Afa 2012 effects of drought jon
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Transcript of Afa 2012 effects of drought jon
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Effects of Drought on Tree Growth
Dr. Jon Barry, RFAssistant Professor
Southwest Research and Extension Center
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Evidence ofDrought• Death
• Less growth
• Tree rings
• Increased stress
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Drought and Established Trees
• Stress leading often to pest infestation
• Decreased growth
• Decreased stocking
• Changes in vegetation
- Ecotone movement between prairie and forest
- Elimination of mesic species on xeric sites
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Weather Patternfor SWREC
• Two years of record rain
• Two years of severe drought
• One year moderate drought
- Decreased root growth during wet periods - Increased top growth during wet periods
- Need more roots and less top during drought
• Result: Tree stress and pest infection
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2008 Rainfall
Inches
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Cum Total
Cum Normal
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2009 Rainfall
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Cum Total
Cum Normal
Inches
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2010 Rainfall
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cum Total
Cum Normal
Inches
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2011 Weather
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2012 Weather
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Simple Energy Balance Model
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Water Flow
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Effect of Droughton Photosynthesis
• Decreasing water availability decreases photosynthesis
• Decreasing production of carbohydrates
• Less growth- Less roots
• Less production of “natural pesticides”
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What is Tree Stress
• Trees subject to less than ideal growing conditions.
• Strain (reduction or change in function)- Elastic Strain
- Plastic Strain Off-site
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Stress and Pests
• Reduced photosynthesis and increased respiration lends to depleted energy
• Lack of energy leads to the lack of resistance to pests
• Trees succumb to repeated attacks or are not able to compartmentalize pest
• Process can last decades
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Stress and Pests
• Hypoxylon canker
• Bark beetles
• Root weevils and leptographium
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Managing Older Stands
• Maintain vigor
- Thin when thinning is needed
- Control competing vegetation
• Recognize financial and biological maturity
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Seedlings and Drought
• How do we insure success?
• Do we plan for failure during drought years?
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Seedling Quality
• All nurseries in Arkansas produce quality seedlings.
• What is a quality seedling?- Fibrous root system
- Pronounced terminal bud
- Secondary needles
- Proper caliper
- Dormant
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Proper Storage
• Stored in a cooler and planted directly from the cooler
• If not kept in a cooler- Don’t leave in sun
- Don’t leave in truck
• Increasing temperatures increase respiration which decrease energy reserves
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Proper PlantingConditions
• Don’t Plant with Poor Soil Moisture.
• Don’t Plant at Temperatures > 60o
• Don’t Plant at Wind Speeds > 15 mph.
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Proper Handlingin Field
• One tree at a time
• NO ROOT PRUNING
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Planting
• Tight and deep!
- Beyond the root collar
- As long as the terminal bud is above the ground
- Don’t be over-concerned with root deformation
- Vertical not at an angle
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Strategy to ImproveSuccess• Site preparation
- Debris removal
- Tillage
• Vegetation control- More water
• Containerized seedlings- Fall planting
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Poor DensityStrategy• Plant more trees
- Overstocking
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Ford’s Axiom
• When environmental conditions are good, the little things matter a little.
• When environmental conditions are bad, the little things matter a lot.
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Questions?