Affairs Notes

8/8/2019 Affairs Notes

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Affairs Notes

Assalam o Alaikum All

This thread will have current affairs notes and will be updated regularly inshaAllah. I ama new member and preparing myself for PSC AJK. I just started my preparation withcurrent affairs and Pakistan Affairs. (I will start another thread for Pakistan Affairs soon.

These notes will not only hlep us in Current Affairs but in Essay as well, as both thepapers are almost intelinked.

So let's start, your criticisim and guidelines are highly appreciated. Seniors arerequested to give comments on each of my post so that I know my self where I amstanding. PSC AJK aspirants are welcomed to comment

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your profile only.

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#2Tuesday, December 29, 2009

rose_pakSenior Member

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Clash of Civilizations (A study of Hungtington thoery 1993)

Clash of Civilization

Clash of Civilization theory by Samuel HungtingonFakayama in 1989, wrote a thesis End of History saying that there is no rivalry ofideology of liberal democracy.Later on Mr. Samuel Hungtington 1993, wrote Clash of Civilization and furtherelaborated it in his book The Clash of Civilization and The Remarking fo World Order in1996According to Samual Hungtington the fundamental clash will be between Western &Sinic-Islamic civilization. Sinic and Islamic Civilization are great threat to WesternCivilization as they oppose to wests universal democratization. The clash between westand Islam going on from 1300 years

Journey of Civilization

He said after falling down treaty of Westphalia in 1648, conflict used to occur betweenprinces till 1900. After French Revolution it shifted to Nations of States. After First WorldWar and Russian revolution 1917, conflict yielded to Conflict of Ideology. He argued localpolitics has been changed with ethnic politics, global with Politics of Civilization and Rivalryof superpowers in to Clash of Civilization.

Different Civilizations according to Samuel
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He said civilization is a way of life and Religion is the most important objective elementdefines civilization. He divided civilization into 7 categories; Islam, Japanese, Sinic, Hindu,African, Latin America and West. (Some dont agree to call Japanese and African acivilization)He argued that widespread of western ideology of Universal Democracy will antagonizewith other civilizations. The power is shifting to other civilizations, civilizations with

common culture come together and that is why Sinic-Islam civilization is a threat for west.He said that Sinic civilization is flourishing due to its economic development; Islam andSinic have common interests in terms of weapon proliferation, human rights anddemocracyHe said Russia, Japan and India are Swing Civilization which can go to either side asRussia can strong its relations with Iran, while China with Pakistan and Iran.He said Modernization is taking place at individual and society level, resurgence to religionand culture.

Major Factors of West-Islam Civilization Clash

Unemployment due to increase in population, Islamic resurgence, wests ideology ofuniversal democracy, demise of SU removed common enemy of West and Islam. He saidWest-Islam conflict will be bloodies which later on proven as 9/11, Iraq and Afghanistan

War.

Flaws in the Theory in context of current situation

1. He discusses Sinic Islam Civilization quoting example of Stallin and his allies andHitler, but that was ideological period which is over now.2. Confusion about world power blocs as now Islamic world is not Islamic power in realsense3. He says world is becoming modernized due to relations with each other but why thiswas not done in 11th century when Islam and west enjoyed a good relationship.4. He states that there is no core state in Islamic world, then how come Islamic worldcan go against west as a whole even they do not have leadership.5. He said people sharing same culture will come together but most of the Islamic

countries are engaged in their internal matters and civil wars, how they can get together?6. He says religion as a most important factor for civilization but this was not the case insecession of Bangladesh from Pakistan7. Amarty Sen wrote A world is not neatly divided quoting example of anti-globalizationprotesters which are from whole world.

(Source: World Times Magazine December 2009)


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#3Wednesday, December 30, 2009
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Energy Crises in Pakistan

This topic will also be helpfull in English Essay

Energy Crises in Pakistan

Energy is important for every country to be alive. Energy consumption per capita is akey indicator of the quality of work life of the citizens In Pakistan energy gap has increased from 3500 MW in 2008 to 5,000 MW I October2009 Per capita energy consumption in Pakistan is only 15 MBTU as compared to 54 in China,104 in Malaysia and 106 in Iran. Our trade deficit is roughly about 9.34 % of GDP in 2007-08 fiscal year, shortfall ofelectricity is one of the main factors

Our Oil imports increased by 56 % and food imports increased by 46 % in fiscal 2008 In this current situation with the demand increasing day by day, Pakistan cannotincrease its dependence on furnace oil.

Causes of Energy Crises

No major project undertaken by previous government: No big project waslaunched in Musharaff regime. Generation capacity also declined. As installed generationcapacity had increased by 53 % in 1994 to 1999. (11320 MW to 17400MW) but itincreased only 12 % in 1999 to 2007, 19420 MW. Even this increase was due tocompletion of Ghazi Brotha project which was started before Musharaff in 1990s. Failure to increase the generating capacity: Hydel electricity generation goes downby 60 % in winter naturally but the generation from thermal plants has also declined by4000 MW which generated 5000 MW shortfall. Problem of Circular Debt: in 2007 government did not have money to pay the subsidyamount to the electricity companies due to its debts. This problem became more seriouswhen oil prices jumped up from $100 to $147 per barrel in international market. Losses in Transmission and Distribution: In Pakistan the losses are over 20 %compared to 8 to 10% in other countries. Wastage of Energy: Industry sector uses 30 % of electricity while they can generatesolar energy like China. Transport sector uses 28 % of total energy due to its poorly tunedengines. Domestic and Household consumption: This consumption is more then estimated aswell. Now this sector uses 45 % of total electricity

Effects of Energy Crises

Less exports due to shortfall Unemployment Many industries closed In 19500 MW, about 60 % are from imported oil or domestic natural gases. While only3o % is generated by thermal plants. This reduces our foreign reserves

Solutions
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Resolving the Circular Debt Problem: Any payable amount to oil companies, Wapda,pepco or any other company should be paid on priority basis so that they can work on fullefficiency. Building smaller Power Plants: New projects have been identified but notimplemented. Some of them are a) addition of rental power plants (950 MW), b) new IPP

thermal project (375 MW), c) Rehablitation of WAPDA power plants (2oo MW), d) lossreduction (80 MW). Capital cost of project should also be considered. Capital cost of 1500MW of new plant considered to be $3 billion. On completion more electricity at price of 12to 14 Rs per unit can be added but will not be affordable. New Gas Power Plants: new plants should be installed and existing should beupdated. As they produce only 70 % of power as new one do. Update the system of transmission and Distribution Maga Dams: In coming 5 years hydel-thermal electricity generating capacity should be60:40 to tackle the problem on the long run. Kalabagh dam controversy makes thesituation more worse. Some non controversial projects are being delayed as well likeNeelum Jehlum (969 MW), Tarbela extension (960), Suki Kinara (840), Khan dabbar(130), Allai (126) and Jinnah Hydro (96 MW). Autonomy to WAPDA to undertake new projects

Exploit the coal reserves: Thar has one of the largest deposits of coal in the world. Touse this will reduce dependence on imported energy. China has offered project in 2005 togenerate 3000 MW at 5.8 % but it could not move forward as they were offered only 5.3% Regional Gas and Oil Pipelines: Iran-Pakistan-India gas line, Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan gas pipeline can be considered. It will not only reduce the cost ofenergy but attract foreign financing. Alternative sources of energy: wind power, solar energy, bio fuel can be used asalternative energy sources.

(1 MBTU mean 1 Million British Thermal Unit, 3134 MBPTU = 1 Kilowatt hour)(Source: World Times Magazine December 2009)


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#4Thursday, December 31, 2009



Waziristan Operation Challenges and Opportunities (Important Notes)

Waziristan Challenges and Opportunities (Important Points)By Lt. Col.(Rtd) Muhammad Shahbaz
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BACKGROUND

In 1936, a wazir young man abducted a girl and fled to Waziristan. British governmentstarted its operation to establish their write in the area. Mr. Faqir started Jihad against

them

In 1937, British took over the area and Faqir run away to Afghanistan. Birith Army waswithdrawn to fight in Burma, Africa, Europe. So there was peace in 1941-1945.

A committee headed by Gen. Franceis Tuker was made to analyse whether british shouldstay in the area or withdraw it forces. In early 1947 Army was withdrawn on therecommendation of the committee.

WAZIRISTAN UNDER PAKISTAN RULE

No new social contract was signed by the new government of the Pakistan nor was the

area given a status of province. Tribal had expressed their views to join Pakistan throughreferendum but Pakistan lost the opportunity to give them a status of province.

Mr. Faqir started Jihad against Pakistani government on the pretext of Pakhtunistan in1949. Two army brigades entered the area and made Mr. Faqir run away to Afghanistanagain.

In early 50s, Once again army was withdrawn from the area leaving that a safe heavenfor the criminal from all over Pakistan.

During Zia era when so called Jihad started (1979-1989), people are given trainings inWaziristan and sent to Afghanistan for Jihad.

After 9/11 those trained people run away from Afghanistan and made their hidouts inWaziristan. Those people include foreigners fighting Jihad in Afghanistan as well. Thengovernment (Musharaff) did not pay its attention to this severe problem and let thesepeople to settle down in the area. These people started killing Maliks and getting power inthe region.

The local government system further weakened the situation.It is said that RAW/CIA is involved in tribal areas by Indian consulates in Afghanistan.Resent vacation of NATO forces along Durand line is out of sense. It seems that they wantPakistan

Pakistan to be busy in western border, so that India becomes free to contain China

US can withdrew from Afghanistan and keep tow Muslims countries fighting each otheras was done in case of Cambodia and Iraq

WHAT SHOULD PAKISTAN DO?

The situation is worsening then ever. Pakistan needs to take some quick steps to get theloyalty of tribal. Tribal are loyal people but terrorists are blackmailing them. They are fedup with terrorists. Need of the hour is to try to win over the local tribes. Involve people in


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decision making and empowering them

All stakeholders meeting should be held by PM to formulate a national strategy

Political activities should be started in FATA

Committee to be formed to write a new social contract for FATA

Election should be held like rest of country

Self respect of common man should be restored

Assistance to IDPs should be with respect and honour, their dignity, ethics and normsmust be observed

All political parties should establish their offices in FATA.

Development works should be started on priority basis



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#5Friday, January 01, 2010



Global Warming (Important Points)

GLOBAL WARMING (Important Points)

INTRODUCTION

Global warming is the expected gradual, slow warming of the lower layer of earth'slower atmosphere by greenhouse gases, mostly Carbon Dioxide and lesser by Methane.These gases trap infra red radiations which otherwise, keep the earth cool.

In 2003, the concentration of carbon dioxide was 5o % more then what was in the startof industrial revolution in late 90s.

UN formed a group of scientists (International Panel on Climate Change) to work on
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climate

Climate Model Projection says that the globally surface temperature will increase by 1.1to 6.4 Centigrade in 21st century.

MAJOR CAUSES

Greenhouse gases (Carbon dioxide and Methane) mostly come from fuel used in cars,factories and electricity production. Less forests are also a cause

Solar Energy: over the last 4 billion years energy output by sun is increasing and it willcontinue to increase. Unless the sun will be red giant and I think that would be the lastday of the earth

Orbital Variation: Slight variation in earths orbit also effect the climate as with itamount of sunlight changes

Volcanism: Volcanism is a process of conveying material from the mantle of the earth.This also makes the earth more and more warmer

Human Influence: Human activity is very likely the cause of rapid increase intemperature. Human being uses cars, electricity, cutting forests and many other activitieswhich produce carbon dioxide.

EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING

Global temperature will rise 1.1 to 6.4 centigrade in 21st century

Sea level is projected to rise between 7 to 23 inches

If recent melting continues the sea level can further rise 4 to 8 inches (Extreme threat

for Maldeves)

Hot extremes, heat waves and heavy rain would be possibilities (Extreme threat forNepal)

More proliferation of insect pests which in turn will spread more diseases

Al Gore underlined the possibility of collapse of major ice sheet in Greenland whichwould result in 20 feet raise in sea level and more than 100 million of refugees

GLOBAL WARMING MOOTS

Earth Summit 1992: held by UN in 1992, 172 countries participated. Discussed theclimate change and addressed the issues 1) systematic scrutiny of patterns of production,2) alternative source of energy to replace fossil fuel, 3) reliance on public transport,An achievement of Earth Summit 1992 came in terms of KYOTO Protocol 1997

KYOTO Protocol 1997: under this protocol 37 industrialized countries (called Annex Icountries) committed themselves to reduce four greenhouse gases. They committed toreduce their collective emission to 5.2 % to the 1990 level. Other countries showed theirgeneral commitment


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Bali Summit 2007: Held in Bali Indonesia in 2007. EU proposed well below half ofthe 2000 level by 2050 for developing countries and 20 to 40 % emission below 1990level by 2020 for developed countries. America opposed the proposal

Copenhagen Summit 2009: UN arranged global summit in Copenhagen in December

2009 but failed to come up with a visible solution. (More details of this Summit will beuploaded soon)

SUGGESTIONS TO TACKLE GLOBAL WARMING

Biofuel: Biofuel is as old as the cars itself. Due to cheap oil it was ignored but now withthe increase in oil prices it is the best solution for energy

Cell Charge: Soon we well have a type of cells which will turn chemical energy intoelectricity and it will use hydrogen for generating electricity

Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy has been used for thousands of years in somecountries for cooking. This energy is found in rocks beneath earths crust.

Solar Energy: every hour sun beams on the earth, have more than enough energy fora year. So solar energy is another option for reduction of greenhouse gases

Latest Technology: Latest and clean technology can be used for emission of carbondioxide. New model cars with good mileage, can be introduced for example.

Al Gore, Nobel Peace Prize winner says Each one of us is a cause of globalwarming, each one of us can make choices to change that with the things we buy, theelectricity we use, the cars we drive; we can make choices to bring our individual carbonemission to zero



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Pakistan 2009: Year of Terrorism

2009: Year of Terrorism
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Pakistan is at war, and this time the war is not at its borders with an enemy country. Thiswar is with its own people and within its own territory. Some call it Americas war whereasthe government and the army call it Pakistans own war.

This war has plagued Pakistan's provinces of North West Frontier Province (NWFP),Balochistan, and Punjab with violence between militants and government security forcesas well as terrorist activities against innocent civilians. Though, the nature of these violentincidents and terrorist attacks seem similar all over the country, the causes of the conflictsvary in different regions.

In NWFP, the worst hit province in terms of terrorism, Operation Rah-e-Rast against pro-Taliban groups displaced hundreds of thousands of people in April and May 2009. Theoperation wrapped up on July 7, 2009 with 1,600 extremists killed and 158 soldiersmartyred. During the operation, around 300,000 people of Swat took refuge in camps orwith relatives.

Not only displacement, residents of the province also bear the brunt of the terroristattacks in the country. Around 87 such incidents took place in the province, includingsuicide attacks, hand grenade attacks, rocket and mortar attacks and blasts with remotecontrol devices. At least 824 people, including 228 security officials of differentorganizations and grades, were killed in attacks during the year.

Attack on shrine of a 17th century Sufi poet - Rehman Baba - in the Akhund Babagraveyard of Peshawar to discourage shrine culture shocked the nation. A letter deliveredto the management of the mausoleum three days before the attack had warned againstits promotion of shrine culture.

In Balochistan, Pakistan's largest and poorest province, tribal militants are engaged in a

long-running, low-level insurgency to gain greater control of the region's natural resourcesand political power. Analysts say Afghan Taliban groups are also using Baluchistan as abase. Most of the 37 terrorist acts reported from the province were incidents of sectarianviolence. Around 66 people, including 11 security officials, were killed in the terroristattacks. Those killed include 3 academicians, 1 cardiologist, Balochistan Chief MinesInspector, Balochistan Education Minister, Vice President of Jamhoori Watan Party,Chairman of Hazara Democratic Party, leader of Fiqah Jafria, and leader of Jammat Ahl-e-Sunnat Wal Jamaat Noorani.

Some of the militant violence has spilled into other parts of Pakistan, with suicide andarmed attacks on troops and the country's main cities.

In Punjab, 315 people were killed in 20 terrorist attacks. Those killed include 62 security

officials. The worst terrorist incidents were suicide attacks at Moon Market, Lahore andParadeline mosque, Rawalpindi. More than 85 people were killed in the two attacks.

Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, didnt remain safe from the terror wave and 28 peoplewere killed in 10 terrorist attacks. Some of the important incidents include suicide attackat UN World Food Program (WFP) office and suicide attack at International IslamicUniversity, Islamabad.

Violence erupted in Sindh after suicide attack on Ashura procession at M A Jinnah Road,


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Karachi on December 28... just 3 days before the new year. The province remainedrelatively safe during the year. At least 53 people were killed in 17 terrorist activities.Majority of these incidents were target killings or shooting incidents, which apparently hadsectarian motives behind them.

Following is a time line of major terrorist attacks in all four provinces of the country.

Terrorist Attacks in NWFP

January 4: A suicide bomber was killed while two people sustained injuries near acheck-post in Officers Colony in Bannu. The suicide bomber blew himself up in an attemptto target a check-post but could not succeed as the bomb exploded before he could reachhis target.

January 4: Ten persons, including 4 policemen, were killed and 27 others injured intwo bomb blasts near the Polytechnic College in Dera Ismail Khan.

January 17: In the first incident of its kind in Peshawar, religious scholar Pir HafizRafeeullah, who was kidnapped on January 16, was reportedly slaughtered and hisdecapitated body was found in the Matani area of the capital on the morning of January17.

January 20: Four policemen and 4 civilians were injured when a police patrol van washit by a roadside bomb on Ring Road in the Hazarkhwani area of Peshawar.

January 23: Two SF personnel were killed in a car suicide attack near Mingora town inthe Swat District of NWFP.

January 26: At least 5 people have been killed and several wounded in a bomb blast inDera Ismail Khan. The bomb, attached to a bicycle, went off on a busy main road.

February 3: One man was killed and 18 others injured in a hand grenade attack on aSunni mosque at Mohallah Joginwala in Dera Ismail Khan district.

February 5: A suicide attacker detonated an explosive-laden car near a police station inthe Mingora town of Swat District, injuring a dozen officers and destroying part of thebuilding.

February 9: At least 18 FC personnel were injured in amini-truck suicide attack on theBaran Pul check-post of the Frontier Reserve Police (FRP) in the jurisdiction of Bakkakhelpolice station in Bannu District.

February 11: Alamzeb Khan, a Member of Provincial Assembly from the ruling AwamiNational Party (ANP), was killed and 7 others were injured in a remote-controlled bombblast in Momin Town in Peshawar.

February 17: Five people were killed and 17 injured in a car bomb blast outside theHujra (male guest house) of the union council chief in Bazidkhel village of Peshawar.

February 20: At least 32 persons were killed and 145 others injured when a suicidebomber exploded himself in the funeral procession of a slain employee of the TehsilMunicipal Administration near the busy Shubra Square in Dera Ismail Khan.


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February 23: A police guard was killed when he flung himself onto a suicide bomber toprevent him from entering a compound in Bannu. The attacker was trying to enter thecompound, where judges and senior police officials live and work, when the guardintercepted him. Two other police guards were wounded in the attack.

March 5: One person was killed and 19 others sustained injuries when a hand-grenade

hurled by unidentified miscreants at worshippers exploded in Ameer Hamza mosque inDera Ismail Khan.

March 5: Suspected Taliban militants blew an ancient shrine of a 17th century Sufi poet- Rehman Baba - in the Akhund Baba graveyard of Peshawar. A letter delivered three daysbefore the attack to the management of the mausoleum had warned against its promotionof shrine culture.

March 7: Eight persons, including five policemen, two Frontier Corps personnel and acivilian, were killed in a remote-controlled car bombing at Mashugagr village in Peshawar.Some villagers also sustained minor injuries.

March 11: The NWFP Senior Minister and Awami National Party leader Bashir Ahmad

Bilour survived an assassination attempt that left six persons, including two suspectedsuicide attackers, dead in Namak Mandi in Peshawar. Four persons, including a young girl,were wounded in the firing, grenade attack and suicide blast.

March 18: Five people including three policemen were killed and four injured when over100 unidentified armed men attacked a police vehicle at the entrance of the University ofMalakand at Chakdara in Lower Dir District.

March 30: Seven persons, including 5 Army soldiers, were killed and 9 others sustainedinjuries when a suicide bomber rammed his explosive-laden car into a military convoynear a filling station on the Bannu-Miranshah Road.

April 5: Police found bullet-riddled bodies of four local aid workers, including threewomen, in Shinkiari area of Mansehra District.

April 15: At least 18 persons, including nine policemen, were killed and five othersinjured when a suicide bomber rammed an explosives-laden vehicle into the HarichandPolice Post in Charsadda District.

April 18: At least 27 SF personnel were killed and 55 others injured in a suicide attackon a security check post in the Doaba area of Hangu District.

April 26: 12 children were killed after playing with a bomb that resembled a football.The children died after the toy-like-bomb exploded in Lower Dir District.

May 1: The ISPR spokesman Major General Athar Abbas said two Frontier Corpspersonnel were killed when a suicide bomber blew up a booby-trapped house in the BunerDistrict.

May 4: A suicide car bomber killed 4 SF personnel and wounded 8 persons in theoutskirts of Peshawar.

May 5: Seven people, including 2 children and a Frontier Corps soldier, were killed and48 others sustained injuries when an explosives-laden car rammed into a pick-up near a


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check-post on the Bara road near Peshawar.

May 11: At least 10 people died and 27 were injured as a suicide bomber blew up hisexplosives-laden vehicle near a Frontier Corps check post in the outskirts of Darra AdamKhel.

May 16: Two handicapped children and 2 of their teachers were among 11 people killedin a car bomb blast at congested City Circular Road, Peshawar. At least 33 people wereinjured.

May 16: Six people, including two women and two children, sustained minor injurieswhen a low-intensity explosive device went off in a busy market in Peshawar.

May 22: At least 10 people were killed and 65 others were injured when a powerful carbomb exploded near the Tasveer Mahal Cinema hall in the busy Kabuli Chowk area.

May 28: Three policemen were killed and 9 others injured in a suicide attack on a policevehicle at the Sra Khawra security post on the Kohat road in the jurisdiction of MataniPolice station on the outskirts of Peshawar.

May 28: A policeman and 2 passers-by were killed and 13 people wounded when asuicide attacker exploded an auto-rickshaw near a police checkpoint in Dera Ismail Khan.

June 5: A suicide bomber killed 49 worshippers, including 12 children, at a mosque in aremote village of the Dir Upper District. Dozens more were injured in the blast just beforeFriday congregation in the Hayagay Sharqi village.

June 7: One non-commissioned officer was killed and five others were injured in anattack on security forces' convoy transporting TNSM deputy chief Maulana Alam andspokesman Amir Izaat to Peshawar, the NWFP capital. Both leaders of banned outfits werealso killed in the attack.

June 9: A massive truck suicide attack at the five-star Pearl Continental hotel inPeshawar killed 17 persons and injured 60 others.

June 11: A man was killed and 13 others, including 9 policemen, sustained injuries in ahand grenade-cum-suicide attack on a police party in the Lateefabad area on Ring Road inPeshawar.

June 11: NWFP Minister for Prisons Mian Nisar Gul Kakakhel was seriously injured andhis two guards were killed when his convoy was ambushed by suspected militants in DarraAdam Khel.

June 12: Five worshippers were killed and 105 others sustained injuries when a suicide

bomber rammed his explosives-laden van into a mosque during the Friday prayers in theCantonment area of Nowshera. Two soldiers were among the four persons killed on thespot while most of the 105 wounded were reportedly Army personnel.

June 14: Nine people were killed and over 40 injured when a powerful explosion rippedthrough a busy market in Dera Ismail Khan.

June 22: Two policemen were killed and 7 people, including 3 policemen, sustainedinjuries when a suicide bomber rammed his explosive-laden vehicle into the Thakot Police


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check-post in Battagram District.

June 24: Three policemen, including an officer, were killed when some miscreants firedrockets and mortar shells at the Arbab Tapu check-post in the jurisdiction of Matani PoliceStation.

July 2: Two policemen were killed and an equal number of people sustained injurieswhen Taliban targeted a police vehicle with a remote-controlled device in Peshawar.

July 9: A Peshawar Electric Supply Company (PESCO) employee was killed and threeinjured when Taliban militants blew up an electricity pylon using a remote-controlleddevice in Merra Suraizai Payan village on the outskirts of the provincial capital Peshawar.

July 15: Two people, including an official of the UNHCR, were killed and another injuredwhen suspected Taliban militants attempted to abduct UN officials at the Katcha GhariRefugee Camp in Nasir Bagh.

July 15: Two children were injured in a rocket attack. Taliban militants fired threerockets from an unidentified location into the city at about 12:30pm, and one of them hit

a house in Sethi Town, injuring a 13-year-old girl and a 15-year-old boy.

July 20: Suspected militants of the Mangal Bagh group killed four policemen in anambush on the outskirts of Peshawar.

August 2: In the southern Mashogagar village, terrorists killed a prayer leader QariRoohul Amin of Sulemankhel, who had been abducted on June 29, and placed threekilograms of explosives with his body to trigger it with a remote control device in the hopethat policemen would come close to it. Officials of the bomb disposal squad, however,defused the explosives without any damage.

August 2: Militants shot dead two policemen in Paharipura. A squad of the Paharipura

Police Station was ambushed by unknown gunmen in Islamabad town of Peshawar around2:30 am while patrolling the streets.

August 10: Militants fired rockets at a paramilitary checkpoint in Peshawar, killing twocivilians. The pre-dawn rocket attack targeted a Frontier Corps base in the city'sHayatabad neighborhood.

August 16: A soldier was killed and three others sustained injuries in a suicide attacknear a SFs checkpoint in the Swat District.

August 17: Seven people were killed and eight others injured when a bomb placed in avehicle exploded at a filling station in the Shabqadar area in Charsadda.

August 18: Suspected militants beheaded a man kidnapped from the Matani area onAugust 12. Kabir Hussain, who had come from the US and was kidnapped on his way fromPeshawar airport to his village Dabori in Kohat District.

August 22: Two persons were killed and three others injured in a suicide blast inHayatabad area. The blast occurred in sector N-I Phase IV of the area near the HayatabadMedical Complex (HMC).

August 23: Three persons were killed and 15 others sustained injuries in a powerful


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suicide blast close to the house of the slain AI spokesman, Mobin Afridi, in the MominTown area of Peshawar

August 30: At least 16 police recruits were killed and 11 others sustained injuries aftera suicide bomber detonated explosives strapped to his body at the Mingora Police Station.

September 4: Suspected militants shot dead two FC troopers in Nasir Bagh suburbs ofPeshawar early in the morning while they were patrolling the area.

September 12: Two policemen were injured in a suicide blast near Doaba PoliceStation in the Hangu District.

September 18: At least 33 people were killed and more than 50 injured in a suicide carblast in Kohat District.

September 26: Two suicide attackers separately rammed their explosives-ladenvehicles into a Police station in Bannu and a military-owned commercial bank in Peshawarcantonment area, killing at least 27 people and injuring around another 200.

September 28: At least four persons, including a prominent anti-Taliban cleric, werekilled when a suicide bomber rammed his explosives-laden vehicle into a car at Bannu.

October 6: A woman, a minor girl and a boy sustained injuries when a rocket hit ahouse in Miskeenabad under the jurisdiction of Bhanamari Police Station, Peshawar ataround 2 am.

October 9: At least 56 persons, including a woman and seven children, were killed and112 others were injured when a suicide attacker detonated his explosives-laden car at thecrowded Soekarno Chowk in Khyber Bazaar in Peshawar.

October 12: At least 47 persons, including 9 security officials, were killed and 45

others were injured in a suicide attack on a military convoy in the Alpuri area of ShanglaDistrict, NWFP.

October 15: At least 11 persons, including 3 policemen, were killed and 22 otherssustained injuries when a suicide bomber rammed an explosives-laden vehicle into thebuilding of the Saddar Police Station located in the military area of Kohat.

October 15: An eight-year-old boy, identified as Hamza, was killed and 12 persons,including two policemen, were wounded when a powerful bomb exploded in a three-storeybuilding in the officers colony of provincial capital Peshawar.

October 16: At least 12 persons, including three policemen, were killed and 24 otherssustained injuries after a suicide bomber rammed his explosives-laden vehicle into the

CIAs Special Investigation Unit in Peshawar.

October 23: At least 15 people were injured in a bombing outside a restaurant in theHayatabad area. The bomb was planted in a car.

October 28: A remote-controlled car bomb killed 117 people including women andchildren and injured around 200 others at the Meena Bazaar in Peshawar.

November 8: At least 18 people, including a local councillor heading an anti-Taliban


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Lashkar (militia), were killed and 44 others injured when a suicide bomber blew him up ina cattle market at Adezai village, 25 km south of the capital city of Peshawar.

November 9: Three persons, including a policeman, were killed and 5 others sustainedinjuries when a suicide bomber riding an auto-rickshaw blew himself up at a policebarricade on the Ring Road in the Latifabad area of Peshawar

November 10: Suicide car bomb blast at Farooq-e-Azam Chowk, Charsadda. Thirty twopeople were killed and 80 were injured in the incident.

November 12: Syed Abul Hassan Jaffry, media manager of the Iranian consulate inPeshawar, was shot dead near his home in Gulbarg. Jaffry was going to his office when hewas shot at point-blank range as he turned his car towards the Swati Phatak.

November 13: At least 17 people, including 10 military personnel, were killed and 60injured when a suicide bomber on an explosive-laden Shehzore truck detonated theexplosive material in front of the regional headquarters of the ISI in Peshawar

November 13: Twelve people, including 5 security officials, were killed and 26 injured

in a suicide attack at a Police Station in the Bannu town of Bannu District.

November 14: At least 12 persons, including a policeman and a three-year-old child,were killed and another 35 injured when a suicide bomber detonated his explosives-ladenvehicle at police check post in Pashta Kharra Chowk, Peshawar.

November 16: Four persons were killed and more than 30 others sustained injuries ina suicide car bombing which targeted the Badhber Police Station on the Kohat Road nearPeshawar.

November 19: At least 20 people, including three policemen, were killed and 50 othersinjured when a suicide bomber blew himself up at the main gate of the Judicial Complex

on Khyber Road in Peshawar.

November 19: A bomb attack on the police van ripped through the vehicle, killing twopolicemen on the spot and wounding five civilians on the outskirts of Peshawar.

November 25: The cleaner of an oil tanker, used for NATO forces in Afghanistan, waskilled and its driver injured when unidentified gunmen attacked the vehicle on the RingRoad near Tor Baba.

November 26: A remote-controlled bomb blast injured three people, including twopolicemen and a young girl, and destroyed an electricity pylon in Bashirabad area.

November 30: Two police officials were injured when unidentified armed men attacked

their vehicle on the Indus Highway, police said.

December 1: A leading politician, Shamsher Ali Khan, was reportedly killed when asuicide bomber targeted a guest house where he was present. Another 8 people, includinghis brother, were injured in this attack.

December 3: A police official was injured in an explosion at a police check-post in theRagai area of capital Peshawar.


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December 5: At least four people, including a women, were killed and 12 people wereinjured in a car bomb explosion at United Plaza, Tehkal Market, University Road,Peshawar.

December 7: At least 12 people, including 2 policemen, were killed and 50 wereinjured in a suicide attack outside a court in Peshawar.

December 22: A suicide bomber blew himself at the gate of the Peshawar Press Club,killing 3 persons including a policeman, and injuring 17 others.

December 24: At least 5 people, including a policeman, were killed and 24 were injuredin a suicide attack near State Life Building, Saddar, Mall Road, Peshawar.

Terrorist attack in Balochistan

January 4: Armed men killed a trooper of the Balochistan Constabulary, identified asAbdul Hakeem, in the Shallkot area of Quetta. The attack appeared to be a targetedkilling.

January 5: Unidentified assailants killed two Shias on Kirani Road, Quetta, despite tightsecurity arrangements due to Muharram.

January 10: Unidentified men killed a central leader of the Fiqah Jafferia along with hisguard in Sibi District.

January 14: Unidentified assailants killed four policemen, including a DSP in a shootouton Siryab Road. Three of the murdered policemen belonged to Hazara community andwere Shia.

January 26: Hussain Ali Yousafi, chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party, was shot

dead by Lashkar-e-Jhangvi in the southwestern city of Quetta.

February 2: John Solecki, head of the UN High Commission for Refugees office inQuetta, was kidnapped and his driver was killed after his vehicle was ambushed in Quetta.

February 2: Unidentified gunmen killed a Shia trader in Quetta in an attack apparentlylinked to the recent cycle of sectarian killings in the provincial capital.

February 18: In a suspected sectarian incident, unidentified men killed the Jamaat Ahl-e-Sunnat Wal Jamaat-Noorani provincial leader Maulana Iftikhar Ahmed Habibi in Quetta.

February 24: A Shia trader and three of his sons were shot dead in an apparentsectarian attack on Sariab Road, Quetta.

March 1: In an apparent act of sectarian violence in Quetta, unidentified men murdereda man and his son, both from the Shia sect. The motorcycle borne attackers opened fireon the victims at their shop on Quettas Double Road.

March 2: Six people were killed and 12 others, mostly students, sustained injuries in asuicide attack on a madrassa (seminary) in Kili Karbala in the Pishin District. The Jamaat-Ulema-i-Islam (Fazlur Rehman faction JUI-F) provincial chief Maulana Muhammad Khan


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Shirani, the Balochistan Assembly Deputy Speaker Syed Matiullah Agha and provincialministers belonging to the party were attending a ceremony at the seminary when a 15-year-old boy blew himself up in front of the stage. However, all the JUI-F leadershipescaped unhurt.

March 3: Five Shias were killed in Quetta when unidentified assailants attacked

members of a family in the city.

March 9: Unidentified men on a motorbike killed two Shias in an apparent sectarianattack in Quetta. The victims were shot in their car on Kirani road, on the outskirts of theBalochistan capital.

April 22: Unidentified militants threw a hand grenade at policemen deployed on theoutskirts of Quetta, injuring four policemen and a passerby. Police personnel were on dutyin the Hazar Ganji area.

May 3: Unidentified assailants shot dead two policemen on the Arbab Karam KhanRoad.

May 28: At least five persons, including a woman, were killed when unidentifiedattackers opened indiscriminate fire on a customer service centre on Kalat Street, JailRoad, Quetta.

June 22: Three Shias, including a union council chief, were killed in Quetta byunidentified men in a suspected sectarian incident. Unidentified armed men reportedlyopened fire on Talib Agha, Union Council 47 chief in Quetta, when he was on his wayhome along with his driver and security guard.

June 23: The principal of the Government Commerce College was shot dead by twomotorcycle borne assailants in a suspected sectarian incident in Quetta.

July 23: Haji Mohammad Mohsin, principal of the Government High School in SariabMills, was going to school when armed men riding a motorcycle opened fire on him, killinghim on the spot.

July 24:Unidentified assailants shot dead a Professor of the Government DegreeCollege on the Sariab Road.

July 29: A woman was killed and six persons, including two SF personnel, were injuredin a grenade attack on a check-post of the Frontier Corps (FC) in the Sairab Road area.

June 30: Four people were killed and 11 wounded when a bomber targeted a hotel inKalat in the first-ever suicide attack in Balochistan. The attack in Kalat District appearedto be aimed at disrupting supplies to NATO forces in Afghanistan.

July 31: Two SF personnel were killed while three others sustained injuries whenunidentified miscreants lobbed a hand grenade at a security vehicle on the Spiny Roadarea.

August 12: Two persons were killed and six others sustained injuries in a bomb blastand firing incident in the Irrigation Colony area on Sariab Road, Quetta.

August 17: Cardiologist Dr Abid Iqbal Zaidi was shot dead by unidentified armed men on


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the Fatima Jinnah Road.

August 17: A man and his two sons were shot dead by unidentified armed men on SirkiRoad.

September 5: Unidentified militants hurled two hand grenades on the City Police

Station building, injuring 21 persons including six policemen.

September 8: Suspected Taliban militants set ablaze eight oil tankers near theWestern Bypass, when the tankers were carrying fuel for NATO forces in Afghanistan.

October 8: Three police officials were injured in a bomb blast at the Spiny Road. Theblast took place near a police van which was on a routine patrol on the road.

October 12: Unidentified armed men killed the Balochistan Chief Mines Inspector onSariab Road in Quetta. Ashraf Ali was a member of the Shia Hazara community.

October 13: In another incident of target-killing, the Jamhoori Watan Party Vice-President, Muhammad Aslam Mirza, and his driver were shot dead by unidentified armed

men in the Shalkot area.

October 15: Two persons, including a Frontier Corps trooper, were killed and fiveothers injured in terrorist attacks in Quetta

October 23: Unidentified gunmen killed an official of the intelligence Bureau (IB),Tanveer Raza, while he was walking on Zargoon Road near the office of the Railwaysdivisional superintendent.

October 25: Unidentified gunmen killed the Balochistan Education Minister ShafiqAhmed Khan, a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party, outside his residence on ThogaiRoad, while his brothers father-in-law, Hydayat Jaffar, was injured in the same attack.

November 7: 13 people, including two children and a trooper, were injured when ahand grenade exploded at a Frontier Corps checkpost near Meezan Chowk.

November 17: DIG Police (Operations) Shahid Nizam Durrani and his driver wereinjured in a bomb blast on Spiny Road. Eight persons, mainly policemen, were injured inthe blast.

November 23: Two policemen were shot dead in Quetta in what appeared to be a caseof target killing. The policemen, Sardar Muhammad Samalani and Syed Amir MuhammadKhilji, were on routine patrol on Qambrani Road when unidentified assailants opened fireat them, police said.

December 7: A car bomb blast injured nine persons and damaged several vehicles andshops at the main gate of the Junior Assistant Colony in the Chaman Housing Society,Quetta.

December 8: The Saryab station house officer and two other policemen were injured ina hand-grenade attack on a police convoy on the Sabzal Road in Quetta of Balochistan.

Terrorist Attack in Punjab


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February 5: At least 32 persons were killed and 48 others wounded when a suspectedsuicide bomber blew himself amidst a crowd of Shia worshippers outside a mosque inDera Ghazi Khan.

February 7: At least 7 officers were killed in an ambush attack on a checkpoint in

Mianwali in Punjab.

March 3: A convoy carrying Sri Lankan cricketers and officials in two buses was firedupon by 12 gunmen, near the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore. The cricketers were on theirway to play the third day of the second Test against the Pakistani cricket team. Sixmembers of the Sri Lankan cricket team were injured. Six Pakistani policemen and twocivilians were killed.

March 16: At least 15 people were killed and 25 injured when a suicide bomber blewhimself up near a busy bus stand at Pirwadhai in Rawalpindi.

March 30: Nine people, including 8 police recruits and a civilian, were killed and 93cadets and civilians were injured when about 10 terrorists attacked the Manawan Police

Training School in Lahore with guns and grenades.

April 05: A suicide bomber blew himself up at the entrance of an Imambargah atChakwal in Punjab province, killing 24 people, including three children, and injuring 140others.

May 27: At least 27 people were killed and 326 were injured in a suicide car bomb blastnear offices of the capital city police officer (CCPO) and the Inter-Services Intelligence(ISI) in Lahore. An ISI colonel and 15 police officials were among those killed.

June 12: Seven persons, including a prominent anti-Taliban cleric Sarfaraz Naeemi,were killed and seven injured when a suicide attacker detonated himself at the Jamia

Naeemia madrassa (seminary) in the Garhi Shahu area shortly after Friday prayers.

July 2: At least 7 people were killed and 36 persons were injured when a young suicidebomber rammed his motorcycle into a bus carrying employees of the Army-run HeavyMechanical Complex at the Peshawar Road near Chur Chowk in Rawalpindi.

August 20: Eight people, including 4 policemen, were injured when a bomb explodedclose to a police patrol car on the Misryal road in Rawalpindi.

September 6: Three policemen were shot dead in Hasan Abdal in apparent act oftargeted killing.

October 10: At least 14 people, including six soldiers, five SSG commandos, three

hostages, were killed in an attack on Pakistan Army General Headquarters (GHQ) inRawalpindi.

October 15: At least 19 people, including 14 security officials, were killed and 41others sustained injuries in three separate terror attacks in Lahore. The attacks werecarried out at the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) building on the Temple Road, theManawan Police Training School and the Elite Police Academy on the Bedian Road.

October 23: Eight persons were killed and 17 others sustained injuries when a suicide


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bomber exploded himself at a police check-post on the GT Road near the PakistanAeronautical Complex (PAC) in Kamra in the Attock District.

October 24: A Motorway police official was killed when a suicide bomber detonated hisexplosives-laden car near Lillah Interchange close to Kalar Kahar.

November 2: At least 35 persons, including two women and children, were killed and63 others sustained injuries when a suicide bomber blew himself up outside a branch ofthe National Bank of Pakistan in Rawalpindi.

December 4: At least 42 people were killed and 77 people were injured in firing andtwo suicide blasts at Parade Lane Mosque, near the Pakistani army's headquarters inRawalpindi.

December 7: Two bomb blasts killed at least 45 people, and injured more than 100 atthe crowded Moon Market in Allama Iqbal area of Lahore in Punjab. The two bombsexploded 30 seconds apart at 8:45 PM (PST).

December 8: A group of three Taliban militants launched a gun, rocket and suicide

attack on the office of ISI, killing at least 12 people and injuring 18people in Multan,Punjab.

Terrorist Attacks in Islamabad

March 23: A policemen was killed and 2 policemen were injured in a suicide bomb blastat the entrance of the headquarters of the Special Branch (SB), an intelligence agency ofthe Federal Capital Police, in Sitara Market.

April 04: Eight Frontier Constabulary (FC) personnel were killed, and seven othersinjured, when a suicide bomber blew himself up at an FC check post on the Margala Road

in Islamabad.

June 6: Two policemen were killed and four others injured in a suicide attack on aRescue 15 office at Sector G-8 in capital Islamabad.

September 2: Religious Affairs Minister Hamid Saeed Kazmi was injured in a brazenattack in Islamabad while his driver and a police guard were killed.

October 5: A suicide bomber targeted the United Nations World Food Programme(WFP) office in Islamabad, killing five persons, including a UN diplomat and two womenemployees. Six other staff members were injured.

October 20: Two suicide bombers targeted the new campus of the International IslamicUniversity Islamabad in the H-10 sector of Islamabad, killing at least six students andstaff members, including two female students, and injuring more than 29 others.

October 22: A serving Army brigadier, Moinuddin Ahmad, and his driver were gunneddown in Islamabad.

October 27: A military officer, Brigadier Waqar Ahmad, escaped death as two gunmenriding a motorbike attacked his car.


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November 6: Gunmen opened fire on an army brigadier vehicle in Islamabad. BrigadierSohail and his driver were injured in the incident.

December 2: An official of the Pakistan Navy foiled a suicide attack on the NavalHeadquarters at Zafar Chowk on the Margalla Road in the national capital Islamabad.However, two Navy personnel were killed in the attack, while 13 persons were injured.

Terrorist Attacks in Sindh[/B]

January 20: In a suspected sectarian incident, unidentified gunmen shot dead a shopowner from the Ahmadiyya community outside his house in the Kotri District of Sindhprovince.

February 1: An explosion in the Saddar Town of Karachi killed one person and injuredtwo others. One unidentified man - who fidgeted with the bomb planted in a garbagedump, which caused the explosion - died and two others sustained injuries.

April 15: A 28-year-old sectarian worker-turned-lawyer was shot dead near HamdardDawakhana off the arterial M.A. Jinnah Road in Karachi. Mazharul Islam, was a formermember of the banned Sunni outfit SSP.

May 22: Four persons were injured in a cross-fire between two groups after pro-Talibanslogans were found painted on the walls of a church in Surjani Town, Karachi.

May 24: A senior activist of the banned SSP was shot dead in a target killing. 40-yearold Allauddin was the Lines Area Unit in-charge of the banned Sunni outfit, and had earlierworked for the LeJ.

May 27: Another activist of the banned Sunni outfit SSP was shot dead while his sonSufian was injured by two gunmen near a Tandur in Gulshan-e-Iqbal in the Aziz Bhatti

Police limits of Karachi.

June 5: Mir Yaqub Bizenjo, legislator from Balochistan, three of his relatives and aservant were injured after a parcel bomb exploded in his Defence Society house inKarachi.

July 15: Unidentified men killed the central legal adviser of the outlawed Sunni group,the SSP, Hafiz Ahmed Buksh, in Model Colony in Karachi.

July 16: Two more activists of the outlawed SSP, including a guard of the groupscentral leader Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Nadeem, were killed in Karachi. One of them died ata hospital after being injured in the clash a day earlier while anothers body was recoveredfrom Model Colony.

August 17: Armed men shot dead Allama Ali Sher Hyderi, chief of the banned SSP,along with his associate Imtiaz Phulpoto at Khairpur in the Sindh province.

September 18: At least three persons sustained bullet injuries during a sectarian clash,which erupted at Iftar time in the precincts of Soldier Bazaar Police Station at Karachi inSindh. The clash took place between the Shia community and the people belonging to theDeobandi school of thought over the use of loudspeaker during Iftar.


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November 19: Ghulam Muhammad Waezi, a Shia clericm was shot dead in the OrangiTown area of Karachi, within the jurisdiction of Tori Bungash Police Station.

November 20: In a suspected sectarian incident, the general secretary of the bannedSunni outfit SSP Karachi chapter, Engineer Ilyas Zubair, was shot dead and provincialinformation secretary, Qari Shafiqur Rehman Alvi, wounded at Teen Hatti under the

Jamshed Quarters Police Station jurisdiction in Karachi.

December 7: The leader of Pasban-e-Aza, a Shia organization was shot dead byunidentified militants in a suspected sectarian attack in the remit of the Brigade PoliceStation of Karachi. The slain leader was identified as Syed Shahid Hussain.

December 28: At least 43 people were killed and more than 90 were injured in asuicide attack on Ashura procession at M A Jinnah Road. Enraged people set majorcommercial centers around the blast scene on fire and burnt dozens of vehicles. Violenceerupted across the city.

December 26: A remote controlled bomb blast injured nearly 26 Shia mourners atKhalifat Chowk in North Nazimabad Town of Karachi.

December 26: Another bomb blast in Orangi Town in Karachi left 24 people injured.Angry mob had resorted to arsons and anti-government protests in reaction to the blast.

(Data for this report was compiled with the help of news reports on SAMAA website, othermedia sources, agencies report and South Asian Terrorism Portal)

Source: Samaa TV Pakistan


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Pakistan Nukes Safety (Western independent report on the issue)

IN November December 2009, there has been great speculation in international mediaabout the safety of nuclear arsenal and weapons after having published a report of Mr.Samuel Sherman in New Yorker. After the publication of report there were hugediscussions in national media about the safety, everyone was saying that pak nukes aresafe but nobody was giving evidences or solid assertions. However I found this reportpublished in germany" I think" and republished in Contemporary Affairs by Imtiaz ShahidBook 64. This report well describes about the safety of our nukes.
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This report mainly discussess three questions:

1. Hoe Safe Pak Nukes are?

2. How stable Pak Government is to take care of their nukes?

3. What are the likely prospects of Pak India conflict?

First question is discussed in this post while other two would be

posted afterwards.

Pakistan as Nuclear Power: Nuclear Risks, RegionalConflicts and the Dominant Role of the Military

(By Oliver Thranert & Christian Wagner)

Probably Pakistan is the most unstable country of all the atomic powers

On nuclear test in 1998 Osama was the only who congratulate Pakistan. He also said itwas a religious duty of every Muslim to make nuclear weapon for their protection

Abdul Qadeer Khan network supplied North Korea, Iran, Libya with know how andnecessary equipment

Pakistans tension with India is also a main factor in Pakistan nuclear program. It ismore strengthened after Kargal, 2001-02 Indian parliament attack and then Mumbaiattacks in November 2008.

CONCLUSION OF STUDY

(Summary)

HOW SAFE PAKISTANS NUCLEAR WEAPONS ARE?

Command and Control

1. NCA chaired by president (Now PM) comprises of ten members. Consists of 50 highlyprofessionals

2. Numeral observers says it is a well-functioning and professional organization

3. Every authorized decision maker is given numeric codes


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4. Every order would be checked by two person or three-person rule

Protection against Theft and Unauthorized Use

1. Pakistan have probably six storage sites, some are dummy, warhead are kept separate

from fissile parts and from delivery system

2. Depots are located in multiple security zones, detectors

3. Security department established with 1000 professional, trained staff. And anemergency team established as well (Like US)

4. Pakistan has produced indigenous safeguarding system like permissive Action Link (PALby US), which provides facility to link nuclear arms ability to operate with secret codeswithout which the arms would be useless.

The Insider Problem

1. High security checks before employing a person. Extensive tests which takes up to oneyear

2. Screening continues on regular intervals

3. Retired and at post scientist go through special screening process before visiting abroad

Safeguarding of Civilian Facilities and the Issue of Export Control

1. Pakistan has 4 heavy water reactors working for energy purposes which are beingvisited by IAEA experts on regular intervals

2. Since 2000 all civilian nuclear facilities activities are centrally monitored by StrategicPlans Division

3. Since Jan-2001 civilian nuclear activities are under Pakistan Nuclear RegulatoryAuthority (PNRA).

4. In Sep-2004 Pakistan Adopted new export control law, a report on which has been

forwarded to UN Security Council

(Summary Ends)

HISTORICAL OUTLINE

The acquisition of atomic reactor under US program of Atom for Peace in 1960s was


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the beginning of Pakistan nuclear program; moreover Canada provided an atomic reactorin 1972.

In 1965 Pakistani then foreign minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhuto said that Pakistan would workon nuclear weapons if India does.

After the war of 1971, then PM Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto called a meeting of atomicscientists at his Multan house in Jan-1972 and directed him to have a nuclear program upin five years.

In 1974, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, who had experience in Uranium-enrichmentcentrifuges in Netherlands, he offered his services to Pakistan.

He came to Pakistan in 1975 bringing several designs and components of G1 and G2centrifuges. He also had good contacts with multinational companies providingcomponents for the program.

Pakistan had its first heavy water production facility in 1980 while in 1981-82 a smalllevel reprocessing facility started work.

In 1987, AQ Khan for the first time declared that Pakistan is capable for having nuclearweapons.

In response to Indian nuclear test on 11 and 13 May 1998, Pakistan did six atomicexplosions on 28 and 30th May 1998.

Pakistan got financial help from Iran, Libya and Saudi Arabia to build up Nuclear weapon

program while China provided nuclear technology.

THE CURRENT NUCLEAR ARSENAL AND POSSIBLEDEVELOPMENTS

Amount of enriched uranium per warhead varies from 5 to 20 kgs

Pakistan is also interested in plutonium bombs. It is estimated that Pakistan has 40 -50nuclear weapons (More then 100 is new estimate).

Nuclear weapons can be delivered by F-16 (USA), Mirage III and V (France) and A-5

(China). Nuclear weapons can be mounted on ballistic missile like Nodong rocket (NKorea, 1500 KM). Reports of development of Ghauri III (3000 km), Shaheen I (750 km),Shaheen II (2000 km), Babur Crouse (500 km) is also under development.

Pakistan wants to enlarge its program. Pakistan has 1300 to 1500 kgs of enricheduranium and 90 kg of plutonium at its disposal which could suffice 70 to 90 morewarheads. Moreover, Pakistan has capacity of producing 100 kg of highly enricheduranium annually; suffice for 5-6 nuclear weapons.


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Khushab I, Khushab II and Khushab III heavy water reactor are operational. Accordingto USA reports Pakistan has the fastest-growing nuclear weapon program in the world.

NUCLEAR DOCTRINE OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan has never published its doctrine, however, Pakistan sees that its nuclearweapons are to preserve Pakistans territorial integrity as well as its independence andsovereignty

The Chairman of Pakistan Strategic Plans Division, Mr. Gen. Khalid Ahmad Kidwai hasoccasionally mentioned the scenario in which Pakistan can use its nuclear weapons like;when India attacks Pakistan and occupy its territory, When India destroy a large part ofPakistan Armed Forces, When India impose and economic blockade, When India Politicallydestabilize Pakistan.

HOW SECURE ARE PAKISTANS NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND

NUCLEAR FACILITIES?Security of Pakistans nuclear weapons can be studied in following four sections

1. NATIONAL COMMAND & CONTROL AUTHORITY

From 1975 till 1998, Pakistan did not have well established command and controlsystem

National command and control authority was established in march 1999, comprises often members, chaired by the President (Now Prime Minister)

NCA formulates national nuclear strategy, responsible for nuclear target planning,

nuclear disarmament and arms control, implementation of export control and to insuresecurity of nuclear installations.

In December 2007 Gen. Musharraf placed NCA on firmer legal basis.

Day to day management of NCA is responsibility of Strategic Plans Division whichfunctions as a permanent secretariat of NCA. It establishes policy guidelines for physicalsecurity of nuclear facilities as well as development and maintenance of strategiccommand and communication system.

Western observers assess Strategic Plans Division as well-functioning and professionalorganization

Given this highly centralized command structure, the authority to use nuclear weaponswould be delegated to field commanders during crises.

There are strict checks with numerical codes, presumably established by ISI, to orderfor use of nuclear weapons. In case of use of nuclear weapons two-person or in somecases three-person rule check is established.

Report says that no doubt Pakistan has made undeniable progress for security of itsnuclear power, however some ambiguities are there; Pakistan uses land and space based


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communication system which is easy to disrupt using electronic counter measures and itneeds to be updated.

2. PROTECTION AGAINST THEFT AND UNAUTHORIZED USE

After 9/11, Pakistan has after much hesitation, accepted the US offer to improve thesafeguarding of Nuclear weapons and facilities. However till date, US have not directaccess to any nuclear facility in Pakistan

There probably six nuclear storage sites while some are dummy for security purposes.Nuclear weapons are stored separate then delivery system and fissil cores are sepeartefrom rest of warhead

Depots are located in very large areas surrounded by multiple security zones protectedby personals and detectors. US invested more than $100 million in nuclear safety. USdepartment of energy and defense has been working on it. Pakistani engineers has beentrained in US

A security department has been established with 1000 professionals and an emergencyteam has been established as well that can react immediately if any theft reported.

Three areas remain particularly critical in terms of nuclear safety; accounting of nuclearmaterial, its transportation and its use during crises.

USA uses a technology namely Permissive Action Link (PAL) for its nuclear security. Thistechnology needs a specific code for the weapon to be used. Bush Administration wantedto transfer this technology to Pakistan but state department said that this would beagainst non-proliferation treaty. Perhaps US were reluctant because it would give a detail

of US nuclear weapons to Pakistan and secondly the information could be transferred toChina via Pakistan.

Pakistan was reluctant to get this technology as it might be thinking that using UStechnology would facilitate US to get secret information when US wants

The Chairman of Strategic Plan Division announced that Pakistan has formed a lockedbased system for nuclear weapons which is equivalent with US PAL.

3. THE INSIDER PROBLEM

There are 70,000 employees including 7-8000 scientists working in nuclear installations.It has been a threat that someone from them can provide know-how to extremists. It isalso feared that someone from military can provide this information to outsiders.

To dismiss this argument Pakistan has worked with the help of US. It has very goodscreening system prior to offering job too anybody. Candidate and his family securitychecks are established. Strategic Plans Division continues its screening on regularintervals. Security clearance is must for retired and existing scientists prior going abroad.


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4. THE SAFEGUARDING OF FISSILE MATERIAL AND EXPORTCONTROL

Pakistan generates only 2.4 % of its electricity from nuclear plants. However it wants toget eleven more nuclear reactors from China by 2030. Currently Pakistan has CanadianOrigin (KANUPP), Chashma I (China) and two reactors near Rawalpindi. Pakistan hasgiven access to 18 of IAEA inspectors out of 220 to inspect the installations and iscooperating more than enough.

Since January 2001, all civilian nuclear installations are monitored by Pakistan NuclearRegulatory Authority (PNRA) and centrally monitored by Strategic Plans Division

In September 2004 Pakistan has adopted new export control law which puts morebarriers on nuclear exports

(TO BE CONTINUED)Last edited by Andrew Dufresne; Wednesday, January 20, 2010 at01:03 PM. Reason: Date corrected -1998


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Whose war is being waged?By Iqbal Akhund

Synopsis

Rarely smooth Pak-US relations are going through a bad patch again. Why is America offering money? To make us a secular state and taking away our nukes. The fact is America sees Pakistan as a dangerous enemy Principle interest of America is Pakistan is of avoid the happening of misuse of ournuclear technology by radical fanatics Aid comes with conditions, yes, but why we still need it?
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Afghan war was not our war; we were dragged into it by America. It was not a war ofnecessity It should not have been waged the way it was. Now President Obama is prepared to settle for a successful outcome, sending moretroops, to turn around the situation to seem more successful with eventual withdrawal oftroops. This means either Karzai government would measure up or an agreement will be

negotiated with Taliban or a bit of both. Whether America leaves after negotiations or just packs up, repercussions would begrave for Afghanistan. Afghanistan would very probably fall into the hands of the Talibanor revert to the anarchy that prevailed after the Soviet pullout. Now would Afghans accept Taliban order again? They have no choice. The bestalternative Americas eight-year adventure has produced has not worked. There is no onearound who might bring even the symbolic unity that the monarchy had provided before itwas overthrown. None of this bodes well for Pakistan. In the worst-case scenario the presence of theTaliban on both sides of the Durand Line could provide an ethno-ideological basis for arevived Pakhtunistan movement. The return of Afghan Talibans, no longer Pakistans protgs, would give material ormoral boost to Pakistani Taliban. Their insurgency cannot be dismissed on the assumption

that it is based on Pakistans alliance with US against war on terror. They have their ownpurposes and they will pursue it even if Pakistan refuses to co-operate with America. Our war is not the same war as the Americans but a parallel war against a group forwhom the Pakistani constitution is un-Islamic, a group that demolishes schools, beheadsopponents, flogs women, blows up families out shopping, people at prayer etc.

THE US-Pakistan relationship, rarely very smooth, is going through a particularly badpatch at present. It carries a load of past resentments, grievances and disappointments.

Paradoxically, the more America tries to make amends, talk of a long-term relationship,the more it seems to feed suspicions of its intentions at the popular level.

One is asked, Why is America offering money and making a fuss over Pakistan now? Itmust have a purpose of its own! taking away our nukes; turning Pakistan into asecular country; breaking it up altogether.

The fact, however, is that the US does, at this juncture, wish Pakistan well not becauseit sees Pakistan as a friend but, on the contrary, because it sees it as a potentiallydangerous enemy a country with nuclear weapons and technology (that it sold abroad),politically unstable, facing every sort of economic and social problem, where a variety ofarmed and radical tehriks and lashkars and jamaats etc, with sympathisers in theestablishment, have had a free run for years and could get their hands on the nuclearweapons.

One of the reasons, the principal reason, for Americas interest in Pakistan at present is to

prevent this from happening. If it comes to that, we can be sure that the US will nothesitate to use whatever it takes, including force, to this end.However, it has not come tothat yet and it sees a better bet in a Pakistan that evolves into a stable democracy, withan educated and healthy population, moving ahead economically and socially. So onemight say that our nuclear weapons are proving to be an asset in an unexpected way!

Of course the aid the United States is offering comes with conditions as aid always andfrom anywhere does, explicit or implicit. Our successive governments have taken themoney and accepted the conditions because we needed the assistance and the conditions


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were acceptable. It has done the same in the present case. What should worry us is whyafter more than 60 years of independence, we still need such aid in order to remain afloat.As for whose war it is, the Afghan war was indeed not our war; Pakistan was dragoonedinto it by threats and blandishments. It was not really a war of necessity but was launchedby the Bush administration in the post-9|11 surge of nationalist emotion and hubris ofpower without giving enough chance to negotiations with the Taliban (negotiations that

the Americans are now anxiously seeking).

It should not have been fought the way it was from the air, with daisy-cutters andbunker-busters causing innocent deaths; nor by co-opting the Northern Alliance and thusjumping into Afghanistans tribal, ethnic, sectarian fray and alienating the Pakhtunmajority.

Now President Obama is prepared to settle for a successful outcome a subjectiveconcept and is sending more troops to Afghanistan to turn the situation around.

This seems a doubtful prospect even to some among the American military. Perhaps theintention is only to bring about an outcome that could be seen as successful and thatallows US troops to begin withdrawing as proposed. This means that either the Karzai

government measures up or an agreement is negotiated with the Taliban or a bit of both.

Whether America leaves after some kind of settlement with the Taliban or just packs up,Afghanistan would very probably fall into the hands of the Taliban or revert to the anarchythat prevailed after the Soviet pullout. The Taliban stood above the scramble and imposedorder on the post-Soviet anarchy and could do so again.

Now that the Afghans know what kind of order the Taliban order is, would they welcomethem again? They may have no choice. The best alternative Americas eight-yearadventure has produced has not worked. There is no one around who might bring eventhe symbolic unity that the monarchy had provided before it was overthrown.

None of this bodes well for Pakistan. In the worst-case scenario the presence of theTaliban on both sides of the Durand Line could provide an ethno-ideological basis for arevived Pakhtunistan movement.

The return of the Taliban, no longer Pakistans protgs, could, at the very least, providemoral or material boost for the Pakistani Taliban. The latters insurgency cannot bedismissed as a reaction to Pakistan joining the American war; they have aims of their ownand are not going to stop even if Pakistan stops cooperating with the Americans.

Our war is not the same war as the Americans but a parallel war against a group forwhom the Pakistani constitution is un-Islamic, a group that demolishes schools, beheadsopponents, flogs women, blows up families out shopping, people at prayer etc.

The army will eventually win its battle against these fanatics if it keeps it up. We have abetter chance of winning it because we know whom we are fighting (not many now seethem as our own people) and what the fight is about hearts and minds or concretely,jobs, education, health and so forth.

That, and for no sinister purpose, is where the new aid from the US and others is meantto go.

On the broader front, viz the India-Pakistan relationship, it now looms as a negative factor


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in the Afghanistan situation. It is a pity that President Obama was scared away fromtaking up this nettle as he had proposed to do in his pre-election speeches.Still, it is not tobe supposed that the US is doing nothing in the matter. Adm Mullen and Gen Petraeushave publicly mentioned Pakistans concerns over Indian activities in Afghanistan andHillary Clinton has urged India to stop playing hard-to-get over resuming the compositedialogue with Pakistan.

However, the ills that afflict the country are largely internal political instability, socialinjustice, corruption, inefficient administration the remedy for which lies entirely in ourhands. The national consensus on the Balochistan package and the NFC agreement showsthat we are capable of dealing with them and despite the prevailing despondency; there isreason to be optimistic.

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