Afla stop: : Storage and drying for aflatoxin prevention project
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Transcript of Afla stop: : Storage and drying for aflatoxin prevention project
AflaSTOP
Sophie Walker, CoP
Highlighted areas are known to have aflatoxin problems
Equates to ~ 1.7 million acres of farm land
If 24% of the maize is contaminated in highlighted areas, then:
2.4 million children could be affected
Over 320,000 mt contaminated maize being eaten
How is aflatoxin affecting Kenya?
Comparison of aflatoxin range in two regions
57% of maize tested looked fine to eatAverage aflatoxin level
~1,900ppbAverage fumonism level of maize at beginning on-farm
testing ~1.9 ppm
Makueni
97% of maize looked good enough to eatAverage aflatoxin level ~500ppbAverage fumonism level of maize at beginning on-farm testing ~1.6 ppm
MeruBelow 10 ppb10-49 ppb50-99 ppb100-149 ppbAbove 150 ppb
4%16%11%8%61%
Below 10 ppb10-49 ppb50-99 ppb100-149 ppbAbove 150 ppb
21%26%9%8%35%
Storage Activity
Better picture?
Aflatoxin increases through 6 months storage
Meru maize stored in PP bags (normal storage method for smallholder farmers) which started with aflatoxin levels at ~1,900ppb increased at a rate of 24% per month
Makueni maize stored in PP bags which started at ~ 500ppb increased at a rate of 92% per month
All hermetic storage decreased the rate of aflatoxin increase but not all hermetic storage was as good at reducing the rate of increase
Devices prone to insect damage suffered higher aflatoxin increase levels particularly in the later months
The plastic silo worked as well as any other device in 75% of replicates but the remaining 25% failed dismally
While different moisture levels made no difference to the rate aflatoxin increases (testing at below 13.5% and between 14 15%), in replicates with higher moisture levels other anaerobic activity caused problems which makes storage of wet grain in hermetic devices unviable
Hermetic storage stopped significant insect damage increasing, maintained moisture content and slowed up discolouration of the grains
Hermetic devices which controlled aflatoxin increases
Device% increase in aflatoxin level per monthPurchase price in Kenya
Grain Pro Bulk Bag: Up to 1000 kgNo increase$190 + frame
PICs Bag: 90 kg1.8%$2.50
Metal Silo: 90 3000 kgs 3.1%$144 (e.g. 300 kgs)
Over 63% of farmers still had maize in store at 6 months, around 40% at 9 months
93% of smallholder farmers in Makueni purchase insecticide to treat the maize they are going to store between Ksh80 120 per bag.
Only ~6% of farming families did not have a dedicate place of storage
Farmers sell because they need cash they have had no income during the planting season not because they cannot store their maize
Rat damage has been seen in 2.67% of susceptible devices
1.79% of farmers have had significant problems with insects all in metal silos
Less 1% have had a problem with mould
Economics of purchasing storage devices
The upfront cost of metal silos and the grain safe are too much to be affordable for nearly all farmers.
Farmers like the no insecticide aspect of the PICs bags and adopt its use because it controls insects and they do not eat insecticide
Longer term implication with reference to aflatoxin is household maize will be stored without significant increases, but maize for the market will be stored as cheaply as possible
Portable Shallow Bed Batch Dryer
https://youtu.be/XH7ZtcXlLVo
Investment cost (Kenya) around $750
Handles between 1.5 2.5mt per day
Burns 12 kgs cobs per hour as heat source
1.4 litre petrol per hour
Requires one full time furnace operator
Transport by trailer, pick up, donkey cart, motor bike
Manufacturing requires some specialized skills but can be built by the informal sector
Manufacture and service provider make a profit and therefore it may be appealing to the market
Key features
Drying activity
If grain has to be below a certain moisture level for effective storage we need drying solutions to make the storage solutions work
Portable Shallow Bed Batch Dryer
https://youtu.be/XH7ZtcXlLVo
Investment cost (Kenya) around $750
Handles between 1.5 2.5mt per day
Burns 12 kgs cobs per hour as heat source
1.4 litre petrol per hour
Transport by trailer, pick up, donkey cart, motor bike
Manufacturing requires some specialized skills but can be built by the informal sector
Offers profit margins to manufacturers and service providers
Key features
Operating costs for 1 or 3 dryers
Running 3 machines in one location is 4.9 times more profitable than running one machine
Vision
Medium to large scale farmers investing in 2 3 units
SMEs investing in 1 6 units servicing smallholder farmers (1 5 acres)
Grain aggregators (including cooperatives and traders) or equipment operators running fleets of dryers 6 50 units
Lease financing options to increase rapid scale out of technology
[email protected]/aflastop-publications
http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ktn/index.php/video/watch/2000098148/-the-next-frontier-a-machine-that-dries-maize-to-minimize-potential-losses
www.acdivoca.org
Since 1963 and in 146 countries, ACDI/VOCA has empowered people to succeed in the global economy.
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