A.F. Ismail (presentation)

AHMAD FAUZI ISMAIL, PhD., FASc., CEng., FIChemE.

Zulhairun Abdul Karim, PhD

Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC) [HICoE]

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia

3rd International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Industrial Application (ICETIA 2016), 6-8 Dec., 2016, Surakarta, Indonesia

Presentation Outline

1. Introduction

2. Membrane Technology

3. Nanomaterials for Water and Wastewater Treatment

4. Nano-enabled Membrane: Performance Evaluation

5. Industry Adoption: Challenges and Perspectives

6. Concluding Remarks

Innovative • Entrepreneurial • Global

Global Water

Crisis:

H2O QUICK

FACTS Innovative • Entrepreneurial • Global Innovative • Entrepreneurial • Global

Do you know that…

• Water scarcity will be one of the defining features of the 21st century.

• The U.N. predicts that by 2025 two thirds of the world's population will suffer water shortages.

• Compared to today, five times as much land is likely to be under “extreme drought” by 2050.

• By 2050, 1 in 5 developing countries will face water shortages.

Sources: United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization; World Health Organization; UNICEF, 2015


Do you know that…

Sources: United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization; World Health Organization; UNICEF, 2015

Innovative • Entrepreneurial • Global Infographic by: CNN

Water-stress Regions-A Worsening Scenario


Sources: World Economic Forum, 2015

Factors Leading to Water Crisis


Climate and Geography Poor Water Infrastructure

and Sanitary Water Pollutions

Engineering Solutions:

Wastewater Treatment

Desalination


How Membrane Works…


Membrane

Wastewater/ seawater

Treated water/ potable water

How Membrane Works…


Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes

Pressure Driven Membrane Processes

Multidisciplinary in Membrane Technology

Fundamental sciences studies involving: Material selection Dope formulation

Manufacturing Processes involving:

Membrane fabrication System/Equipment design

Material Science studies: Membrane characterization

Membrane properties fine-tuning

Separation Processes involving: Molecular transport mechanism

Mass transport control


Membrane and Membrane Modules

Membrane element: Flat sheet & Hollow fiber

Membrane module: Membrane integrated unit

Membrane System: Consist of membrane

modules, tubings, pumps, valves and etc


Synthesis Material

Characterization

Membrane Fabrication

Module Preparation

System Design and

Testing

Field Test & commerciali

zation

Methodology in Membrane Science and Technology


The Next Big Thing: Engineered Nanomaterials


• Nanomaterials are typically defined as materials smaller than 100 nm in at least one dimension.

• At this scale, materials often possess novel size-dependent properties different from their large counterparts.

• Water and wastewater treatment utilize the scalable size-dependent properties of nanomaterials which relate to: • High specific surface area and sorption capacity

• High selectivity and reactivity

• Fast transport

• Antimicrobial

Classes of Nanomaterials


a) Clusters (0D)

Examples: TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2,

SiO2, ZnO, Ag

b) Nanotubes/rods (1D)

Examples: SWCNTs, MWCNTs,

titania nanotube, boron

nitride nanotubes

c) Films/ exfoliated (2D)

Examples: grahene, graphene

oxide, clay silicate,

boron nitride nanosheet

Examples: zeolite, metal

organic framework

d) Polycrystal (3D)

How Does Nanotechnology Help?

• Recent advances in nanotechnology offer leapfrogging opportunities to develop next-generation water supply systems.

• The highly efficient, modular, and multifunctional processes enabled by nanotechnology-provide high performance, affordable and sustainable solutions.

• Less reliance on large infrastructures.

• New treatment capabilities that allow economic utilization of unconventional water sources to expand the water supply.


Membrane Enhanced with Emerging Nanomaterials


BREAKTHROUGH: Development of Nano-enabled Membranes


1960-1990 2005 2010 2015 2020

Nan

o-e

nab

led

Mem

bra

ne

De

velo

pm

en

t

2007- First TFN

(PSf/Zeolite) RO

membrane

1963- First

asymmetric cellulose

acetate membrane

2011- Commercial TFN RO module by NanoH2O

1965- First concept of

interfacial polymerization

for TFC

2004- Aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube membranes

2007- Aquaporin assisted

membranes

2012- First TFN FO membrane

2012- Nanopores graphene

PES/Fe–Mn binary oxide UF Membrane for Arsenic Adsorption


D. Ocin´ski et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 294 (2016) 210–221

Water treatment residuals containing iron and manganese oxides for

arsenic removal from water – Characterizat ion of physicochemical

propert ies and adsorpt ion studies

Daniel Ocinski a,⇑ , Irena Jacukow icz-Sobala a, Piotr Mazur b, Jerzy Raczyk c, El _zbieta Kociołek-Balawejder a

a Department of Industrial Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Economics, ul. Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Polandb Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Wrocław, Pl. Maxa Borna 9, 50-204 Wrocław, Polandc Department of Physical Geography, University of Wrocław, Pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland

h i g h l i g h t s

Residuals from water deironing and

demanganization were used as

arsenic adsorbent.

Waste material exhibited high

sorption capacity of 132 mg As(III)/g

and 77 mg As(V)/g.

External diffusion of As(V) was rate-

determining step of its adsorption.

Rate-limit ing step of As(III) removal

was its oxidation prior to its

adsorption.

MnO2 content in waste material

enabled efficient As(III) removal in

acidic condit ions.

g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 4 January 2016

Received in revised form 23 February 2016

Accepted 24 February 2016

Available online 3 March 2016

Keywords:

Arsenic adsorpt ion

Inorganic w astes

Iron oxides

Manganese oxides

Reduct ive dissolut ion

a b s t r a c t

Water treatment residuals (WTRs), generated as a by-product during the deironing and demanganization

process of infi ltrat ion water, were characterized and examined as arsenate and arsenite sorbent. The raw

material consisted mainly of iron and manganese oxides with the ratio of Fe:Mn of 5:1. The adsorbent

was also characterized by BET surface area measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM EDS microscopy

and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that WTRs had a high surface area

(120 m2 g 1) and were mainly amorphous, w ith small fractions of crystalline quartz and feroxyhyte.

The maximum sorpt ion capacit ies determined by means of the Langmuir isotherm equation w ere

132 mg As(III) g 1 and 77 mg As(V) g 1. The higher arsenite uptake may be attributed to the creation

of new adsorption sites at the solid surface as a result of As(III) oxidation. The XPSconfirmed that arsenite

was oxidized prior to adsorption, which was accompanied by release of Mn2+ cations followed by their

adsorption on the sorbent surface. The effectiveness of arsenate removal decreased w ith the increase

of pH, w ith a noticeable drop above pHpzc of the sorbent, whereas arsenite adsorption was almost con-

stant at acidic and neutral pH. A slight decrease was observed only above pH = 10 due to repulsion

between the negatively charged surface of the sorbent and dissociated arsenites. The kinetic studies

revealed that arsenate adsorption on WTRs was mainly controlled by external and intrapart icle diffusion,

whereas in the case of arsenites the two-step mechanism of the process influenced the rate of As(III)

adsorption to a greater degree. The possibility of regeneration of the spent sorbent was also confirmed.

Ó 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.02.111

1385-8947/Ó 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +48 71 3680276.

E-mail address: [email protected] roc.pl (D. Ocinski).

Chemical Engineering Journal 294 (2016) 210–221

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Chemical Engineering Journal

j o u r n a l h o m ep ag e: w w w .e l se v i er .co m / l o cat e /ce j

Iron-Manganese binary oxide- powerful adsorbent for Arsenic

Impregnating FMBO particles into porous host matrix (membrane) tackle the following limitations: -Cannot be used directly in fixed-bed or any flow-through systems- experience excessive pressure drops due to the fine particles. -Additional post-treatment process is required after adsorption process to separate the fine particles from treated water.

As(III) adsorption kinetics and change of As(III) concentration in aqueous solution indicated very fast reaction in the first 2 hours. Fine particle size of the FMBO offered many active sites for the adsorbption As(III) from the bulk solution.

Initial conc=20 ppm pH =7.5

After desorption and readsorption, the performance of PES/FBMO was recovered by 85%

A.F. Ismail et al. Separation and Purification Technology 118 (2013) 64–72

TiO2/PVDF for Photocatalytic Degradation of Nonylphenol


Schematic diagram of photodegradation apparatus.

Dual-layer hollow fibre membranes before and after the UVA irradiation. The hollow fiber turned yellowish after the reaction indicates that he light is scattered by the anatase TiO2 nanoparticles for the photodegradation to take place.

SEM/EDX characterization evidenced the distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles throughout the dual-layer hollow fiber matrix.

PLC chromatogram of nonylphenol and its intermediate. Initial conditions: 100 ppm of NP, 0.2 ratio of TiO2/PVDF, 36 W of UVA. The disappearance of peak nonylphenol (2) has proven the degradation of the compound.

Phenol peak

nonylphenol peak

A.F. Ismail et al. / Reactive and Functional Polymers 99 (2016) 80–87

TFN NF Membrane Incorporated with GO for Desalination


Synthesized GO is single flake form in nature. The sp2 hybridization state of carbon in graphene changed into sp3 hybridization state in GO, resulting in the disruption of the original planar structure of graphene into a wrinkled structured in GO

TFN Formation

Polyamide thin film

GO incorporated into PSf membrane

• 0.3wt% GO incorporated TFN showed high rejection towards multivalent salts i.e. Na2SO4 rejection: 95.2% and MgSO4 rejection 91.1%.

• GO nanosheets has potential to overcome trade-off effect encountered by typical TFC membrane i.e. increasing both membrane water permeability and salt rejection.

• The improvements were due to unique characteristics of GO nanosheets, i.e. highly charged and hydrophilic surfaces.


Thin Film Nanocomposite FO membrane for Desalination

Polyamide TFN with PSf–TiO2 nanocomposite substrate

• The hydrophilicity and porosity of the PSf– TiO2 nanocomposite substrate was improved upon addition of TiO2.

• TFN prepared from PSf substrate embedded with 0.5 wt% TiO2 was found to be the best performing FO membrane for water desalination process owing to its high water permeability and low reverse solute flux, without compromising rejection

• The increase in water permeability can be attributed to decrease in structural parameter which resulted in decreased internal concentration polarization (ICP).

A.F. Ismail et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 237 (2014) 70–80


C.S. Ong, W.J. Lau, P.S. Goh, A.F. Ismail et al Desalination 353 (2014) 48–56

A laboratory-scale submerged membrane photocatalytic reactor (sMPR) exhibited remarkably

improved performances in degrading synthetic cutting oil wastewater and producing

permeate of high quality at relatively low operating cost.

FEED with different

concentration of cutting oil

PERMEATE with clear

solution that comply

discharge standard

Photocatalytic Membrane for

Oily Wastewater Treatment

Cu-coated PSf Antifouling Membrane


SEM images of PSf coated with Cu nanoparticles- the thin layer coating was done by evaporating copper in a tungsten basket.

AFM images showed that the surface roughness was increased after copper coating compared to uncoated membrane

• Copper loaded membrane had shown good inhibition against B. cereus.

• The inhibition zone is clearly visible in the case of copper coated membrane – it showed 23 mm of zone of inhibition.

• The good inhibition is due to the release of higher dosage of diffusible inhibitory compounds from copper particles into the surrounding medium.

A.F. Ismail et al. / Desalination 308 (2013) 82–88

INDUSTRY ADOPTION:

Challenges and

Opportunities

Challenges

• Up-scaling and retrofitting

• Uncertainties in market penetration

• Inappropriate risk and safety evaluation

• Trigger emerging environmental issues associated with nanomaterials

Opportunities

• Heightened water treatment performance

• Long term economic prosperity

• Continuous sustainable development

• New industry revenue

Commercialization of Nano-enabled Water and Wastewater treatment


Integrated Approaches for Commercialization

Adoption of positive industrial

attitude

Dissemination and exploitation of the

nano-safety

Establishment of long term roadmap

Integrated research and development


Technology Maturity and Roadmap of Nano-enabled Water

and Wastewater treatment


Concluding Remarks

• Desalination and wastewater treatments are promising approaches to tackle alarming water shortage issues.

• The advancement of nanotechnology offer tremendous opportunities to heighten the performance of current existing technology for desalination and wastewater treatments.

• Nano-enabled membrane is an emerging material which holds potential to move from laboratory to industry.

• The key drivers for commercialization of this technology need to be identified in order to expedite the industry adoption in near future.

Commercialized Products from AMTEC


UF/RO Membrane System for Clean Water production-Disaster relieve


Hollow Fiber Membrane System for Palm Oil Refining

Commercialized Products from AMTEC

Flood Relief at Pekan, Pahang

January 2015

MEDIA HIGHLIGHT ON FLOOD RELIEF AT PEKAN PAHANG

RO SYSTEM AT KG. SINARUT, RANAU, SABAH

August 2015

MEDIA HIGHLIGHT ON RANAU PROJECT

MEDIA HIGHLIGHT ON HAEMODIALYSIS PROJECT

Acknowledgement

Members and students of AMTEC, UTM Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia


Thank You

A. F. Ismail {Fauzi}

[email protected] or

[email protected]

http://www.utm.my/dvcri/

http://www.utm.my/amtec

mailto:[email protected]



http://www.utm.my/dvcri/

http://www.utm.my/amtec

A.F. Ismail (presentation)

Engineering

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