunlikely)their

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usewill belargely restricted toattacking targets in the operationalandoperationalstrategicdepth. Ofcourse,abreakthroughinNBCtechnology,

particularlyintheBWarea,whichGENFORCEperceivesasgivingitadecisive

advantageoverapotentialadversary,mightwellchangethissituation.

2. GENFORCEIIMobileForcesdescribesinoutlinethechangesthatarebeing

effectedinGENFORCEoperationalartandtacticsasthecenturyturns. Asyet,onlytheoutlineisclear,forGENFORCEisstillponderingtheimplicationsoffarreachingchange. Forthisreasonalone,GENFORCEIIissomewhatlessdetailed

andprescriptivethanthepreviouspamphlets,whichsetoutconceptsthathad

beenrefinedandelaboratedovermanyyears.Moreover,GENFORCEisatatransitionalstageinitsdevelopment. Foratleastthreereasons,itcanconfidently

beassertedthatfurther,probablyradicalchangescanbeanticipatedinthemedium

andevenintheshortterm.

a. Theadvancedweaponssystemsthatarerevolutionizingthenatureoffuture

warhavenotreachedtheirfulldevelopmentpotentialandare,asyet,deployedinonlylimitednumbers(ifonlyongroundsofcost). Theyexistalongsidemore

traditionalequipmentsandare,ineffect,addonsradicallyimprovingbutnot

transformingcapabilities.

b. Therevolutioninmilitaryaffairsisstillinitsearlystages. Thenewweaponry

currentlybeingintegratedintoGENFORCEisbasedoncurrentlyavailable

technology.Underdevelopment,however,areothersystemsbasedonbothemergingtechnologiesandnewphysicalprinciples(egrobotization,directed

energy, plasmaandmembrane technology,electronic, laser damageand

infrasoundweapons). Whenavailableinquantity, thesewillrequirefurther

changesofanevenmoreradicalnature.

c. GENFORCEisstilltestingitsnewconceptsandforcestructures. Doubtless,

trialsandfurthertheoreticalworkwillcombinetorevealproblemareasand

errorswhichwillnecessitatefurtherdevelopment.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER1

THECHANGINGFACEOFTHEBATTLEFIELD

SECTION1THEREVOLUTIONINMILITARYAFFAIRS

TheNatureoftheRevolution

0101. General

0102. Firepower

TABLE11: MaximumReachofWeaponsinKilometres

0103. Mobility0104. Command,Control,Computers,CommunicationsandIntelligence

0105. CounterDevelopments

0106. TheFuture

TheFutureBattlefield

0107. TheInformationStruggle

DIAGRAM11: InfluenceoftheRevolutioninMilitaryAffairsontheFocusofControlinManoeuvreOperations

0108. TheBattlefieldofthePast:APointofComparison

0109. EffectsoftheContemporaryRevolutioninMilitaryAffairs

0110. TheEclipseofPositionalWarfareandtheTriumphofManoeuvre

0111. TheFormsofCombatAction0112. TheMeetingBattleandEngagement

0113. Implications

DIAGRAM12: GENFORCEViewoftheDynamic,FragmentedBattlefield

TheRelationshipBetweenOperationalArtandTactics

0114. TheTraditionalRelationship

0115. TheDevelopingRelationship

TheInitialPeriodofWar

0116. Definition0117. TheInfluenceofNewTechnologyontheInitialPeriod

SECTION2GENFORCEOPERATIONALANDTACTICALPRINCIPLES

0118. GeneralPrinciples

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0119. SelectionandMaintenanceoftheAim0120. Surprise

0121. ActivenessandSpeed

0122. Concentration

0123. ActionThroughouttheEnemy’sDepth0124. Realism

0125. Coordination0126. PreservationofCombatEffectivenessofOwnTroops

0127. SynergyofthePrinciples

SummaryandImplications

0128. AManoeuvristApproachtoCombat

SECTION3COMBATORGANIZATION

0129. TheRequirement0130. TheDevelopmentofCorps,BrigadesandCombinedArmsBattalions

0131. PeacetimeandWartimeOrganizations

ANNEXATOCHAPTER1THETWOARMIESCONCEPT

1A1. The“TwoArmies”Concept

1A2. TheBasicForces1A3. TheMobileForces

1A4. CommandandControl

TABLE12: LevelsofWarandtheirRelatedCommandLevels

ANNEXBTOCHAPTER1REORGANIZATIONOFTHEBASICFORCES

1B1. RationaleforReorganization1B2. NewStyleTankandMRDivisions

1B3. ArmyLevel

DIAGRAM13:TheNewMRDivision:SummaryofMajorCombatEquipments

DIAGRAM14:TheNewTankDivision:SummaryofMajorCombatEquipments

1B4. MachineGunArtilleryDivisions

DIAGRAM15:TypeMachineGunArtilleryDivision

ANNEXCTOCHAPTER1ORGANIZATIONOFTHEMOBILEFORCES

1C1. RationaleBehindtheStructureoftheMobileForces1C2. TheCombinedArmsBattalion

DIAGRAM16: OrganizationoftheMobileForcesMotorRifleBattalion

DIAGRAM17: OrganizationoftheMobileForcesTankBattalion

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1C3. TheCombinedArmsBrigade

DIAGRAM18: OrganizationoftheMobileForcesMotorRifleBrigade:Summary

ofMajorEquipments

DIAGRAM19: OrganizationoftheMobileForcesTankBrigade:

SummaryofMajorEquipments

1C4. TheCombinedArmsCorps

DIAGRAM110:OrganizationofaMobileForcesCombinedArmsCorps:SummaryofMajorEquipments

1C5. EchelonsAboveCorps

1C6. ForcesheldbyEchelonsAboveCorps

CurrentTrends

1C7. AirAssaultandAirMechanizedFormations

1C8. IncreasesinArmyAviation

1C9. EnhancingtheStrategicMobilityoftheMobileForces.

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CHAPTER2

STRATEGIC,OPERATIONALANDTACTICALMARCHES

SECTION1STRATEGICANDOPERATIONALMARCHES

ImportanceofMarchCapabilities

0201. Mobilization,ConcentrationandDeployment 0202. TheInitialPeriod

MeasurestoSupporttheMarch

0203. MarchSupport

0204. PeacetimePreparation

RailMarches

0205. Advantages

0206. Disadvantages

0207. Conclusions

CombinedMarches

0208. CombinedRoadandRailMovement

0209. UseofAirandSeaMovement

RoadMarches

0210. Significance

0211. RatesofMarch

TABLE21:DailyMarchPerformanceofMarchColumns(km)

0212. EnsuringCombatCapabilityattheConclusionofMarch

0213. MarchRoutes

TABLE22: OptimumNumberofRoutesfortheMarchofGENFORCEFormations

DIAGRAM21:MarchofaCombinedArmsArmyfromtheStrategicDepthto

Committal

0214. MarchFormations

0215. TroopControl 0216. SpaceOccupiedbyFormations

DIAGRAM22: TypicalMarchColumnsofBrigades/DivisionsandArmy/CorpsTroopsinAdministrativeMarch

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SECTION2TACTICALMARCHES

General

0217. Definition

0218. PlanningFactors

TABLE23: AverageSpeedsofMarchColumns(kmperhour)

MarchSecurity

0219. General

0220. Precision,AirandRemotelyDeliveredMines(RDM)Attacks

0221. MarchSecurityElements

DIAGRAM23: ElementsofMarchSecurity

MarchFormations:MobileForce

0222. General

0223. TheOrderofMarch:Brigade

DIAGRAMS24,25,26: BrigadeMarchFormations(variants)

0224. TheOrderofMarch:CombinedArmsBattalion

DIAGRAMS27,28:CombinedArmsBattalionMarchFormations

29: MarchPlanforMotorRifleBrigadeactingasAdvancedGuard

MarchFormations:BasicForces

0225. General

0226. Routes

0227. IntervalsandRoadSpace

0228. OrderofMarch:Division

DIAGRAMS 210,211:TankandMotorRifleDivisionMarchFormations

0229. OrderofMarch:Regiment

0230. OrderofMarch:Battalion

DIAGRAMS 212,213:MarchFormationsofFirstandSecondEchelonMotor

RifleRegimentsDIAGRAM 214: BasicForcesTankandMotorRifleFormations

(Variants)

SECTION3WAITINGAREAS

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0232. LocationofWaitingorAssemblyAreas0233. SizeofWaitingorAssemblyAreas

TABLE24:DimensionsofFormationWaitingorAssemblyAreas

DIAGRAM215: TypicalAssemblyAreasofTankDivisionandMotorRifle

Brigade

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CHAPTER3

RECONNAISSANCE

SECTION1PRINCIPLES

ReconnaissanceOntheFutureBattlefield

0301. General0302. Problems

PrinciplesofReconnaissance

0303. Principles

SECTION2THEORGANIZATIONOFRECONNAISSANCE

ZonesofResponsibility

0304. TheNeedforChange

0305. TheNewApproach

DIAGRAM 31: ZonesofReconnaissanceandFireResponsibility(BasicForces)

32: ZonesofReconnaissanceandFireResponsibility(MobileForces)

ResourcesandOrganization

0306. HigherFormationAssets0307. DivisionalandBrigadeAssets0308. RegimentalAssets

0309. BattalionAssets

0310. OtherReconnaissanceAssets0311. OrganizationofReconnaissance

SECTION3MISSIONS,GROUPINGSANDMETHODS

Missions

0312. OperationalLevelMissions

0313. TacticalLevelMissions

GroupingsofGroundReconnaissance

0314. Groupings

DIAGRAM 33: MarchFormationofReconnaissanceGroup34: MarchFormationofaPatrol

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MethodsUsedinGroundReconnaissance

0315. Tactics

0316. PatrolTechniques

0317. TacticalEmployment0318. ReconnaissanceInTheAdvance

DIAGRAM 35: BrigadeReconnaissanceintheAdvance

36: BrigadeReconnaissanceasOperationsintheEnemy'sDepth

begin

37: ReconnaissanceofaDivisionestablishingaDefence

0319. RegimentalReconnaissance

0320. BattalionReconnaissance

0321. ReconnaissanceInThePenetrationBattle

0322. ReconnaissanceByBattle

0323. ReconnaissanceDuringTheBattleInTheEnemyDepth0324. ReconnaissanceInTheDefence

OutofRoleEmploymentofReconnaissanceTroops

0325. Raiding

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CHAPTER4

OFFENSIVEOPERATIONS

SECTION1STRATEGICOFFENSIVEOPERATIONS

General

0401. ScopeofChapter4

Encirclement

0402. General

0403. CircumstancesWhichFavourEncirclement

0404. FormsofEncirclement

DIAGRAM41:FormsofEncirclementOperations

0405. ExecutionofanEncirclement

DIAGRAM42:AnEncirclementOperationbyaStrategicGrouping

CleavingBlowstoFragmenttheDefence

0406. FormofOperation

0407. CircumstancesFavouringCleavingBlows0408. AdvantagesofaCleavingOffensive

0409. TheExecutionofanOffensivewithCleavingBlows

DIAGRAM43:CleavingBlowsbyaStrategicGrouping

CombinationofEncirclementandCleavingOperations

0410. CombinedFormsofOperation

DIAGRAM44: StrategicGroupingCombiningEncirclementandAttackson

MultipleAreas

SECTION2OPERATIONALFORMATIONINTHEOFFENSIVE

General

0411. OperationalFormation

0412. Elements

Echelons

0413. AttackEchelons

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TABLE41:ComparisonoftheRolesofSecondandExploitationEchelons

0414. TrendsinEcheloning

Reserves

0415. Roles

MissileTroops,ArtilleryandAirDefence

0416. FlexibleDeployment 0417. AirDeliveredForces 0418. ArmyAviation

TheCommander’sDecisionOnOperationalFormation

0419. Factors0420. ConfigurationAgainstaPreparedDefence

DIAGRAMS45,46:ArmyOperationalFormationsagainstPrepared,

FrontloadedDefence

0421. ConfigurationAgainstPartiallyPreparedDefence

DIAGRAMS47,48: ArmyOperationalFormationsagainstPartially

PreparedDefence

0422. ConfigurationAgainstUnpreparedDefence

DIAGRAMS49,410: ArmyOperationalFormationsagainstanUnpreparedDefence

SECTION3THEELECTRONICFIREENGAGEMENT

InitiatingtheOffensive

0423. TheNeedforFireSuperiority

TheElectronicFireEngagement

0424. TheTargetSet

0425. TheStagesofanElectronicFireEngagement0426. ConductoftheEngagement

SECTION4ARMYANDCORPSOFFENSIVEOPERATIONS

TasksandMissions

0427. TheArmy’sRoleintheStrategicGroupingConcept

0428. TheCorpsandSeparateBrigadeRoleintheStrategicGroupingConcept

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0429. Tasks0430. CriteriaforSuccess

TABLE42: LossRatesasaFunctionofForceRatios

0431. Army/CorpsMissions

ScopeofArmyOffensiveOperations

0432. TheDimensionsofanArmy’sorCorpsOffensive

DIAGRAM411:RateofAdvanceasaFunctionoftheCorrelationofForces

ConceptfortheOperation

0433. TheCommander’sDecision

0434. TheConceptofOperations0435. FormsofArmyandCorpsOffensiveOperations

DIAGRAM412: ArmyConceptforaBreakthroughOperation

DIAGRAM413: ReserveCorpsConceptforEncirclementofanEnemyWedgedintotheDefence

DIAGRAM414: ACorpsConceptforCrushingtheEnemyonanObstacle

DIAGRAM415: CorpsConceptforanAttackonMultipleAxes

SECTION5CONDUCTOFARMY/CORPSOFFENSIVEOPERATIONS

0436. DeployingfortheOffensive

OvercomingStrong,PositionalDefence

0437. DestroyingaDefendingEnemy

DevelopingtheOffensiveintotheDepth

0438. DevelopingDeepBattleandOperations

DIAGRAM416: CommittalofaCorpsSecondEchelonorOperationalManoeuvreGroup

DIAGRAM417: DevelopmentofaCorpsOffensiveOperation

0439. DestroyingEnemyReservesandRepellingCounterBlows0440. Pursuit

DIAGRAM418: CorpsConductingaFrontalandParallelPursuit

0441. RiverCrossings

0442. OperationsatNightorinAdverseWeather0443. ReinforcementofSuccess

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DIAGRAM419:ACorpsSwitchesMainAxisintheCourseofanOffensiveOvercomingManoeuvreDefence

0444. DestroyingManoeuvreDefence

DIAGRAM420:CorpsConceptofOperationsagainstManoeuvreDefence

SECTION6MEETINGENGAGEMENTS

TheNatureofMeetingEngagements

0445. Definition 0446. Occurrence

0447. Characteristics

TheConductofMeetingEngagements

0448. ConditionsforSuccess

0449. ConductofMeetingEngagements

DIAGRAM421: CorpsCommander'sDecisionforaMeetingEngagement

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CHAPTER5

OFFENSIVEBATTLE

SECTION1TERMINOLOGYANDTACTICALFORMATION

TerminologyUsedintheOffensive

0501. General 0502. TypesofAttack

0503. Objectives 0504. DirectionofFurtherAdvance

DIAGRAM51:EchelonsandObjectivesinAttackonaPositionalDefence

0505. Echelons

0506. Reserves 0507. Frontages

0508. ArtilleryandAirDefenceGroups

0509. BasicandMobileForces

TacticalFormation

0510. General

0511. TheCommander’sDecisiononTacticalFormation

0512. ConfigurationAgainstaPreparedDefence

DIAGRAM52: TacticalFormationagainstaPrepared,PositionalDefence

0513. ConfigurationAgainstaPartiallyPreparedDefence

DIAGRAM53: TacticalFormationagainstaPartiallyPreparedDefence

0514. ConfigurationAgainstaDelayingForce

DIAGRAM54:TacticalFormationagainstaDelayingForce

SECTION2PLANNINGANATTACK

TheOperationalContext

0515. TheStruggleforFireSuperiority0516. TheRoleoftheTacticalGroupingintheOperationalConcept

TacticalPlanning

0517. TheRoleoftheTacticalGrouping

0518. Axes

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0534. TheAssault0535. FireandMovement

0536. TrenchandBunker(pillbox)Clearance

TheAttackfromaPositionofCloseContact

0537. Definition0538. TheCombinationofTypesofAttack0539. PreparationoftheAttack

0540. TheAssault

DIAGRAM511:MotorRifleDivisionAttackfromaPositionofCloseContact

TheBattleintheEnemyDepth

0541. General

0542. CombatFormationintheEnemy’sDepth

DIAGRAM512:AlternativePrebattleFormationsofaTankBattalion

(Variants)

DIAGRAM513:AlternativePreBattleFormationsofaCombinedArmsTankBattalion(Variants)

0543. DefeatingEnemyCounterMoves

0544. AttackingPositionsintheEnemyDepth

0545. ArmouredGroups

DIAGRAM514:AttacksEmployinganArmouredGroup

TheCommittalofSecondEchelons/ReservesandExploitationForces

0546. General0547. Timing

TABLE54:DistancebetweenEchelons

TABLE55:TemporalIndicatorsfortheManoeuvreofReservesinDefence

0548. LineofCommittal

0549. SupportforCommittal

0550. OrganizingCommittal

0551. TheConductofCommittal

DIAGRAM515:CommittalofaBrigadeSecondEchelonthroughaGapinthe

FirstEchelon'sDeployment

DIAGRAM516: CommittalofaRegimentalSecondEchelontotheFlankofaFirstEchelon

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ActionAgainstCounterAttacks

0552. General

0553. DeepFireandManoeuvre

0554. RepulsingtheEnemyThroughDefensiveAction 0555. DestroyingtheEnemyinaMeetingBattle

SECTION4PURSUIT

0556. General

0557. Conduct 0558. SlowingandHaltingtheEnemy

0559. TacticalFormation

DIAGRAM517:PursuitConductedbyaTankBrigade

SECTION5THEMEETINGBATTLE

0560. Definition


0562. Conduct 0563. SubsequentAction

DIAGRAM518a: TankBrigadeinMeetingBattlewithaReinforcedBrigade

DIAGRAM518b: AlternativeDevelopmentDrillsforSubUnitsinaMeetingBattle

SECTION6RIVERCROSSINGS

General

0564. AttitudesTowardsWaterObstacles 0565. RequirementforPreemption

0566. CrossingonaBroadFront

0567. Equipment

ForcedRiverCrossings

0568. Foresight

0569. LevelofCommand

0570. Reconnaissance

0571. TheApproachtotheObstacle 0572. SeizingaBridgeheadEarly

0573. AssaultCrossingbytheMainForces

TABLE56:TimingsforaMotorRifleBattalionForcingaRiverfromtheMarch

0574. CrossingSites 0575. CrossingwithDetailedPreparation

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DIAGRAM519: AForwardDetachmentforcesariverline(incooperationwithaHeliborneAssault)

DIAGRAM520: RiverCrossingSites:RequirementsforFormations(Vari-

ants)

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0621. ScopeofaStrategicGroupingDefence0622. ChangesinEcheloning

0623. TheMainDefensiveArea

0624. FirstEchelon

0625. SecondEchelonandReserves0626. TheAirmobileReserve

0627. DeploymentofOtherSGAssets0628. DeploymentofHQs

DIAGRAM61:AStrategicGroupingConceptforaDefensiveOperation

TheFireSystem

0629. TheFireSystem

CombatSupport

0630. Engineer


0632. DeceptionandCamouflage

TheElectronicFireEngagement

0633. TheCrucialImportanceofElectronicFireSuperiority

0634. ConductoftheOperation

ConductofaStrategicGroupingDefensiveOperation

0635. IntheEventoftheDefenderWinningLocalElectronicFireSuperiority

0636. BeforePenetrationoftheForwardEdge

0637. WhentheExtendedTacticalZoneofDefenceContainstheMain

DefensiveArea

0638. WhentheMainDefensiveAreaissituatedintheDepth

SECTION4STRATEGICGROUPINGCOUNTERBLOWS

General

0639. Definitions

0640. Importance

PreparingaCounterBlow

0641. Preconditions0642. Preparation

0643. Planning

MissionsandExecutionofCounterBlows

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0645. Execution

SECTION5ARMYANDCORPSDEFENSIVEOPERATIONS

CircumstancesinwhichDefenceisAdopted

0646. ReasonsforAssumingtheDefence 0647. ProblemsinTransitioningtoDefence

AimsandMissionsofDefence

0648. Aims

0649. Mission

ScopeandEcheloningofanArmyorCorpsPositionalDefence

0650. ScopeandEcheloning

OperationalFormationandTasksinPositionalDefence

0651. OperationalFormation

DIAGRAM62:ConceptforanArmyinPositionalDefence

0652. SelectionoftheForwardEdge

0653. FirstEchelon

0654. SecondEchelon

0655. Reserves 0656. MissileTroopsandArtillery

OrganizationoftheFireSystem

0657. TheFireSystem

0658. Organization

ConductofanArmy’sDefensiveOperationinPositionalDefence

0659. SecurityZoneBattle0660. CounterPreparation

0661. SpoilingAttacks

0662. HaltingtheEnemyPenetration

0663. CombattingEnemyAttemptstoConductDeepBattle

Army/CorpsLevelCounterAttacks

0664. ThePlaceofCounterAttacksinDefence 0665. PreconditionsforInitiatingCounterAttacks

0666. TheTimingandAxesofaCounterBlow

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0667. TheConductofaCounterAttack

DIAGRAM63:CounterAttackbyArmySecondEchelon

AimsandMissionsofanArmy/CorpsConductingManoeuvreDefence

0668. Aims 0669. Mission

ScopeandOperationalFormationofanArmy/CorpsinManoeuvreDefence

0670. Scope0671. Echeloning

0672. Reserves0673. MissileTroopsandArtillery0674. EngineersandChemicalDefence

ConductofManoeuvreDefence

0675. WaysofIncreasingtheStabilityoftheDefence

0676. OperationalConcept0677. CombatFormation0678. OntheApproachestotheFirstPosition0679. DelayonSuccessiveLines0680. Withdrawal0681. CounterAttacks0682. TheFinalDefenceLine

DIAGRAM64:ArmyConceptforManoeuvreDefence

SECTION6REACTIONTOENCIRCLEMENT

0683. General

0684. CostsandBenefitsofEncirclement 0685. SuccessfulActionandSurvivalofEncircledGroupings 0686. ProblemsofOrganisationWithinEncirclement 0687. TheBreakout

0688. Exfiltration

ANNEXATOCHAPTER6MACHINEGUNARTILLERYDIVISIONS(FORTIFIED

REGIONS)

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CHAPTER7

TACTICALDEFENCE

SECTION1GENFORCEVIEWSONDEFENCE

General

0701. ScopeofChapter7

RelationshipBetweentheOffensiveandtheDefensive

0702. CircumstancesinWhichDefenceisAdopted0703. DialecticalUnityBetweenOffenceandDefence

0704. TheStrengthsandWeaknessesofDefence

SECTION2THENATUREOFMODERNDEFENCE

TheAimsofDefenceandtheThreat

0705. Aims0706. TheThreat

PrinciplesandProblemsinTacticalDefence

0707. ConcentrationandDispersal0708. Tenacity0709. AllRoundDefence0710. ActivenessandManoeuvre0711. EngineerPreparation0712. Surprise

0713. ContinuousCommandandControl0714. AirDefence0715. AntiLandingDefence0716. Reserves

SECTION3TYPESOFDEFENCEANDTERMINOLOGYUSEDINDEFENCE

TypesofDefence

0717. PositionalDefence0718. ManoeuvreDefence0719. DeliberateorHasty(Forced)Defence

TerminologyandConceptsUsedinOperationalandTacticalDefences

0720. ZonesofDeployment

DIAGRAM71:ZonesofDefence,TraditionalandContemporaryxxii AL1


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TheFireandObstacleSystem

0737. General

0738. Obstacles

0739. TheSystemofFire 0740. ForwardandReverseSlopeDefenceandFirePockets

0741. Organization

EngineerPreparationoftheDefence

0742. BasicFortifications 0743. PreparationoftheDefence

TABLE75:TimeRequiredtoPrepareInfantryTrenches

DIAGRAM75: PreparationandLayoutofaMotorRifleSectionPositionand

PlatoonStrongpoint

ConductoftheDefenceatFormationLevel

0744. BattleintheSecurityZone

DIAGRAM76: AForwardDetachmentintheSecurityZoneofaDivision

0745. CounterPreparation

0746. SpoilingAttacks

0747. HaltingthePenetrationoftheMDA:FormationLevel

DIAGRAM77: FirstEchelonMotorRifleDivisioninDefenceoftheMain

DefensiveArea

0748. CombattingEnemyAttemptstoConductDeepBattle 0749. HaltingthePenetration:BattalionLevel 0750. RovingStrongpoints

DIAGRAM78: SystemofObstaclesandFireinaMotorRifleBattalion

Defended Area

DIAGRAM79: TypicalBasicForcesMotorRifleBattalionDefendedAreaDIAGRAM710: LayoutofPlatoonStrongpoints(Variants)

0751. ManoeuvreTimingsinDefence

SECTION5MANOEUVREDEFENCE

General

0752. TheNatureofManoeuvreDefence

0753. TheContextofaManoeuvreDefence

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AimsandMissionsofaDivision/BrigadeConductingManoeuvreDefence

0754. Aims0755. Mission

ScopeandTacticalFormationofaDivision/BrigadeinManoeuvreDefence

0756. Scope

TABLE76:FormationandDepthinManoeuvreDefence

TacticalFormation

0757. SelectionofFormations0758. Echeloning:Principles0759. Reserves

0760. MissileTroopsandArtillery0761. EngineersandChemicalDefence0762. AirDefence

DIAGRAM711: TacticalFormationinManoeuvreDefenceWhentheEntireZoneisThreatened

DIAGRAM712: TacticalFormationinManoeuvreDefence:MainThreattoRightofZone

ConductofManoeuvreDefence

0763. WaysofIncreasingtheStabilityoftheDefence0764. OrganisingManoeuvreDefence:AnExample0765. TacticalConcept0766. TacticalFormationsandTasks0767. DelayonSuccessiveLines0768. Withdrawal

0769. CounterAttacks

DIAGRAM713: AMotorRifleBrigadeconductsaCoveringForceBattleonThreeDelayLines

0770. TheFinalDefenceLine

SECTION6COUNTER ATTACKS

TypesofCounterAttack

0771. Definition

CounterAttackswithaDecisiveAim

0772. ThePlaceofDecisiveCounterAttacksinDefence0773. PreconditionsforInitiatingDecisiveCounterAttacks

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0774. TheTimingandAxesofaCounterBlow 0775. TheConductofaCounterAttack 0776. Scope

CounterAttackswithaLimitedAim

0777. ThePlaceofLimitedCounterAttackinDefence 0778. CharacteristicsofLimitedCounterAttacks

DIAGRAM714:CounterAttackbyaMotorRifleDivision'sSecondEchelon

CounteringEnemyAirLandings

0779. TheThreat 0780. TheFlyIn 0781. TheLanding

0782. AftertheLanding

DIAGRAM715: CounteringEnemyAirlandingsduringInsertion DIAGRAM716: CounteringEnemyAirlandingsduringLanding

SECTION7WITHDRAWAL

General

0783. GrowingAcceptance 0784. AimsofWithdrawal

0785. TypesofWithdrawal 0786. Phases. 0787. OrganizingaWithdrawal

SECTION8REACTIONTOENCIRCLEMENT

0788. General 0789. CostsandBenefitsofEncirclement 0790. SuccessfulActionandSurvivalofEncircledGroupings 0791. ProblemsofOrganisationwithinEncirclement

0792. TheBreakout 0793. Exfiltration

ANNEXATOCHAPTER7FIELDMOBILEMACHINEGUNARTILLERYDIVISIONS

DIAGRAM717: TacticalFormationofMachineGunArtilleryDivision(Variants)DIAGRAM718:PrefabricatedandEngineercreatedDefenceWorksDIAGRAM719:MachineGunBattalionDeployment

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CHAPTER8

DEEPBATTLEANDDEEPOPERATIONS

SECTION1PHILOSOPHYOFDEEPBATTLEANDOPERATIONS

TheOffensive

0801. TheContext 0802. TheNeedforDeepBattleandOperations

TABLE81:DeploymentDepthandApproximateDepthofStrikesof

RepresentativeDeepStrikeSystemsofaLikelyEnemy

0803. RolesofForcesintheEnemy’sDepth

TheDefensive

0804. ANewImperative

ForcesEmployedintheEnemy’sDepth

0805. DeepFireandStrike

0806. GroundandAirmobileForces

SECTION2SPECIALPURPOSEFORCES

0807. Resources 0808. Missions

SECTION3HELIBORNEANDAIRBORNEFORCES

Missions

0809. DepthandMissions

HeliborneAssaults

0810. ForcesAvailability

0811. SizeofForce

0812. MountingaHeliborneAssault

0813. Insertion 0814. ActiononLanding

0815. RiskAgainstGain

AirborneAssaults

0816. Missions 0817. SizeofForceandDepthofMission 0818. Airlanding

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DIAGRAM84:ActionsofaBrigadeactingasOMGintheEnemy'sDepth

StrategicGroupingLevelOMGs

0842. Missions

0843. Insertion

0844. ActionsintheEnemyDepth

SeparateOperationalUnitsandOMGsinDefence

0845. General0846. SeparateOperationalUnits

DIAGRAM85: ActionsofaSeparateOperationalUnitinaDefensive

Operation

0847. OperationalManoeuvreGroups

SECTION5TACTICALANDOPERATIONALRAIDS

General

0848. Definition

0849. ImportanceandTasks

0850. TypesandSizeofRaidingForces

ExecutionofRaids

0851. PhasesofaRaid 0852. Insertion

0853. Execution

0854. ExtractionandForceRegeneration

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CHAPTER9

COMBATSUPPORT

SECTION1INTRODUCTION

0901. Definition 0902. ContentofCombatSupportChapter

SECTION2MISSILEANDARTILLERYTROOPS

General

0903. ThePlaceofArtilleryinGENFORCEThinking

0904. GrowingImportance

OrganizationforCombatandMissions

0905. TheBasicPrinciples

0906. Groupings

0907. Regrouping 0908. Deployment

FirePlanning:Basics

0909. General

0910. Definitions

0911. ExpenditureNorms

TABLE91:DeploymentofArtillery

TABLE92:HEAmmunitionExpenditureNormsagainstUnobserved,StationaryTargetsat10kmorless

0912. SizeofTarget

TABLE93:MaximumEffectiveDimensionsofArtilleryFireConcentrations

inHectares

0913. DensityofFire

0914. RatesofFire

TABLE94:MaximumPermittedRatesofFire

PrecisionandACMAttack

0915. PrecisionMunitions

0916. AdvancedConventionalMunitions 0917. ReconnaissanceStrike/FireComplexes

0918. CombattingEnemyPrecisionWeapons

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RemoteMining

0919. General

0920. Capabilities

TABLE95:PlanningDimensionsofRemoteAntitankMinefieldslaidby

BM21and9P140MBRLs

0921. TypesandUseofRemoteMinefields

FirePlanningintheAttack

0922. General

0923. Priorities

0924. PhasesofFireSupport

0925. TypesofFireSupport

DIAGRAM91: TypesofArtilleryFireintheAttack

0926. TypicalFirePlan

DIAGRAM92: TypicalPreparationandSupportofaFirePlaninSupportof

anAttack

ArtilleryinDefence

0927. General

0928. FirePlanning 0929. TypesofDefensiveFire

DIAGRAM93: TypesofArtil leryFireinDefence

DIAGRAM94:DefensiveFirePlanofanArtilleryBattalionSupportingaMotorRifleBattalion

0930. ArtilleryintheDirectFireRole

0931. ProtectionofSupportAssets

CounterBombardment

0932. TheProblem

0933. OrganizationofCB

0934. CBTactics 0935. ReducingVulnerabilitytoEnemyCB

SECTION3ANTITANKRESERVESANDMOBILEOBSTACLEDETACHMENTS

RolesandComposition

0936. General 0937. Missions

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0938. Composition 0939. Artillery

0940. Engineers

TABLE96: CompositionofanAntitankBattalionandMobileObstacles

Detachment(combatelementsonly)

TacticalDeploymentoftheAntiTankReserveandMobileObstacleDetachment

0941. Surprise 0942. LocationinCombatFormation

0943. DeploymentPatterns

0944. Helicopters

DIAGRAM95:DeploymentofaRegimentalMODandATRinDefence

DIAGRAM96:DeploymentofaRegimentalMODandATRinAttack

SECTION4ELECTRONICWARFARE

Concepts

0945. General

0946. Concepts

0947. ElectronicCounterMeasures

Organization

0948. Intelligence 0949. Jamming

SECTION5AIRDEFENCE

General

0950. ImportanceofAirDefence

0951. PhasesofAirDefence

MissionofGroundForces’AirDefence

0952. Mission

PrinciplesofAirDefence

0953. Prioritization

0954. ActivenessandManoeuvre

0955. Surprise

0956. ContinuityandDepth 0957. CreativityandInitiative 0958. Coordination

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OrganizationofAirDefence

0959. TheThreat

0960. Resources

0961. TypesofAirDefenceOrganization

CommandandControl

0962. AUnifiedOperationalSystem

0963. TacticalAirDefence

0964. AirspaceManagement

DIAGRAM97:CoordinationofGroundbasedAirDefencewithFighter

Aviation

TargetIntelligence

0965. Requirements

0966. AirSurveillance

DeploymentofFireUnits

0967. HigherFormations

0968. TacticalAirDefence

DIAGRAM98:AirDefenceofaTankDivisionAttackingonaMainAxis

SECTION6COMBATENGINEERS

General

0969. Engineers 0970. OrganizationforCombat

OffensiveOperations:General

0971. AimsofEngineerSupportinOffensiveOperations

0972. ThePreparationofOffensiveOperations 0973. SupportDuringtheConductofOffensiveOperations

Reconnaissance,ProtectionandMovementSupport

0974. EngineerReconnaissancePatrols

0975. ProtectiveTasks

0976. MovementSupport

TABLE97:CompositionandGroupingofTypicalMovementSupport

Detachments0977. MineClearing

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AssaultRiverCrossings

0978. GENFORCEViewofWaterObstacles

0979. Army/CorpsAssaultCrossings

0980. StrategicGroupingContributiontoAssaultCrossings

DIAGRAM99: TypesofCrossingSitesoverWaterObstacles

CommittalofSecondEchelons/OMGs

0981. AimsofEngineerSupport 0982. Resources

DefensiveOperations

0983. AimsofEngineerSupport

0984. SupportDuringthePreparationoftheDefence 0985. SupportDuringtheConductoftheDefence

CounterMobility

0986. TheMobileObstacleDetachment

0987. TacticalMinefields

TABLE98:ChancesofaTankorManHittingaMinewhenTraversinga

MinefieldPanel

0988. OtherMinefields

DIAGRAM910:DesignofTacticalMinefield

SECTION7CHEMICALDEFENCEANDSMOKEGENERATION

General

0989. PossibilityofNuclearorChemicalUse

0990. TheRequirementforChemicalTroops

NBCDefence


0992. ProtectiveEquipment 0993. Decontamination

0994. PostStrikeRecovery

Smoke

0995. Importance 0996. TypesofSmokeUsage

0997. Obscurants

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TABLE99: SusceptibilityofSensorstoDegradation

0998. SmokeGeneratingCapabilities

TABLE910: Numbersof122mHowitzersandAmmunitionExpenditureto

createSmokeScreens

TABLE911: CharacteristicsofSmokePots

TABLE912: NumberofSmokePotsneededtoScreenOneKilometrefor

OneHour

TABLE913: ClassificationofConditionsforusingaBispectralSmokeScreen

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CHAPTER10

AIROPERATIONSANDTACTICS

SECTION1THENATURE,PRINCIPLESANDEMPLOYMENTOFAIRPOWER

TheContemporaryAirArm

1001. TheImportanceofAirpower1002. TheStruggleforElectronicFireSuperiority

1003. TheCharacteristicsofAirpower

PrinciplesintheUseofAirpower

1004. General

1005. ConcentrationandContinuityofEffort

1006. CentralizedCommandandControl 1007. ExerciseofControlattheHighestPossibleLevel

1008. DecentralizedExecution

1009. Coordination

1010. EconomyofForce 1011. Surprise

1012. PreservationofCombatEffectiveness

Missions

1013. General

1014. AchievementofElectronicFireSuperiority 1015. DeepInterdiction

1016. OffensiveAirSupport


1018. AirLandings 1019. AerialResupply

Organization

1020. AirCommands

Aircraft,ArmamentandForceStructuring

1021. StandOffWeapons

1022. Stealth1023. ConventionalOffensiveAircraft

1024. SupportAircraft

1025. Fighters1026. AWACS

1027. NuclearCapableAircraft

1028. ArmyAviation

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Aircrew

1029. Manning

1030. Training

SECTION2THEOFFENSIVECOUNTERAIROPERATION

Aims,MissionsandCharacteristics

1031. OffensiveAction

1032. Aim. 1033. Missions


ConductoftheOffensiveCounterAirOperation

1035. TheInitialBlow 1036. SubsequentActions

SECTION3THEDEFENSIVECOUNTERAIROPERATION

Aims,MissionsandCharacteristics

1037. DefensiveAction

1038. TheAims

1039. Missions 1040. Characteristics

Execution

1041. DeploymentofGroundBasedAirDefence

1042. DeploymentofFighterAviation1043. CoordinationwithGroundBasedAirDefences

SECTION4DEEPINTERDICTION

DeepInterdiction

1044. Importance

1045. ConcentrationandContinuity

1046. Coordination

SECTION5OFFENSIVEAIRSUPPORT

1047. Defensive

1048. CriticalPeriods

OffensiveAirSupportOperatingProcedures

1049. AirPlanTasking

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1050. OrganizingCoordination 1051. ForwardAirControllerWork

1052. AircraftResponseTimes

1053. Basing

1054. AllocationofOAS

MissionAssignment

1055. OACMissionAssignment

1056. ArmyAviationMissionAssignment

1057. AviationCapabilities

PhasesofAirSupportforGroundOffensiveOperations

1058. General

1059. PhaseOneFireSupportoftheAdvancefromtheDepth

1060. PhaseTwoPreparationfortheAttack1061. PhaseThreeAirSupportintheAttack.

1062. PhaseFourAviationSupportinDevelopingtheAttack

PhasesofSupportforGroundDefensiveOperations

1063. General

1064. PhaseOneFireontheDistantApproaches1065. PhaseTwoDisruptionoftheEnemy’sDeployment

1066. PhaseThreeCombattinganEnemyWedgedintotheDefence

1067. PhaseFourTheCounterAttack

1068. CounteringEnemyActionsintheFriendlyDepth1069. MovementofCounterPenetrationGroupings

SECTION6TACTICALHELIBORNEASSAULTS

Preparation

1070. General

1071. PreparationForTheAssault

1072. HelicopterLiftRequirements

Insertion

1073. HeliborneForceFlightFormation

DIAGRAM101: Flight FormationofaHeliborneAirAssaultDetachment

1074. Surprise

1075. FlyinRoute

1076. AirGroundCoordination

1077. LandingZones 1078. ActiononLandingForwardGroup

1079. ActiononLandingMainBody

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1080. TheHelicopterForce

HeliborneActionsinDefence

1081. RaidsandCounterPenetration

SECTION7CONDUCTOFOFFENSIVEMISSIONS

PenetrationandRecovery

1082. General 1083. SuppressionofEnemyAirDefences

DIAGRAM102:SuppressionofEnemyAirDefences

1084. AssaultFormations

1085. Concealment,DeceptionandtheAvoidanceofEnemyAction1086. CombatManoeuvres.

1087. TheChoiceofAltitude

TacticsintheOffensive

1088. TargetConsiderations

1089. ForcePackaging

1090. TheUseofStealthAircraft

1091. NonStealthBattleFormations 1092. Flexible,MultifunctioningWithinRaidGroupings

DIAGRAM103: TypicalCompositionofaRaidPackage

1093. TheFlighttotheTargetArea

1094. TargetEngagementProfiles

DIAGRAM104:SaturationAttackRetainingSelfDamageSeparation

1095. Coordination

SECTION8DEFENSIVEAIRTACTICS

CharacteristicsofAirDefenceFighters

1096. General 1097. Speed

1098. Manoeuvrability

1099. StealthTechnology

10100. DetectionandFireControlSystems 10101. Armaments

10102. AvionicsandtheCockpit 10103. SelfprotectionDevices 10104. AirtoAirRefuelling

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10105. IFFandDataLink

Tactics

10106. GeneralConsiderations 10107. Formations

10108. CombatAirPatrols

AttackProfiles

10109. General 10110. LongRangeHeadonAttacks 10111. CloseRangeCombat

SECTION9CONCLUSIONS

10112. ThePlaceofAirPowerinFutureOperations10113. ExploitationofAirPower

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CHAPTER11

LOGISTICS

SECTION1PHILOSOPHY

ViewsonFutureWar

1101. ShortWarScenario 1102. FutureWar

1103. HedgeAgainstaLongWar 1104. AFluidCombatZone

1105. TheNatureoftheLogisticSystem

Principles

1106. Foresight 1107. Simplicity

1108. EconomyandCentralizedOperationalControl

1109. LimitedAutonomyofTroopGroupings

1110. Reserves 1111. ForwardDelivery

1112. FlexibilityintheUseofMovementResources

1113. SupplyPriorities 1114. CapturedMaterialandLocalResources

1115. ForwardPositioningofSupportElements

1116. Survivability

1117. ForceRestoration 1118. PrepositionedMateriel

SECTION2ORGANIZATION

ControloftheRear

1119. TheChiefoftheRearandDeputyCommanderforArmament

1120. StaffProcedures

TheOrganizationoftheRear

1121. General

1122. TasksoftheStrategicGroupingRear1123. AssetsoftheRearServicesofaStrategicGrouping

1124. OrganizationandDeploymentoftheStrategicGroupingRear1125. OrganizationandDeploymentoftheArmy/CorpsRear1126. OrganizationandDeploymentoftheDivisional/BrigadeRear

TABLE111:DeploymentofTacticalLevelLogisticsUnits

SECTION3THESUPPLYSYSTEM

General

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1127. Principles1128. ModesofTransport

1129. DismountableFlatRacks

DIAGRAM111: TheDeliverySystem

AmmunitionSupply

1130. General1131. Holdings

1132. PlanningforArtillerySupply

TABLE112: SomeStandardUnitsofFire

TABLE113:AmmunitionHoldingswithinaDivision/Brigade

1133. Expenditure

FuelSupply

1134. General1135. Holdings

1136. TheSupplySystem

DIAGRAM112:ResupplyattheTacticalLevel

1137. Consumption

SECTION4MEDICAL,MAINTENANCEANDREPAIR

EquipmentMaintenance,RecoveryandRepair

1138. Importance1139. GENFORCEAdvantages

1140. TheSystem

1141. AnticipatedLossandRepairRates

Medical

1142. General

1143. TheSystem

1144. AnticipatedLossRates

SECTION5ROUTEREPAIR,MAINTENANCEANDMANAGEMENT

Railways

1145. RepairandMaintenance1146. RunningRailCommunications

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MilitaryRoads

1147. RepairandMaintenance

1148. TrafficControl

SECTION6REARAREASECURITY

TheThreat

1149. Historical

1150. FutureWar

MeasurestoMeettheChallenge

1151. DedicatedSecurityForces

1152. OtherMeasures

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CHAPTER12

COMMAND,CONTROLANDCOMMUNICATIONS

SECTION1THECHANGINGFACEOFCOMMANDANDCONTROL

ProblemsPosedbytheContemporaryBattlefield

1201. Time 1202. Space

1203. DynamismofCombat 1204. Coordination

1205. Sustainability

1206. Conclusions

SolutionstotheProblemsofContemporaryC3I

1207. ChangesintheOrganizationofCommand

1208. DebateonCentralizationVersusDecentralization

1209. TheEffectsoftheInformationRevolutiononC2

1210. TheRecentralizationofC2 1211. AdaptiveFlexibility

1212. AutomatingtheCommandandControlProcess

1213. ProgressinAutomation 1214. StaffTrainingandProcedures

1215. ExpansionofStaffs

SECTION2CALCULATINGTHEBATTLEFIELD

Norms

1216. General 1217. Definition

1218. TheUseofNorms

1219. NormsasaGuide

Calculations:TwoExamples

1220. Example1:TheCreationofShockGroupings

DIAGRAM121: RequiredLevelofDestruction

1221. Example2:RateofAdvanceasaFunctionofSuperiority

DIAGRAM122: RateofAdvanceasaFunctionoftheCorrelationofForces

1222. CommentontheCalculations

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SECTION3COMMANDERSANDSTAFFS

TheCommander

1223. Responsibility

1224. Duties

1225. TheCommander’sDecision 1226. ImplementingtheDecision

TABLE121: TheGENFORCEProcessofAssessingtheSituationandReach-

ingaDecisioninAttack

DIAGRAM123:TheCommander'sDecisionmakingMethodology

1227. PersonalControl

1228. TemporaryCommanders

TheStaff

1229. Function

1230. TheChiefofStaff 1231. TheChiefofOperations

1232. TheChiefofReconnaissance

1233. TheChiefsofCombatandCombatSupportArms

1234. TheDeputyCommanderforRearServices 1235. TheFirstDeputyCommander

1236. StaffProcedures

1237. Control

DIAGRAM124:CompositionofaStrategicGroupingStaff

DIAGRAM125:CompositionofaCombinedArmsBattalionStaff

SECTION4COMMANDPOSTS

TypesofCommandPost

1238. General 1239. TypesofCP

1240. OperationsGroups

1241. TheManagementofCPs

DIAGRAM126: GraphicoftheShiftSystemofanArmyorCorpsStaff

LocationandMovementofCPs

1242. Location

TABLE122:CommandPostDeploymentsintheAdvance

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1243. Movement 1244. CoLocationofCPs

SECTION5COMMUNICATIONS

Resources

1245. StrategicGrouping

1246. Army/Corps 1247. Tactical

NonRadioCommunications

1248. General

1249. Means

Radio

1250. ResponsibilityforEstablishingCommunications

1251. UninterruptedTroopControl

1252. CommunicationsSystems1253. FormationRadioNets

1254. BattalionRadioNets

1255. NonRadioCommunications

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CHAPTER13

COMBATINSPECIALCONDITIONS

SECTION1INTRODUCTION

1301. Definition1302. Organization1303. Training

SECTION2TACTICSINFORESTSANDSWAMPS

General

1304. GENFORCEViewofForestSwampyTerrain

1305. CharacteristicsofForestFighting

TheOffensive

1306. General

1307. Frontages,Echeloning,ObjectivesandRateofAdvance

1308. Organization

1309. TheMarch

1310. TheAttack1311. DeepBattle

Defence

1312. Concepts

1313. AggressiveDefence1314. ReactiontoaBreakthrough

SECTION3TACTICSINMOUNTAINS

General

1315. GENFORCEDefinitionofMountains

1316. EffectsofMountainousTerrainonCombat

TheOffensive

1317. General

1318. Frontages,EcheloningandObjectives

1319. Organization

1320. TheMarch.1321. TheAttack

Defence

1322. Concepts

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Logistics

1350. Problems

SECTION5TACTICSINCONDITIONSOFEXTREMECOLD

General

1351. ScopeoftheProblem

EffectsofExtremeWinterConditionsonCombat

1352. Mobility

1353. Efficiency

1354. SpecialArcticConditions

1355. Logistics

TheOffensive

1356. Frontages,EchelonsandObjectives

1357. TheAttack

Defence

1358. LackofContinuousFront 1359. ConceptinDefence

1360. Problems

CombatSupport

1361. LimitationsonFireSupport 1362. EngineerSupport

Logistics

1363. Problems

SECTION6TACTICSINURBANCOMBAT

General

1364. TypesofBuiltupArea

1365. CharacteristicsofFIBUA 1366. AvoidanceofFIBUA

AttacksonVillagesandSmallTowns

1367. General

1368. TheTacticalProblem

1369. TheAttack

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AttacksonLargeTownsandCities

1370. TheTacticalProblem

1371. FormsofAttack

1372. Reconnaissance1373. OrganizationforCombat

1374. Echeloning,FrontagesandObjectives1375. AssaultGroupsintheAttack

1376. AirSupport

1377. CommandandControl

DefenceofLargeTownsorCities

1378. OperationalConsiderations1379. OrganizationforCombat

1380. EcheloningandOrganization

1381. StrongPoints1382. EngineerTasksinDefence

1383. ConductoftheDefence

1384. CommandandControl

1385. Logistics

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CHAPTER14

WEAPONSOFMASSDESTRUCTION

SECTION1GENFORCEATTITUDETONBCWEAPONS

Background

1401. Historical1402. TechnologicalProgress

TheCurrentStatusofWMDinGENFORCEDoctrine

1403. Uncertainty1404. TheUtilityofWMD1405. TheImportanceoftheInitialMassStrike

1406. Conclusions

SECTION2NUCLEAROPERATIONS

ConventionalOperationsUnderNuclearThreat

1407. NuclearandConventionalOperationsContrasted

1408. TheProblems

OffensiveOperationsinNuclearConditions

1409. TheInitialNuclearBlow1410. PlanningOffensiveOperations1411. ScopeofNuclearOperations1412. WeaponsandTargets

1413. TheConductofNuclearOperations

DefensiveOperationsinNuclearConditions

1414. General

1415. ManoeuvreDefence

1416. ConductoftheDefence

PreservationofCombatEffectiveness

1417. PreStrikeMeasures

1418. PostStrikeMeasures

SECTION3BIOLOGICALWARFARE

CharacteristicsofBWWeapons

1419. Definition1420. CriteriaforEffectiveness

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1421. RecentDevelopments1422. Conclusions

EmploymentofBWWeapons

1423. LevelofWar

1424. TheInitialPeriodofWar1425. LimitedUse

1426. BWTargets1427. ModeofAttack

SECTION4CHEMICALWARFARE

Genforce'sCWCapabilities

1428. Stockpiles

1429. CurrentlyFieldedAgents1430. DeliveryMeans

1431. HoldingsofChemicalWeapons

1432. IncreasedEffectivenessofCW

1433. ChemicalDefence1434. CWResearchandDevelopment

EmploymentofChemicalWeapons

1435. LikelihoodofEmployment

1436. TheImpactofCW

1437. TheEmploymentofNonpersistentAgents1438. TheEmploymentofPersistentAgents1439. CommandandControl.

ANNEXATOCHAPTER14Someinfectiousdiseaseswhichcouldpossiblybeusedinbiologicalwarfare

againsthumanbeings

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GENFORCEOPERATIONALARTANDTACTICSII

GLOSSARYOFTERMSANDEXPANSIONOFABBREVIATIONS

TERM MEANING

AAG ArmyArtilleryGroup.Atemporarygroupingoftubeandsometimes

alsorocketartillery(usuallypredominantlylongrange)unitsunder

onecommandfortheconductofarmy(usuallydeep)firemissions.Thecompositionofthegroupistailoredtotheoperationalsituation.

AAR AirtoAirRefuelling.

Accompaniment Thefourthphaseofartilleryandaviationsupportintheattack. Itbeginsattheconclusionsofthesupportphase(qv),ieoncompletion

ofthepenetrationofenemyforwardbrigades. Init,allfireisoncallandartilleryhastodisplaceforwardbyboundstokeepupwiththe

advance. Whentherateofadvancebecomeshigh,theartillerywill

haveproblemsindoingsoandaproportionatelygreaterburdenwill

fallonaviation.

ACM AdvancedConventionalMunitions,egprecisionweapons,fuelair

explosives,clustermunitions,antiradiationmunitions.

ACOS AirCombatOperationsSchedule.

Administrative Atroopformation,consistingofcolumns,fortheexecutionofamarchwhere contactwithenemygroundforcesisunlikely. Itmustensure:

March high rateso fm ovement a ndm anoeuvre; t he l east p ossible

Formation vulnerabilitytoWMD,ACMorairattack;conservationofthestrength

oftroopsandvehicles;easeoftroopcontrol;securityagainstminorgroundopposition (eg by raiding, blockingor partisanactions.

Administrativemarchformationsareadoptedto make maximum

efficientuseofavailableroutesandtoease servicesupport. As

theyprecluderapiddeploymentforcombat,theymustbeabandonedinfavouroftacticalmarchformationwhereentryintobattleagainstsignificantgroundforces’oppositionbecomespossible.

AdvancedGuard A detachment movingaheadof themain bodyofamarching

formation/unittoprotectthelatter,tosafeguarditfromsurpriseground

attackandtoensurefavourableconditionsforthemainbodytodeployandenterintobattle.

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AGRA ArmyGroupRocketArtillery.Atemporarygroupingoflongrange

MBRLunitsunderonecommandfortheconductofarmy(usually

deep)firemissions.Thecompositionofthegroupistailoredtothesituation.

AirAssault (1)Airassaulttroopsareespeciallytrainedtobelandedintheenemyrear toconductcombatactionsthereincoordinationwithmissile

andlongrange artilleryunits, groundattackaviationandtroopsadvancingontheground.(2)Intacticalterminology,thetermair

assaultisusuallyusedtodescribealandingontheobjective,oftenonadefendedlandingsite.

AirEchelon Thatpartoftheoperationalortacticalformationofagroupingwhichisairdelivered,intheoffensiveusuallyintotheenemy’srear.

AirLanding Anairlandingdescribestheunopposedlandingofairassaultorairmobiletroops,oftenrequiringa tacticalmarchtotheobjective

followedbyagroundassault. Airlandingactionsarecoordinatedwiththeactionsofmissileandartillerytroopsandthoseofground

units. Wherespecializedairassault troops are not used, the

preferenceis fortheemploymentof lightmotorrifletroopstrained

andequippedforairmobileactions.

AirSuperiority Possessionofairsuperiorityconsistsinestablishingasituationin

whichfriendlyairforcescanensureahighlevelofactivityandfreedom

ofactionduringadefiniteperiodoftime,eitherthroughoutthetheatre

ofoperationsasawholeorinindividualsectors.

AirSupremacy Possessionofairsupremacyconsistsinestablishingasituationinwhichenemyairactionisconfinedtolimitedactionsofonlylocal

significance.Itisverydifficulttoachieveundermodernconditions.

ALCM AirLaunchedCruiseMissile.

ALR AntiLandingReserve;dealswithairborne,airmobileandairassault

threatswhichpenetrateairdefencecovertolandtroopsinthetactical

oroperationaldepth.

AOA AngleofAttack(aircraft).

ApproachMarch

Formations

Atroopgrouping,differentiatedfrontallyandindepthforthepurpose

ofensuring:lessvulnerabilitytoenemyWMD,artilleryfireandair

strikes; rapidmanoeuvringof troopson the battlefield; rapiddeploymentoftroopsintobattleformationand/orrapidreversionto

tacticalmarch formation;high speeds ofmovementand rapidnegotiationofzonesofcontaminationanddevastation.

ARM AntiRadiationMissile.

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ArmouredGroup Anadhoc,temporarygroupingofBMPs,theinfantryfromwhichis

duginindefenceormountingadismountedattack,andwhichis

oftenreinforcedbytanks.Indefence,thearmouredgroupisusuallyusedforcounterpenetration(qv). Intheattack,itmaybeusedto

deliverfiresupportortoattackonadifferentaxisfromthemain

grouping.

ATR AntiTankReserve; includesmotorr ifle,artilleryandairdefenceassets to deal with developing armoured threats without

compromisingviabilityofothergroupings.Usually,thereisaMODundercommandforrapidobstaclecreation.

BAG BrigadeArtilleryGroup.AtemporarygroupingoftubeandMBRLartilleryunitsandsubunitsunderonecommandfortheconductof

brigadefiremissions.Thecompositionofthegroupistailoredtothe

tacticalsituation.

BAI BattlefieldAirInterdiction.Theuseofaviationtoattackenemytacticalsecondechelonsorreservesorpotentialchokepoints(eg,bridges)

ontheirmarchroutestodelaytheirentryintobattle.

BasicForces Formationsandunitsoftraditionalorganization(armies,divisions

andregiments)generallyemployedinperformingthelessdemandingtasks.Indefence,theyabsorb,disruptandslowdownorhaltthe

enemy.Intheoffensive,theypinandweardowntheenemy,hold

passivesectorsandprovideflankprotection.

Battle Tacticallevelcombat(ie,division,brigade,regimentandcombinedarmsbattalion); theaggregateof WMDand/orACM strikesand

combatactionsbytroopscoordinatedwithregardtoobjective,timeandplaceandconductedaccordingtoaunifiedplanbyalower

formationorunitinordertoachieveanassignedgoal.

BC BiologicalandChemical.

BCW BiologicalandChemicalWeapons/Warfare.

BDA BattleDamageAssessment.

Belt(indefence) Terrain,usually prepared for defence byengineers, intended for

retentionbyhigherformations. Abeltusuallyconsistsofthreeor

possiblyfourdefensivepositions(qv)organizedindepth. Beltsare

mosthighlydevelopedwithinthemaindefensivearea(qv),thoughthoseindepthmaynotbeoccupiedinitiallyormaybeonlylightly

defended.

BVR BeyondVisualRange.

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C2 Commandandcontrol.

C3(I) Command,control,communications(andintelligence).

C4(I) Command,control,communications,computers(andintelligence).

CAG CorpsArtilleryGroup.Atemporarygroupingoftube,andsometimes

alsorocket,artillery(usuallypredominantlylongrange)unitsunderonecommandfortheconductofcorps(usuallydeep)firemissions.

Thecompositionofthegroupistailoredtotheoperationalsituation.

CAP CombatAirPatrol.Oneofthebasicmethodsofprovidingaircoverfor troopsand rear targets using fighteraviation towardoffreconnaissanceandairstrikes.CAPsareusedinthosecaseswhereasortiebyfightersfromairfieldswillnotensureinterceptionofthe

airenemy.

CAS CloseAirSupport.Theuseofaviationinattackinggroundtargetsintheimmediatesupportofgroundforces’combatactions.

CBW ChemicalandBiologicalWeapons/warfare.

CEP CircularErrorProbable; theareawithinwhichat least50%ofmunitionswillfall.

CF ConcentrationofFire. Amethodofconductingartilleryfirefor the

purpose ofdestroyingenemypersonnel,weaponsandmaterial

comprisingahighdensityoffireoverashortperiodoftime.

CGRA CorpsGroupRocketArtillery.Atemporarygroupingoflongrange

MBRLunitsunderonecommandfortheconductofcorps(usually

deep)firemissions.Thecompositionofthegroupistailoredtothesituation.

CMT CommanderMissileTroopsandArtillery.

CombatFormation

The grouping ofa tactical formation(division, brigade) orunit(regiment, combinedarmsbattalion) for deployment intobattle.Combatformationdependsonthetype,natureandconceptofthe

forthcomingbattle.

CombatSecurity

Combatsecurity isorganized toprevent surpriseattackor the

penetrationof enemy reconnaissance into thearea where theprotectedtroopsaredeployedandtoprovidefriendlytroopswith

sufficienttimeandadvantageousconditionsfordeploymentandentry

intocombat.

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CombinedArmsReserve

Commandant’s

Service

Conceptofan

Operation

(Battle)

COP

Corner

Reflector

CounterAttack

Counter

Offensive

Combinedarmsformationsand/orunitsusedtocarryoutmissions

whicharise suddenlyinthecourseofanoperationorbattle. They

arepartofoperationalandtacticalformation.

Troopsdeployedbystaffsatalllevelsforthepurposeofmaintaining

order inareaswhere troopsaredisposed ordeployed, for theregulationoftrafficandformonitoringtheobservancebytroopsofcamouflagemeasures.TheCommandant’sServiceoperatesalongmarchroutes,inthevicinityofwaitingareas,rearunitsand

establishments,atpassagesthroughobstaclesandcontaminatedareas,atwatercrossings,etc.

Theideaexpressingthebasicthoughtandcontentofthedecisionofthe commander.Theconceptofanoperationorbattleincludes:the

objectivetobeattainedandthemethodofattainingit;thesectorof

concentrationofmaineffortandthegroupingof forcesbysector;possiblemanoeuvresofforcesinthecourseofcombat;themeasures

toensuretimelycompletionofthemission.

Command/ObservationPost;commandpostonthemainaxisfrom

whichthecommanderandkeystaffofficerscanexercisecommand

basedonpersonalobservationofthebattlefield.

A reflector of electromagneticwaves,usually comprisingthree

perpendicularplanereflectingsurfaces. Itpossessesthecapabilityof reflectingelectromagneticwavesin thedirectionwhencethey

camesothatblipsappearonthescreenoftheradarsetirradiating

thereflector.Cornerreflectorsareusedtocreatefalsetargetsandtocamouflagerealobjectsandreferencepointsorlandmarks.

Anattackundertakenbydefendingtroopsatthetacticallevelagainst

anattackingenemyforthepurposeofdestroyingorroutinghimand

achievingcompleteorpartialrestorationofthepositionlostbythedefender.Acounterattackisusuallymountedbythesecondechelons

andreservesofunitsandformationsandalsobypartofthefirst

echelonfromsectorsnotunderattack.

Transitionfromthedefensivetoadeterminedoffensivetodestroyorroutanattackingenemywhohasbeenweakenedinprecedingbattles

andthusdeprivedofthecapabilityofdevelopinghisattackfurther.

Acounter offensive ispreparedduring the courseofdefensiveengagements: thedefender exhausts theenemy to thegreatest

possible extent byattritionandat thesame timeconcentratessufficient forces for a transition todeterminedoffensiveaction.

Dependingonthesituation,acounteroffensivemaybemountedon

astrategicoroperationalscale.

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CounterPenetration

Amanoeuvreundertakenbydefending troops for thepurposeof

counteringanactualoranticipatedmanoeuvrebytheenemy. On

thefluid,nonlinearbattlefieldtheimportanceofcounterpenetrationindefenceisexpectedtoincrease.Amostimportantconditionfor

success is forestalling theenemy indelivering firestrikes and

conductingairmobileandgroundmanoeuvre.

CounterPreparation

Apreplanned,brief,powerful,surpriseartilleryand/oraviationfirestrikedeliveredbyadefenderagainstenemygroupingswhichare

preparingtolaunchanattack.Prioritytargetsarenuclearandprecisionweapons systems and theirC3I, EW facilities, attack

helicopters,artillery, fuelandammunitiondumps. Theaimof the

counterpreparationistobreakuptheattackoratleasttoweakentheinitialblow.

CounterStrike Anoperationallevelblowinflictedbythedefenderforthepurposeofdestroyinganattackingenemy,restoringpartiallyorcompletelya

lostpositionandcreatingfavourableconditionsforatransitiontothecounteroffensive.Anexpressionoftheactiveandmanoeuvrenature

ofmoderndefence,thecounterstrikeisthemostimportantactofa

defensiveengagement.Duringthecourseofsuchanengagement,

severalconsecutivecounterstrikesmaybedeliveredinoneormore

sectors.

CoveringForces Lowerformations,unitsorsubunitsdeployedinasecurityzone(qv)

to:preventasurpriseattackonorreconnaissanceoftheforwardedgebyenemy forces; inflictdelayandattritiononanadvancing

enemy;identifytheenemy’smainaxis;canalisetheenemyintogroundfavourabletothedefence(eg,afirepocket).

CRP CombatReconnaissancePatrol;battalioncreatedp latoonsized

reccepatrol,especiallywhenthebattalion is inthe firstechelon,

actingasadvancedguard,forwardorraidingdetachment. Usuallyformedfromthebattalionreconnaissanceplatoon,thoughadditional

CRPsmaybeformedfromordinarytankandmotorrifleplatoons.

Despiteitsname,theCRPwillendeavourtoconductreconnaissance

bystealthandwillemploycombattogaininformationonlyasalastresort.

DAC DefensiveAirCommand.

DAG DivisionalArtilleryGroup.AtemporarygroupingoftubeandMBRLartilleryunitsandsubunitsunderonecommandfortheconductofdivisionalfiremissions. Thecompositionofthegroupistailoredtothetacticalsituation.

DAS DefensiveAidSuiteofjammingordecoysystemsagainsthomingorguidedwarheads.

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DCA DefensiveCounterAir. Whentheenemyholdstheinitiativeinthe

air,oraviationresourcesarebeinghusbandedforfutureoperations,

theAirForcemayconductaDCAoperation.Thisconsistsofengagingenemyaviationprimarilyinaerialengagementsinfriendlyairspace,

withonlylimitedoffensivesortiesagainstenemyairfieldsorfighter

penetrationsintoenemyairspace.

DeepBattle Action in theenemy’stacticaldepth designed to undermine theenemy’scohesionandhiseffortstocombatthemainforces. Deep

battleisconductedbyforward,raidingandairdeliveredforcestoseizevitalground,destroyenemyhighvalueassetsandCPsandto

restrictenemymanoeuvre(especiallyofreserves).

Deep

Operation

Anoperationwhichachievessimultaneouseffect throughoutthe

depthoftheenemy’sdeploymentandinvolvestheadvanceofthe

offensivegroupingthroughtheentiredepthoftheenemy’soperationaldefence,withabuildupofeffortinthecourseoftheoperationthrough

thecommittalofairdeliveredandexploitationechelons.

DeepStanding

Barrage

Aseriesoflinearfireconcentrationsplannedindefenceonnarrow

approaches.Thelinesarearrangedsuccessively,indepth,butallor

manyare fired onsimultaneously tostrikeanenemy indeep

formation.

Defence Abasictypeofcombatactionconductedforthepurposeofrepulsinganattack mountedby superior enemy forces,causingheavy

casualties, retaining important regionsandcreating favourable

conditionsforgoingovertoadecisiveoffensive. Defenceisbasedonfirestrikes,onextensivemanoeuvreoffireandforces,anextensive

useofobstacles(coveredbyfire)andoncounterattacks/strikeswith

thesimultaneousstubbornretentionofimportantregionswhichblock

theenemydirectionofadvance.Defencemakesitpossibletowin

timeandtoachieveaneconomyofforceinsomesectors,therebycreatingconditionsforanoffensiveinothers.Defencecanbeoftwo

types,manoeuvreandpositional.

DefendedArea AnareapreparedbyaBasicForcesmotorrifleortankbattalionforallrounddefence.Battalionareasshouldbemutuallysupportingandnormallyconsist,inturn,ofanumberofmutuallysupporting

strongpoints(qv)tiedtogetherbyaunifiedfireandobstacleplan.

DelayingAction Combat actionsconductedbytroopsona seriesofsuccessively

defendedlinesforthepurposeofgainingtime,inflictingthegreatestpossiblenumberofcasualtiesontheenemyandcreatingthemost

favourableconditionsforthedefencewithoutregardto thelossof

groundandwithoutbecomingembroiledindecisivebattles.

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Deployment Terrainlinesonwhichtroopsdeployfromtacticalmarchformation

(qv),orLineapproachmarchformation(qv)intocombatformation.

Destruction Asanartilleryterm,theinflictionof5060%casualtiesonagroup

targetor7090%onanindividualtarget.Suchaleveloflosswill

renderthetargetcombatineffectiveforupto24hours. DestructionisconsideredtheonlyworthwhileobjectivewhenengagingmissileorMBRLunits/subunits.

Detachment Atemporarytroopgrouping,usuallycombinedarmsandofbattalionsize,createdfortheexecutionofaparticularorspecialmission(eg,

security, seizure ofa feature, conductof a raid, conduct of

reconnaissance).

Disinformation Propagationoffalseinformationaboutfriendlyforcesandplansof

action forthe purpose ofmisleading the enemy. Means ofdisinformationincludemediareports,dummyradionets,simulated

troopmovementsandconcentrationsandmanyothers.

Disruption Asanartilleryterm,theinflictionof2530%casualtiesonanattacker

tobreakuptheattack.

DRP DeepReconnaissancePatrol,operatingindependentlyintheenemyrear, usually fromdivisionorbrigade longrangereconnaissance

companyorfromhigherformationSPF.

DZ Dropzone.Anareaofopengroundforthedroppingofairborneor

airassaulttroopsbyparachute.

EJ EscortJamming(air).

EMP ElectromagneticPulse.

Engagement TheaggregateofWMDand/orACMstrikesandthebattlesoflower

formationsandunits,unitedbyacommonoperationalconcept,and

conductedinoneorseveralsectorssimultaneouslyorsequentially.

Engineer

Reserve

Agroupingofengineer troopsat the disposalofacommanderintendedtoreplaceengineerunitsrenderedineffective,toreinforce

thegroupingofengineertroopsinimportantsectorsandtoperform

engineermissionswhichariseunexpectedlyin the course ofan

operationorbattle.

ERP EngineerReconnaissancePatrol,providingdetailedreconnaissanceofmajorobstaclesorroutes.

ERW EnhancedRadiationWeapon/Warhead.

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ExtendTactical Anew termdescribingtheareaoccupiedand defended by firstZoneof echelonarmiesindefence.(Seetacticalzoneofdefence).Defence

FAE FuelAirExplosive.

FIBU FightinginBuiltupAreas.

FireSupportof Thefirstphaseofartilleryandaviationsupportintheattack. ItlastsAdvancefrom fromthefromdepartureoftheattackingforcefromitswaitingareatheDepth untilitsarrivalonitslinethedeployment(qv).Duringthisperiod,

enemyweaponsthatcouldinterferewiththemarchanddeployment

aresuppressed.

FirePocket Anareaofgroundintowhichanenemyattackiscanalised,where

theenemycanbesubjected toheavyfire strikes,possiblybeingdestroyedthereafterbyacounterattack.

FirstEchelon Thatpartoftheoperationalortacticalformationofagroupingwhich

isinthefirstlineorinclosecontactwiththeenemyandisusedto

executespecificmissions.

Formation Genericterm coveringbrigade,division,corps, armyor strategicgrouping. Thefirsttwoarelower,tactical,formations,thesecond

twohigher,operational,formationsandthelastamajorfieldforce.

(Operationalstrategicorstrategic).

Forward (1)Acombinedarmsgroupings,usuallyofapproximatelybattalion

Detachment size,oftenreinforced,whichissentaheadofaunitorformationtoseizeandholdimportantterrainobjectives(eg,majorroadjunctions,

defiles,bridgeheadsoverwaterobstacles/pendingthearrivalofthe

mainbody.(2)Indefensivecombat,aforwarddetachmentisdeployed

toconductdefensive/delayingactionsinthesecurityzone.

ForwardPosition Adefensivepositionsetupinfrontof theforwardedgeinagiven

sectorforthepurposeofmisleadingtheenemyconcerningthetrue

locationoftheforwardedgeofthedefence,tosafeguardunitsorsubunitsofthefirstechelonfromsurpriseattack,torepulseenemyreconnaissanceinforceandtocompeltheenemytodeployhismain

bodyprematurely.Subunitsfromunitsofthefirstechelonareusually

designatedtodefendforwardpositions.

FP ForwardPatrol,themostcommonmarchsecuritypatrol;sectionorplatooninsize.

Frontof Theinnerfrontofencirclementisafrontcreatedaroundencircled

Encirclement enemy forcesor thepurposeoftrapping themand subsequentlydestroyingthem.Theouterfront(usuallynotmoreorlesscontinuous

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liketheinnerfront)iscreatedtoisolatetheencircledgroupingfrom

theremainderoftheenemyforces,drivinganeverdeeperwedge

betweenthemandpreventinganyattempttorelievethesurroundedtroopsorlinkupwithabreakoutfromencirclement.

FSG FlankSecurityGroup,companysizedandoftencombinedarms,usedduringmarcheswherethethreatisnotgreatenoughtorequirea

flankdetachment but greater than that whichwouldallow thedeploymentofonlyapatrol.

FSP FlankSecurityPatrol;sectiontoplatoonsizedforabattalion.

GLCM GroundLaunchedCruiseMissile.

GroundAlert

Intercept

Atypeofaerialcombatusedbyfighteraircraft.Itinvolvesthe

interceptionanddestructionofaerialtargetsinsortiesflownbydutyaircrews/subunits/unitswhichareheldonanairfieldataprescribed

stateofreadiness. Inaddition, sucha method maybeused toreinforceCAPsorfightersengagedincombatwithanairenemy.

Group Atemporarytroopgrouping,usuallycombinedarms,andofcompany

size,createdfortheexecutionofaparticularorspecialmission(eg,

security, seizure ofa feature, conduct of a raid, conduct ofreconnaissance).

HALO HighAltitudeLowOpening(parachuting).

HarassingFire Artilleryfire to inhibitenemymanoeuvreormovementor to forcehimtomoveand thusexposehimself toairattack. Alsousedto

weardownmorale.

HAS HardenedAircraftShelter.

HastyDefence Adefencecreatedbytroopsinthecourseofcombat.Atthestartofitsorganization, it ischaracterizedby: incomplete readinessand

consequent reduced stability; an insufficientlydeveloped and

organized fireplan:hurriedly organizedcoordination; insufficientdevelopmentoftheobstacleplanandofengineeringdefenceworks;weakexploitationofterrain;insufficientlystablecommandandcontrol.

Ahastytransitiontodefencemaystemfrom:theneedtorepulse

counterattacks/strikesbysuperiorenemy forcesduringoffensive

operations; the result of an unsuccessful meeting battle/

engagements; theeffortsofadefender tohalt,withhisreserves,furtheradvancesofenemytroopswhichhavebrokenthrough;the

effortsofawithdrawingforcetoaidtheextricationofamainbody

underattackbyapursuingenemy.

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HET HeavyEquipmentTransporter.

Higher

Formation

Army,CorpsorsometimesStrategicGrouping:ie,anoperationallevelformation.

IFF IdentificationFriendorFoe.

ImmediateObjective

Thepartoftheoverallcombatmissionintheoffensivethatmustbeaccomplished first. Depending on thesituation, the immediate

missionmaybetodestroytheenemy’sWMDandprecisionweapons,

breakup the enemy’sbasicgroupingorseizeregions, linesor

positionsthecaptureofwhichwillensuresuccessfulexecutionofthenextmission.

InitialPeriod

ofWar

Apotentiallydecisiveperiodofawar,rangingfromtheoutbreakof

hostilitiesof theattainmentoftheshorttermstrategicgoalsassignedtothe first strategic echelonof theattacker’sarmed forces. The

attackerwillusuallytrytoachievesurprisesothattheinitialperiodcoincideswiththedefender’speriodofmobilization,concentration

anddeployment.Insuchfavourableconditionsthegoalsofthewar

maybeattainedduringtheinitialperiod.

IP InitialPoint(air).

IRLS InfraredLineScan.

IRST InfraredSearchandTrack.

LD LineofDeparture.

LocalWar Awarwagedwithlimitedforcesinalimitedarea.

Lower

Formation

Atacticallevelformationofpermanentorganization(division,brigade)capableofconductingindependentcombatactions.

LS Landingsite. Anareaofopenground for the landingof troopsby

helicopter.

LRRP LongRangeReconnaissancePatrol.

LTD LaserTargetDesignator.

Manoeuvre

Defence

(1)Aformofdefencethatforeseesthedestructionofanattackingenemybyfirestrikesandthemanoeuvreoftroopgroupingstoexploit

theirresults.Inmanoeuvredefence,themainemphasisisplaced

notonthefirmretentionofterrainbutratheronconductingcounter

attacksandcounterstrikes followingconcentratedfire strikes. In

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ordertoaccomplishthis,thegreaterpartofforcesandweapons(as

muchastwo thirds) is located indepthascounterattack/strike

groupingswhiletheremainderaredeployedinthefirstecheloninaforwarddefensiveregion.(2)Aformofdefenceinwhichinferior

forcestradespacefortime,wearingdownandcanalizingtheenemy

attackandwinning time for theorganisationofa firm,positionaldefenceonafavourablelineoronvitalgroundorfortheconcentrationofforcessufficienttomountadecisivecounterattack/strike.

Manoeuvreof

Fire

Redirection ofweapons for thesimultaneous or consecutiveconcentrationoftheirfirepoweragainstimportantenemytargetsand

groupingsor thedistribution of firepower for thesimultaneous

destructionofseveraltargetsorgroupings.

MarchSecurity

Patrol

Anelementofmarchsecurity,detailedfromtheadvanceguardor

directlyfromsubunitsorunitsforwhichsecurityisprovided. Amarchsecuritypatrolmaybeintheforward,flankorrearcategory. Itis

platoonorsectioninstrength.

MassedFire Theconcentrationofseveralformationlevelartilleryunitsandsub-

unitsonagivenareatosuppressalargeenemygroupinginashort

periodoftime.

MATS MobileAntiTankStrongpoint;tacticalallarmsdefensivegrouping,usuallycompanysized,capableofautonomousaction.

MB MovingBarrage:methodofartillerysupportfortroopsintheattack

consistingofsuccessiveshiftsofhighdensityfirefromonelinetoanotheraheadof theadvancing troopsandaccording toa timed

programme.Amovingbarragemaybesingleordouble.

MBRL MultiBarrelledRocketLauncher.

MDA MainDefensiveArea;areainwhicheveryeffortwillbemadetohalt

anddestroytheenemy.

MeetingBattle/Engagement

Anencounterbattle/engagementisaclashbetweenopposingsideswhenbothare simultaneouslystriving to fulfilassignedmissionsthrough offensive action. A meeting battle (tactical level)or

engagement (operational level) may occur during a march or

manoeuvre, in thecourseofanattackmountedto repelenemycounterblowsorwhenreserves/secondechelonsmoveuptoexecute

countermoves in defence. A meetingbattle/engagement ischaracterizedby:obscurityofthesituationandabruptchangesinit;

rapidmovementtocontactofthetwosides;rapidchangesinmarch,

approachmarchandcombatformations;theswiftbuildupofefforts

fromthedepth;anintensestruggletogaintimeandseizeandholdtheinitiative;thepresenceofopenflanksandfreemanoeuvre;thedynamicanddecisivenatureoftheencounter.

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MNF MultiNationalForce;alliedforcesinGulfWar1991.

MOB MainOperatingBase(air).

MobileForces Formationsandunitsorganizedonmodernlines(corps,brigades,

combinedarmsbattalions)generallyemployedinperformingthemoredemandingtasks.Indefence,theyconductcounterattacks/strikes/

AFM Vol.2 Generic Enemy Handbook - Mobile Forces Pt 1 - Operational Art AndTactical Doctrine 1997

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Transcript of AFM Vol.2 Generic Enemy Handbook - Mobile Forces Pt 1 - Operational Art AndTactical Doctrine 1997