Affixes
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Transcript of Affixes
AFFIXES: The building blocks of
English
Just for fun!
Let’s suffer from verbomania!
insane fondness for animals zoomania
morbid craving for poisons toxicomania
obsession with stamp-collecting stampomania
craze for starting fires pyromania
obsession with music musomania
irrational craving for water hydromania
craze for flowers florimania
Are you afraid of words?
Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia
Fear of long words
Let’s suffer from phronemophobia!
fear of heights acro/altophobia
fear of numbers arithmophobia
fear of being alone or of oneself autophobia
fear of books bibliophobia
fear of ugliness cacophobia
fear of meat carnophobia
fear of time chronophobia
Let’s suffer from phronemophobia!
fear of computers cyberphobia
fear of dentists dentophobia
fear of confined spaces claustrophobia
fear of sexual love erotophobia
fear of hearing good news euphobia
fear of nudity gymnophobia
fear of words logophobia
What is an affix?What is an affix?
An affix is a word element - a prefix, suffix, or infix - that can be attached to a base or root to form a new word.
Noun: affixation Adjectives: affixable and affixal
What is an affix?What is an affix?
Affixes are of two types:prefixes, occurring before the stem of a word, and suffixes, occurring after.
English does not have affixes in large numbers--about fifty common prefixes and somewhat fewer common suffixes.
What is an affix?What is an affix?
Prefixes include dis-, mal-, ex-, and semi-, as in disinterested, malformed, ex-husband, and semi-detached. Suffixes include -ship, -ness, -ette, and -let, as in hardship, goodness, kitchenette, and booklet.
What is an affix?What is an affix?
Clusters of affixes can be used to build up complex words:
nation, national, nationalize, nationalizationdenationalization, antidenationalization
Some Common Greek and Latin roots:
Root (source) Meaning English words
aster, astr (G) star astronomy, astrology
audi (L) to hear audible, auditorium
bene (L) good, well benefit, benevolent
bio (G) life biology, autobiography
dic, dict (L) to speak dictionary, dictator
Some Common Greek and Latin roots:
Root (source) Meaning English words
fer (L) to carry transfer, referral
fix (L) to fasten fix, suffix, affix
geo (G) earth geography, geology
log, logue (G) word, thought,speech
monolog(ue), astrology, biology, neologism
luc (L) light lucid, translucent
Some Common Greek and Latin roots:
Root (source) Meaning English words
manu (L) hand manual, manuscript
meter, metr (G) measure metric, thermometer
path (G) feeling pathetic, sympathy, empathy
phys (G) body, nature physical, physics
scrib, script (L) to write scribble, manuscript
Some Common Greek and Latin roots:
Root (source) Meaning English words
tele (G) far off telephone, television
ter, terr (L) earth territory, extraterrestrial
vac (L) empty vacant, vacuum, evacuate
verb (L) word verbal, verbose
vid, vis (L) to see video, vision, television
What is an affix?What is an affix?
“Over half the words in English are there because of processes of this kind (i.e., affixation). And this is one reason why children's vocabulary grows so quickly once they learn some prefixes and suffixes."
(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2006)
Prefixes showing quantity
Meaning Prefixes in English Words
half semiannual, hemisphere
one unicycle, monarchy, monorail
two binary, bimonthly, dilemma, dichotomy
hundred century, centimeter, hectoliter
thousand millimeter, kilometer
Prefixes showing negationwithout, no, not asexual, anonymous, illegal, immoral,
invalid,irreverent, unskillednot, absence of, opposing, against
nonbreakable, antacid, antipathy, contradict
opposite to, complement to
counterclockwise, counterweight
do the opposite of, remove, reduce
dehorn, devitalize, devalue
do the opposite of, deprive of
disestablish, disarm
wrongly, bad misjudge, misdeed
Prefixes showing direction or positionabove, over supervise, supererogatory
across, over transport, translate
below, under infrasonic, infrastructure, subterranean,hypodermic
in front of proceed, prefix
behind recedeout of erupt, explicit, ecstasyinto injection, immerse, encourage, empower
around circumnavigate, perimeterwith coexist, colloquy, communicate, consequence,
correspond, sympathy, synchronize
Suffixes, on the other hand, modify the meaning of a word and frequently determine its function within a sentence. Take the noun nation, for example. With suffixes, the word becomes the adjective national, the adverb nationally, and the verb nationalize.
Typical noun suffixes are -ence, -ance, -or, -er, -ment, -list, -ism, -ship, -ency, -sion, -tion, -ness, -hood, -dom.
Typical verb suffixes are -en, -ify, -ize, -ate.
Typical adjective suffixes are -able, -ible, -al, -tial, -tic, -ly, -ful, -ous, -tive, -less, -ish, -ulent.
The adverb suffix is -ly (although not all words that end in -ly are adverbs—like friendly).
The “infix”The “infix”
A word element (a type of affix) that can be inserted within the base form of a word (rather than at its beginning or end) to create a new word or intensify meaning. The process of inserting an infix is called infixation.
The “infix”The “infix”
Examples and observations:
"Abso-Bleedin'-Lutely"(Quincy Jones, song in the film Walk, Don't Run, 1966)
Absobloodylutely
The “infix”The “infix”
Examples and observations:
Infixes work in fortuitous or aggravating circumstances by emotionally aroused English speakers:
Hallebloodylujah! . . . In the movie Wish You Were Here, the main character expresses her aggravation (at another character's trying to contact her) by screaming Tell him I've gone to Singabloodypore!
The “infix”The “infix”
Examples and observations:
"English has no true infixes, but the plural suffix -s behaves something like an infix in unusual plurals like passers-by and mothers-in-law."(R.L. Trask, The Penguin Dictionary of English Grammar, 2000)
The “infix”The “infix”
Examples and observations:
FanflamingtasticUnbeflippinglievableFanfrigginstasticAbsobloominlutely
Exercises - AffixesExercises - Affixes
A man's useless tuxedo could be __________ into a woman's smart town suit. (form)
Exercises - AffixesExercises - Affixes
In Garner's case, the formal elements often go unnoticed because they are __________ and made almost invisible by the emotional power and urgency of the story. (merge)
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Eduardo Duhalde, Argentina's caretaker president, today said that he would __________ the peso as he prepared to unveil a high-risk plan to end the country's economic turmoil. (value)
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The Maya priests discovered, however, that they had slightly __________ the average synodic period of Venus. (estimate)
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Of themselves, of course, the rules are normative, and their validity is thus __________ by issues of fact. (affect)
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There remained a distinctive philosophy of liberalism which could __________ the Liberals from other political parties. (differ)
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In a black leather notebook __________ with a metal clasp, he wrote: Oswestry July 18th 1829... (fast)
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The only miracle left in the nuclear dream is that more people have not __________ to the fact that nuclear power is economically - and increasingly, in that it takes much-needed funds away from renewables and efficiency - ethically, redundant. (wake)
Exercises - AffixesExercises - Affixes
Frederick's reforms, however, __________ a major flaw in the progressive infatuation with scientific management. (example)
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Drugs which are rapidly inactivated have advantages, because the risk of __________ is minimized and there are no cumulative effects. (dosage)
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Sections of the population have also combined their own popular nationalism and religion with aspects of the clerical interpretation already invested in the law, particularly in the __________ movement of the early 1980s. (abortion)
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Any technical term used here, whether from __________ or anthropology, is explained in the body of the text, and the index will enable the reader to refer back to these explanation. (Marx)
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The best cure in such a case is an __________ of the law by statute. (alter)
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He not only uses __________ images to achieve rhythm but, even more subtly, uses __________ ideas for the same purpose. (repeat)
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The integral involves two __________ functions. (continue)
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It is remarkable that a cell as overtly dull and __________ as the fertilized egg can give rise to such varied and complex forms. (structure)
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Even in the university centers, perhaps only 50 per cent of cases are notified, while reporting from private practitioners is __________. (existent)
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__________ resources that took aeons to constitute are squandered in an instant, according to the "laws" of supply and demand. (replaceable)
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I try not to go to the supermarket at 5pm because it's __________________. (practice)
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He was accused of __________________ documents. (false)
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You shouldn't have done that! It was very __________________ of you. (think)
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They had to __________________ the lion before they could catch it. (tranquil)
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How many words can you “grow” from each root?
act love
talk dark
comfort excite
station suit
decide mix