between nature and society. before

moving to a more ordinary empirical

study of uneven development in the

southern High Plains of Texas and

New Mexico. The two following

essays deal with conflicts between

agriculture and land conservation in

the USA and Canada. Development

of policy and rural proprammes is

presented in chapters covering extensi-

fication, set-aside, the urban fringe.

forestry. and research. The final

theme is analysed by Lisa Harrington

(Chapter 14) from the point of view of research enterprises and their impact

on rural space in the USA and the

esplicit designation of stretches of

countryside for environmental research

purposes. Sustainable agriculture as a

policy option is explored in three

chapters. among which fan Bowler

offers a thoughtful discussion of the

cmergcnce of organic agriculture in

the UK. md Janet Curry-Kopcr cx-

aminca tho philophical position of

altcrnativc ilgriculturc in conventional

rural paradigms in the IJSA.

vollllllc 2 begins with ;I rcvicw 01

uncvcn sc)cick!conomic dcvclopmcnt

and the .signific;incc of rural poverty in

both the 1JK and the USA. bcforc

moving on to analyst aspcct5 of social

change in the countrysitlc. Toronto’s

rural fringe and ths American ‘Mitt-

lands arc placctl under ths micro-

XX~‘C. bcforc f:iona Mackcnzic cx-

aniincs the ttclicatc issue of wonlcn’s

insccurrty as partners in farm

busincsscs in Ontario. This challcng-

ing and thcorctically informed essay

stands out from many rcvicw piccc\ in

both volunics. Essays on the particular

problems faced by the rural cldcrly

;iricl the need to cnsurc the provision

of dccsnt. affordahlc hoikng in ths

countryside coniptctc thi5 section.

Four chapters then focus on the

internally conflicting ksucs of cnviron-

mental prcscrvation and rural rccrca-

tion in the USA. UK and Canada.

f<ur;rl cmptoymcnt has ncvcr been

cquatcd with agriculture. and three

essays touch on the much (over?) rs-

5carchctl thcnic of pluriactivity. with

one rili5irlg the difficult question Of

whether fragitc rural comniunitiss (in

LAND USE POLICY July 1994

the Prairies) should be supported and

sustained or allowed to disappear. Dr-

velopment strategies for rural areas

come in various shapes and sizes. in-

cluding top-down government poli-

cies, community or area-based initia-

tives. and household-based opportuni-

ties for economic diversification and

revitalization. The collection con-

cludes with Jackie Wolfe’s provocative

discussion of the changing pattern of

aboriginal (Indian) self-government in

Canada.

Cottlcttrporcrr~ Kurd .SysltwS itr

Trtrtairiotr offers a great deal of up-to-

date information on themes of vital

significance in rural studies and rural

management. Agricultural production

in the post-industrial societies of North America and the UK has cn-

tcrcd a new and challenging phase.

and concerns arc growing for cnviron-

Illcllt;ll conservation and for rlliliIlt;lin-

ing SOCiill wclfarc CvCIl though IllilrliL!t

prirlciplc5 arc’ overriifirlg notions of

the wclfarc 5tatc. ‘f‘hus the component

css;Ivs. which cmphaki02 that ths

countryside is inilccd contcstcd space,

will bc of con~iilcr;ibIc intcrc4 to

acailcniic5, stutlcnls and pl;inncrs.

f Iowcvcr. tho5c very f;iniili;lr with

Book reviews

the literature will recognize a number

of old friends only partially dressed up

in new clothes. Those searching for

theory may be somewhat disappointed

by this display of work by Anglo-

American rural geographers. Others

looking for material relating to con-

tincntat Europe will have to search

elsewhere.

In short, this is a solid. clearly writ-

ten. informative collection which pro-

vides a permanent record of what

must have been an exccllcnt confer-

cnce as well as being a valuable library

resource for all who are interested in

recent changes in the countrysides of

North America and the UK. At f70.00

for the two volumes, which appear

only in hardback. WC cannot imagine

there will be many individual purchas-

ers and the book is ccrtilirlly beyond

the student market. This i\ ;I pity since

Illillly of the essays arc of direct rctc-

vancc to atlvanccd stuttcnts in agri-

CllltUrill gco~raphy. agrir‘ulturat cco-

nomics, rural studies and coiintry~iilc

planning.

Hugh Clout and Alun Jones Deparfment of Geography University College London

National tree planting programmes analysed AFFORESTATION: POLICIES,

PLANNING AND PROGRESS

edifed by Alexander Mather

Be/haven Press, London, 1993, 223 pp, f39.50

l’hi5 hook brings togcthcr accounts of

afforc5tation in 12 countriss. five from

Iluropc (f%ritain, Ireland. f)cnm;irk.

f lungary ;IIKI Spain). one from North

Africa (Algeria). two from Asia ((‘hi-

na and Japan), Chitc. the USA, and

Australia and New Zealand. This

asscmhly is notabls for the absence of

wholly tropical or typically Third World countries. kly own covcragc of

policy and planning is5ucs in I’kltrrtr-

tiotr Eitrcwr~ itr ~lrc* Tropics (Oxford,

IV)?) is too brief. Indeed. it uould

Ilxvc been mo\t instructive for Mathcr

to have included fIr;izil and India, who

have undcrtakcn ma5sivc afforcstation

prograninic5 in ths la5t three dccadcs

or to incttrdc sonic countries from

suh-Saharan Africa whcrc plantation

dcvclopnicnt has ptaycit an important

if intsrmittcnt role. I lowcvcr. this ini-

tial criticism is to inform the rcadcr

what to cxpcct; the contributions

thcnisclvcs of the countries includcif

arc nioht instructive and helpful to any

rcailcr intcrcstcd in forestry policy

and in particular afforc~tation as a tool

for tllilt policy.

I greatly cnjoycd reading this book,

perhaps bccausc the analysis of

afforsstation was largely from the

pcrspcctivc of professional gcogra-

phcrs rather than forcstcrs. and thi5

brought an objectivity and disintcrcst

247

not always found when foresters

analyse their own subject. Almost all

the reports follow a historical

approach. &scribing how afforesta-

tion policies and practice have de-

veloped in their country and how

these have been influenced by events

and decisions of government ;1s poli-

cies have waxed and waned regarding

the promotion of tree planting. Thex

historical surveys were usually con-

cluded by an analysis of successes and

failures. This last part ten&xi to be the

wcd=xst in terms of identifying con-

crete recornln~ndatioiis or guidance

for future policy makers.

In ;I book such as this. one is con-

fronted by ai1 array of cl;~Li and in-

form;ttion and the reviewer is tempted

to pick out interesting highlights. I will

siiccurr~h only iis far iis tiollow~. About

S5’%, of forests in Ircl;lnd arc st;itc

oWlled, their 111c'il11 yield cl;I\s (llleilll

;11iliu;11 incrcnicn~) is I5 iii’ per hectare

per year, and Ireland has achieved

75% self-sufficiency in timber. Den-

mark proposes to double its area of

forest in the next 75 years. Hungary

afforested some SCM) (MM) hectarer dur-

ing the Communist era and is planning

an additional I. I million hectares ;I\

part of the great national green pro-

gramme. and Spain is reported to have

afforested an astonishing 3.5 million

hectares between lYJ.3 and lYX3. pri-

marily with eucalypts and pines. Out-

side of Europe the data are of just as

much interest. with ;I critical analy>i!,

of Mrs Cnmpbell-Purdy’s efforts to

create ;I green wall around the Sahara

‘paralysins Algerian forestry. China’s pcnuine achievement of 3(WO million

hectares of new trco plantations since

the IOJOs being put into pcrspcclivc.

criticism of Chile’s /‘itlrlv rtrditrttr

pl;int;ition\ ;irld their lack of diversity.

an;dysis of New Ze;llikn<l’s recent pl-i-

v;itiz;ition ;iritl ils intcnlion to afforcst

100 (HI0 hectares per year. the lack of

eucalypt plantations in the home of

eucalypts. ie Australia. Japan.5 over-

stocked forest which cover\ 65% of

the Iand surface and, lady. the prcat

importance of direct seedins. particu-

larly in southern pine forests. as ;I tool

for afforestation in the USA,

Wither’s book is a unique cnmpila-

tion of experience and is essential

reading for all foresters and policy makers involved in national tree plant-

ing proprammcs. Afforcstation will

continue 1o rise up the political agen-

da: thus the book is surely rquired

reading for those far removed from

forest m~in;igenicnt itself but with ;I

keen intcrcs.t in I:incl use policies - 3s

cklather and his fellow gc’~grapher~

recognize.

Julian Evans Forestry Authority Wrecclesham. UK

Calendar l~:vcnl I)rlilils Train

Inlcrnation;il Geographic Union Hcgional

(‘onfcrcncc lOOJ - Iinvironmcnt ;iriJ

0u;ility of I.ifc in C’cntral ISuroy>c:

I’rohlcnis 0f’l‘r;insition

17th Urban Daf;i M;in;igc:nicnt

Symposium

Intcrn;itional Society of City and kgional

I’Lmncr~ World Congress: New D~III;II~~~S

on the I’l;inning I’rofcssion ancl its I’rxlice

Urban Growth ;intl the fJnvironnicnt

UDM Symposium “94 Sccrstari:lt. 1 klsinki

University of Technology, I<cvontulcntic:

6. FIN-02100 Espoo, Finland. Tel: +35X0 45 I 4054, fax: +35S 0 45 I IOhX

ISOCAIII’ Sccrctariat. 7.7 Xl;~uritskadc.

25 1-I I ID ‘l‘hc I Iague. ‘l‘hc Ncthcrlands.

‘I’d: +.I1 7OMXS4. fax: +31 703hl 7009

C‘ongrcss Secretariat. IO Tonsky l'I;icc.

1.0111l011 SWIX 1131'. UK

This calcnrlar of cvcn1s is b;bcil on inforni;ition provirlctl by the rcqX!ctivs organizers

illld from sccontlary sources. [_trrltl U.W Policy wclcorncs inform;ition on rckv;int

meetings. (‘opy ilc;iillinc\ arc’ four month5 ;ilic;iil of cover tl;iIc and inform;ition should

bc S.clll to:

248 LAND USE POLICY July 1994