AENSI Journals Advances in Environmental Biology · 2237 Said -Al Ahl et al, 2014 Advances in...

Advances in Environmental Biology, 8(7) May 2014, Pages: 2236-2250

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Advances in Environmental Biology ISSN-1995-0756 EISSN-1998-1066

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Corresponding Author: H.A.H. Said-Al Ahl Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, National Research

Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

E-mail: [email protected]

Effect of Ascorbic Acid, Salicylic Acid on Coriander Productivity and Essential

Oil Cultivated in two Different Locations

Said-Al Ahl H.A.H., El Gendy A.G. and Omer E.A

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history:

Received 25 March 2014

Received in revised form 22 April

2014

Accepted 24 May 2014

Available online 10 June 2014

Key words:

Coriandrum sativum L., salycilic acid, ascorbic acid, yield, essential oil,

chemical composition

Coriander plant as a result of higher demand as raw material and its products and

maximizing the use of coriander straw as a new source of essential oil instead of

neglecting this by-product. For this, it is better to study the behavior of this plant and its

cultivation under the conditions of soil salinity in El-Tina plain area as a step towards

the development of Sinai Peninsula. In 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, a field experiment

was conducted in Egypt to determine the effect of vitamin C (0 and 400 ppm), salicylic acid (0 and 400 ppm) and region (Nile Valley and Delta, Giza governorate) and (Sinai

Peninsula, North Sinai governorate) on coriander productivity, oil content and

composition. Generally found that the cultivation of coriander in Giza gave the best results from cultivation in the North Sinai. For transactions spraying found that

spraying vitamin C + salicylic acid was superior at a positive impact compared to

vitamin C or salicylic acid alone or the control at most of the studied traits. As for the transactions of interaction was observed that the treatment by spraying vitamin C +

salicylic acid under the conditions of the Giza region gave the best results for all traits

with the exception of the percentage of oil in both the seed and straw where given a treatment spray with vitamin C gave the highest percentage of seed and straw volatile

oil in both Giza and Sinai, respectively. In view of the components of the volatile oil

found that compounds Linalool, γ-terpinene and α-pinene in the seed and compounds linalool, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, decanal and limonene in straw is the main compounds.

The percentages of these compounds affected by factors under study.

© 2014 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved.

To Cite This Article: Said-Al Ahl H.A.H., El Gendy A.G. and Omer E.A, Effect of Ascorbic Acid, Salicylic Acid on Coriander

Productivity and Essential Oil Cultivated in two Different Locations. Adv. Environ. Biol., 8(7), 2236-2250, 2014

INTRODUCTION

Coriander is recognized as one of the most important spices in the world and is of great significance in

international trade [101]. Coriandrum sativum L. of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) is an annual,

herbaceous plant originally from the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions. For the highest yield of quality

essential oil, harvesting should be completed when the fruits have attained ripeness [107]. The volatile oil yield

ranges between 0.3% and 1.1%, which produced mainly in Eastern Europe, with Russia one of the leading

producers [41].

The dried fruits are used for different purposes, such as food ingredients, cosmetics, perfumery and drugs.

As a medicinal plant, it has been recommended for dyspeptic complaints, loss of appetite, convulsion, insomnia,

anxiety, hypolipidemic, indigestion, carminative, diuretic, tonic, stomachic, and against worms and rheumatism

[25, 34]. Moreover, the essential oil and various extracts from coriander fruits possess antibacterial [16, 20, 68,

91], antioxidant [108, 51], antidiabetic [43] and anti-cancerous and anti-mutagenic activities [26] and as a

sedative or for relief of nervousness [33].

Variation in essential oil compositions can occurs as a result of differing soil conditions, altitude, climatic

conditions, seasonal factors and other environmental features, leading in some cases to the evolution of different

chemical variants or chemotypes [58]. It has been shown that essential oil content and composition of coriander

can be influenced by environmental factors, cultivation practices, ontogenetic and genetic factors [8, 37, 48, 20,

21, 63, 70, 71, 25, 26, 100, 93, 106].

Environmental stresses are among the factors most limiting to plant productivity. Salinity is one of the most

important a biotic stresses. The most widely accepted definition of a saline soil has been adopted from FAO [39]

as one that has an ECc of 4 dS m-1

or more and soils with ECc’s exceeding 15 dS m-1

are considered strongly

saline. According to Yeo [110] Carvajal et al. [17] and Grattan and Grieve [50], the direct effect of salts on plant

2237 Said-Al Ahl et al, 2014


growth may be divided into three broad categories: (i) a reduction in the osmotic potential of the soil solution

that reduces plant available water, (ii) a deterioration in the physical structure of the soil such that water

permeability and soil aeration are diminished, and (iii) increase in the concentration of certain ions that have an

inhibitory effect on plant metabolism (specific in toxicity and mineral nutrient deficiencies).

Ascorbic and salicylic acids are two main compounds in the plants which play an important role in

decreasing the effects of salt and drought stresses [85, 109]. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) has a regulatory role in

promoting productivity in many plants [53]. Ascorbic acid is involved in the regulation of many critical

biological processes such as photo-inhibition and cell elongation [80]. Ascorbic acid also is involved in cell

cycle and many other important enzymatic reactions [102]. Also, its functions as a major redox buffer and as a

cofactor for enzymes involved in regulating photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and regenerating other

antioxidants. Ascorbic acid regulates cell division and growth and is involved in signal transduction [44].

Salicylic acid is a plant phenol, and today it is in use as internal regulator hormone, because its role in the

defensive mechanism against biotic and a biotic stresses. Salicylic acid is part of a signaling pathway that is

induced by a number of biotic and a biotic stresses. It has been recognized as an endogenous regulatory signal in

plants mediating plant against salinity [96] and drought [99]. Salicylic acid has a regulatory effect on activating

biochemical pathways associated with tolerance mechanisms in plants [105, 67]. The ameliorative effect of

salicylic acid on plant growth under a biotic stress conditions have been related to its role in nutrient uptake,

membrane stability, water relations, stomatal regulation, photosynthesis, growth and inhibition of ethylene

biosynthesis [49, 103, 65, 104, 5].

The climate in the Giza area is suitable for the production of high-quality seeds and coriander oil. In order

to increase the exports of coriander and to leave the fertile lands in Delta and Nile valley for the strategic crops

we tried to study the behavior of coriander plants in Sinai. In addition to evaluate the success of the cultivation

and production of coriander under the conditions of El-Tina Plain at the northwestern part of Sinai Peninsula

that represents severe soil salinity [87] since no reports were traced on coriander productivity cultivated in El-

Tina Plain, North Sinai, Egypt.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid, ascorbic acid or combination on

productivity, essential oil of coriander plant cultivated in two different locations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant Material and Growing Conditions:

Field experiments was conducted using complete randomized block design with three replications in the

2010/2011 and 2011/2012 cropping seasons at two regions in Egypt: Sinai Peninsula region, North Sinai

governorate, Gelbana Village, Sahl El-Tina and Nile Valley region, Giza governorate at the Farm Station of

Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. Soil samples were taken before land preparation and the physical and

chemical properties of the soil samples were determined according to Jackson [62] and Cottenie et al. [23] as

shown in Table (A). The Meteorological data at Giza and North Sinai during the two growing seasons are shown

in (Table B). Each individual experimental plot was 3 x 3.5 m area and had five rows. The seeds of Coriandrum

sativum L. were provided by Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki,

Giza, Egypt.

Table A: Physical and chemical properties of the studied soils.

Physical properties

CaCO3

%

O.M

%

Texture Clay

%

Silt

%

Fine sand

%

Crouse Sand

%

Soil

0.85 0.85 clay 36.75 35.45 24.20 3.60 Mean (R1)

0.831 0.62 Sandy clay 15.42 7.96 61.17 15.45 Mean (R2)

Chemical properties

Soluble anions (meq/l) Soluble cations (meq/l) pH

(1:2.5)

EC (dS/m) Soil

SO4-2 Cl- HCO3

- K+ Na+ Mg+2 Ca+2

2.68 10.64 3.88 2.53 6.81 0.35 7.51 7.85 1.73 (R1) Season 1st

2.47 10.44 3.65 2.50 6.45 0.36 7.25 7.96 1.67 2st Season (R1)

23.13 55.67 17.33 12.40 23.50 26.20 34.03 8.34 9.77 1st Season (R2)

21.30 50.67 15.00 10.67 20.65 24.08 31.57 8.30 8.74 2st Season (R2)

Since: R1= Soil sample of Farm Station of Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University (Giza governorate);

R2= Soil sample of Sahl El-Tina, Gelbana Village (North Sinai governorate).

Seeds were sown on 20th

October in the two seasons in hills with 20 cm between hills. The seedlings were

thinned two months after sowing to leave two plants per hill. The studied treatments at the two regions were: (1)

vitamin C (0 and 400 ppm as a foliar spray); and (2) salicylic acid (0 and 400 ppm as a foliar spray) were

applied after 60, 90 and 120 days from sowing. Coriander plants were harvested on 20 April in both seasons at

full fruits ripening by uprooting the plants from the soil by hand. The survival plants %, plant height, number of

branches, number of umbels, seed and straw yields were measured and recorded. Representative samples from



each treatment were air-dried in shade and seed were separated from the straw. The straw material was chopped

into pieces 2 to 3 cm long before distillation and kept for essential oil extraction.

Table B: Meteorological data during the two growing seasons.

Month Giza governorate North Sinai Governorate

2010/2011 season 2011/2012 season 2010/2011 season 2011/2012 season

T(°C)

Max.

T(°C)

Min.

RH

%

T(°C)

Max.

T(°C)

Min.

RH

%

T(°C)

Max.

T(°C)

Min.

RH

%

T(°C)

Max.

T(°C)

Min.

RH

%

October 37.37 14.15 66.00 33.18 13.98 78.00

November 23.10 6.08 48.20 22.80 12.00 38.90 25.76 6.08 73.00 29.85 9.50 82.00

December 19.50 4.55 48.80 21.40 11.50 40.20 25.70 4.55 74.00 26.36 5.15 73.00

January 18.50 10.80 48.30 19.60 10.22 49.30 24.26 3.59 75.00 23.03 3.55 67.00

February 23.90 12.60 55.60 22.30 16.30 50.20 27.62 6.96 72.00 23.58 2.31 67.00

March 27.50 14.40 70.70 28.80 17.70 52.50 30.04 5.81 75.00 20.80 5.88 71.00

April 28.90 14.50 80.50 29.40 18.30 56.30 39.64 8.20 67.00 35.01 11.07 70.00

Source: Meteorological data of Giza (CLAC, Egypt), average values; T (°C) Max. and Min. are monthly average, maximum and

minimum temperatures; RH is monthly average relative humidity

Essential Oil Extraction:

Essential oils were extracted from seed and straw of each treatment by hydro distillation using Clevenger

apparatus for 2 h according to Guenther [52] and expressed as ml/100g, while essential oil yield was expressed

as L/feddan. The extracted essential oil was dehydrated over anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored at freezer till

used for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC - MS) analysis.

GC-MS analysis:

The GC-Ms analysis of the essential oil of the different treatments was carried out in the second season

using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry instrument stands at the Department of Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants Research, National Research Center with the following specifications. Instrument: a TRACE GC Ultra

Gas Chromatographs (THERMO Scientific Corp., USA), coupled with a THERMO mass spectrometer detector

(ISQ Single Quadruple Mass Spectrometer). The GC-MS system was equipped with a TG-WAX MS column

(30 m x 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness). Analyses were carried out using helium as carrier gas at a flow

rate of 1.0 mL/min and a split ratio of 1:10 using the following temperature program: 40oC for 1 min; rising at

4o

C /min to 160o

C and held for 6 min; rising at 6 C/min to 210 o

C and held for 1min. The injector and detector

were held at 210o

C. Diluted samples (1:10 hexane, v/v) of 0.2 μL of the mixtures were injected. Mass spectra

were obtained by electron ionization (EI) at 70 eV, using a spectral range of m/z 40-450. Most of the

compounds were identified using two different analytical methods: (a) KI, Kovats indices in reference to n-

alkanes (C9-C22) (National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2009); and (b) mass spectra (authentic

chemicals, Wiley spectral library collection and NSIT library).

Statistical Analysis:

All obtained data were statistically analyzed according to Cochran and Cox [21]. Using L.S.D. at level of 5

%.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A) Survival %, Growth Parameters, Yield and Oil Content:

1-Effect of location:

Data on survival percentage in Table (1) reveal that growing coriander plants under saline soil (North Sinai)

caused a reduction in survival percentage compared to non saline soil (Giza) in both seasons. Similar results

were obtained on Majorana hortensis and spearmint [97, 4]. An excess of soluble salts in the soil leads to

osmotic stress, specific ion toxicity and ionic imbalances [76] and, as a consequence, plant can go to death [88].

All seedlings of Melissa officinalis died at 6 dS/m [81]; the observed increasing soil salinity up to 3000 ppm

resulted in complete death of sage plants [56]. In thyme, it has been also reported that survival percentage was

decreased significantly under salinity conditions [38].

Data presented in Tables (1-3) showed that plant height, number of branches, number of umbels, weights of

seed and straw (g/plant or kg/feddan) as well as both seed or straw essential oil (% or L/feddan) at Giza (non

saline soil) was higher than those of North Sinai (saline soil), whereas straw essential oil % was lower at Giza in

both seasons. Moreover, all parameters determined for coriander sown at Giza were significantly increased

compared to those of coriander sown at North Sinai, except for straw essential oil %. In this respect, differences

were insignificant in both seasons. Ewase et al. [36] found that all characters studied showed a progressive

decrease as salinity levels increased. Coriander plants can withstand NaCl salinity up to the concentration of

3000 ppm. At the highest concentration (4000 ppm) all the parameters of coriander failed to exist. However in a

parallel study, Aymen and Cherif [9] indicated that with increasing salinity, emergence traits and growth



parameters of coriander decreased. Abu-Darwish et al. [3] on thyme and Bazaid et al. [11] on basil, rosemary,

marjoram and rose plants showed that essential oil contents were differed as a result of changing the

geographical regions.

Table 1: Effect of ascorbic and salicylic acids on coriander growth characters in the two sites.

Umbels No./plant Branches No./plant Plant height (cm) Survival % Treatments

2nd

Season

1st Season 2nd

Season

1st Season 2nd

Season

1st Season 2nd

Season

1st Season

17.81 18.60 12.33 12.30 76.27 77.60 100.00 100.00 Giza

7.81 7.33 5.14 4.83 41.07 39.18 24.04 19.13 Sinai

0.575 0.395 0.353 0.415 1.33 0.964 2.27 1.33 LSD at 5%

9.40 9.30 6.20 5.78 50.89 49.13 55.92 55.18 F0

14.20 13.79 9.73 9.45 59.96 60.44 63.50 59.83 F1

10.90 11.25 8.52 8.51 55.79 56.54 59.83 56.08 F2

16.73 17.54 10.50 10.54 68.04 67.45 68.83 67.17 F3

0.813 0.559 0.499 0.588 1.88 1.363 3.22 1.88 LSD at 5%

12.02 12.02 8.79 8.15 65.64 64.54 100.00 100.00 R1XF0

20.43 20.43 13.92 13.89 79.94 81.61 100.00 100.00 R1XF1

14.42 14.42 11.62 12.08 71.99 74.22 100.00 100.00 R1XF2

24.37 24.37 14.99 15.10 87.51 90.02 100.00 100.00 R1XF3

6.78 6.48 3.62 3.41 36.14 33.72 11.83 10.37 R2XF0

7.97 7.27 5.54 5.00 39.99 39.27 27.00 19.67 R2XF1

7.37 6.59 5.42 4.93 39.60 38.85 19.67 12.17 R2XF2

9.09 8.99 6.00 5.98 48.57 44.88 37.67 34.33 R2XF3

6.15 6.46 2.36 2.46 6.65 8.56 14.23 14.32 LSD at 5%

Since; R=region, R1=Giza and R2=Sinai; F=foliar application, F0=control, F1=ascorbic acid, F2= salicylic acid, F3= ascorbic+

salicylic acids.

Several investigators have reported plant growth reduction as a result of salinity stress, sage [13]; Mentha

pulegium [84]. Growth parameters of milk thistle such as plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of

capitula per plant, main shoot capitulum’s diameter were reduced with salinity greater than 9 dS/m [47]. The

detrimental effects of high salinity on plants can be observed at the whole-plant level as the death of plants

and/or decreases the productivity [82]. With fennel, cumin and Ammi majus, increasing salt concentrations of

salts caused a significant reduction in the number of umbels, and fruit yield [1, 77, 7]. Similar reductions in seed

yield and yield components per plant were obtained on Trachyspermum ammi [6].

Saline conditions reduce the ability of plants to absorb water causing rapid reductions in growth rate, and

induce many metabolic changes [35]. Also, salt stress with osmotic, nutritional and toxic effects prevents

growth in many plant species [54, 18]. Therefore, the reduction in growth was explained by lower osmotic

potential in the soil, which leads to decreased water uptake, reduced transpiration, and closure of stomata, which

is associated with the reduced growth [72, 14].

Table 2: Effect of ascorbic and salicylic acids on coriander productivity in the two sites.

Straw yield(kg/feddan) Straw weight(g/plant) Seed yield(kg/feddan) Seed weight(g/plant) Treatments

2nd

Season

1st Season 2nd Season 1st

Season

2nd

Season

1st Season 2nd

Season

1st

Season

1152.83 1190.18 17.34 17.90 770.62 757.71 11.59 11.39 Giza

113.70 91.07 5.92 5.61 27.72 22.40 1.43 1.38 Sinai

72.35 74.04 1.148 1.167 69.53 82.41 1.052 1.249 LSD at 5%

558.28 576.74 9.83 10.03 269.72 274.31 4.28 4.33 F0

407.16 403.42 7.40 7.35 338.12 364.12 5.35 5.75 F1

506.25 532.21 9.54 10.06 457.76 438.45 7.49 7.26 F2

1061.37 1050.15 19.75 19.58 531.07 483.34 8.91 8.21 F3

102.32 104.71 1.62 1.651 98.33 116.557 1.488 1.767 LSD at 5%

1091.27 1132.94 16.41 17.04 535.55 545.52 8.05 8.20 R1XF0

751.45 764.97 11.30 11.50 663.45 719.31 9.98 10.82 R1XF1

949.84 1026.32 14.28 15.43 895.76 864.72 13.47 13.00 R1XF2

1818.78 1836. 51

27.35 27.62 987.75 901.30 14.85 13.55 R1XF3

25.30 20.53 3.25 3.02 3.90 3.11 0.50 0.45 R2XF0

62.88 41.87 3.49 3.20 12.79 8.93 0.71 0.68 R2XF1

62.65 38.11 4.80 4.68 19.77 12.18 1.52 1.52 R2XF2

303.96 263.78 12.15 11.53 74.40 65.39 2.97 2.87 R2XF3

463.14 466.36 4.42 4.52 239.69 188.36 2.81 2.11 LSD at 5%

Since; R=region, R1=Giza and R2=Sinai; F=foliar application, F0=control, F1=ascorbic acid, F2= salicylic acid, F3= ascorbic+

salicylic acids.

There are reports of a decrease in essential oil percentage due to salinity were found on lemon balm [81]

and (Majorana hurtensis L.) [97] and [78] in (Satureja hortensis). Salt stress decreased essential oil yield in



Trachyspermum ammi [6]. This negative effect of salt stress in oil yield was also reported for other medicinal

plants, e.g. peppermint, pennyroyal, and apple mint [10], basil [94, 92], Salvia officinalis [12].

The increase in oil content in some of the salt stressed plants might be attributed to decline the primary

metabolites due to the effects of salinity, causing intermediary products to become available for secondary

metabolites synthesis [73]. In fact, the effect of salinity on essential oil and its constituents may be due to its

effects on enzyme activity and metabolism [15].

Table 3: Effect of ascorbic and salicylic acids on coriander oil content in the two sites.

Straw essential oil yield (L/feddan)

Straw essential oil (%) Seed essential oil yield (L/feddan)

Seed essential oil (%) Treatments

2nd

Season

1st

Season

2nd

Season

1st

Season

2nd Season 1st Season 2nd

Season

1st

Season

0.2480 0.2641 0.0210 0.0212 8.7206 8.8649 1.1292 1.1667 Giza

0.0240 0.0186 0.0227 0.0225 0.0868 0.0684 0.3000 0.2792 Sinai

0.042 0.029 0.0029 0.0025 0.853 1.311 0.056 0.042 LSD at 5%

0.0776 0.0743 0.0140 0.0123 2.7012 2.8085 0.6250 0.6250 F0

0.0978 0.0896 0.0283 0.0275 4.3175 4.7802 0.8417 0.8417 F1

0.1111 0.1174 0.0233 0.0242 4.4742 4.5189 0.6250 0.6417 F2

0.2576 0.2841 0.0217 0.0233 6.1218 5.7589 0.7667 0.7833 F3

0.060 0.0419 0.0042 0.0036 1.206 1.363 0.080 0.059 LSD at 5%

0.1516 0.1463 0.0140 0.0130 5.3934 5.6104 1.0167 1.0333 R1XF0

0.1750 0.1652 0.0233 0.0217 8.5860 9.5289 1.3000 1.3333 R1XF1

0.2065 0.2247 0.0217 0.0217 8.8953 9.0095 0.9833 1.0500 R1XF2

0.4590 0.5204 0.0250 0.0283 12.0076 11.3107 1.2167 1.2500 R1XF3

0.0036 0.0024 0.0140 0.0117 0.0090 0.0066 0.2333 0.2167 R2XF0

0.0207 0.0141 0.0333 0.0333 0.0490 0.0315 0.3833 0.3500 R2XF1

0.0157 0.0101 0.0250 0.0267 0.0531 0.0283 0.2667 0.2333 R2XF2

0.0562 0.0479 0.0183 0.0183 0.2360 0.2072 0.3167 0.3167 R2XF3

0.158 0.203 0.0091 0.012 3.43 3.03 0.125 0.110 LSD at 5%

Since; R=region, R1=Giza and R2=Sinai; F=foliar application, F0=control, F1=ascorbic acid, F2= salicylic acid, F3= ascorbic+ salicylic acids.

Effect of Foliar Spraying:

From the data in Table (1), it is obvious that, spraying coriander plants growing at North Sinai (saline soil)

with ascorbic acid, salicylic acid or ascorbic acid + salicylic acid had a stimulator effect on survival percentage.

In the same time, there was a significant increase in this regard between different spraying treatments. However,

spraying with ascorbic acid + salicylic acid resulted in the highest survival percentage followed by spraying

with ascorbic acid and then salicylic acid compared to control plants.

Data presented in Tables (1-3) indicated that growing coriander plants at Giza (non saline soil) or North

Sinai (saline soil) showed significant increase in plant height, number of branches, number of umbels, weight of

seeds and straw (g/plant and kg/feddan), seeds and straw essential oil (% or L/feddan) compared to that control

(without foliar spray) during two seasons. Plant height, number of branches, number of umbels increased with

application of the mixture of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid followed by ascorbic acid and salicylic acid then

control in both regions. While weight of seed (g/plant or kg/feddan) increased by ascorbic acid + salicylic acid

followed by salicylic acid and ascorbic acid, then control in both seasons. On the other hand, weight of straw

(g/plant or kg/feddan) was increased with ascorbic acid + salicylic acid followed by control plants and salicylic

acid then ascorbic acid.

Salicylic and ascorbic acids play an important role in decreasing the effects of salt and drought stresses.

Yazdanpanah et al. [109] reported that, the presence of both salicylic and ascorbic acids reduced the harsh

influences of water deficit and increased some growth parameters. It seemed that the two external acids were

able to enhance the tolerant ability of the Satureja hortensis plant to aridity stress. Rafique et al. [85] mentioned

that ascorbic acid or salicylic acid treatments reduced the severity of salt stress as they showed best results on

seedling growth, fresh and dry matter production of pumpkin under non-saline and saline environments.

Ascorbic acid functions as a major redox buffer and as a cofactor for enzymes involved in regulating

photosynthesis, hormone biosynthesis, and regenerating other antioxidants. Ascorbic acid regulates cell division

and growth and is involved in signal transduction [44]. El-Tohamy et al. [30] observed that foliar application of

vitamin C resulted in a significant increment of vegetative growth and yield of eggplant compared to control

plants. Also, vitamin C treatment increased cytokinins content. Ekmekçi and Karaman [28] reported that the

detrimental effects of salt water were ameliorated by application of ascorbic acid. The inductive role of vitamin

C was associated with the improvement of seed germination, growth, plant water status, carotenoids, and

endogenous ascorbic acid as well as antioxidant enzyme activities. Similar results were found by Emam et al.

[32] on flax. Sharafzadeh [98] found that, application of ascorbic acid resulted in the best growth characteristics

of thyme.



Salicylic acid can be performing as growth regulator [64] and has been known as an important molecular

signal in the plant reaction for the response to environmental stresses [95] that have desirable effects on plant

growth and development [68]. It has been reported that salicylic acid significantly reduces ion leakage and toxic

ions accumulation [68] and lead to reducing of environmental stresses effects via increasing growth regulator

hormones such as auxins, gibberellin and cytokinins levels whereas abscisic acid was decreased [96, 2]. Also,

salicylic acid has a direct physiological effect through the alteration of antioxidant enzyme activities. Certain

enzymes were activated by salicylic acid treatment, while others like catalase, were inhibited. Catalase seems to

be a key enzyme in salicylic acid -induced stress tolerance, as it was inhibited by binding in several plant

species [19, 22]. Moreover, Zhang et al. [111] reported that salicylic acid has an inhibitor role in the ethylene

biosynthesis, regulate cell extension, division and death and created a balance between growth and senescence.

Table (3) show that seed essential oils percentages from plants sprayed with ascorbic acid were higher than

those of plants treated with ascorbic acid + salicylic acid and salicylic acid, whereas control plants have lower

values. Plants treated with ascorbic acid recorded higher values followed by salicylic acid and ascorbic acid +

salicylic acid then control plants which was lower in straw essential oil percentages. The highest seed and straw

essential oil yields were obtained by ascorbic acid + salicylic acid followed by salicylic acid and ascorbic acid

then control plants in the two seasons.

Eid et al. [27] showed that foliar application of Jasminum grandiflorum with ascorbic acid significantly

increased jasmine concrete, essential oil percent and essential oil yield. El-Lethy et al. [29] reported that foliar

spraying with ascorbic acid improved vegetative growth and essential oil percent of geranium plant.

Improvement of essential oil percentage and yield per plant in response to salicylic acid application has

been reported in basil and marjoram [45]. Idrees et al. [61] stated that improvement in essential oil content by

foliar application of salicylic acid might be due to the increase in cycle growth, nutrients uptake or changes in

leaf oil gland population and monoterpenes biosynthesis. Rowshan et al. [90] showed that salicylic acid

application significantly increased the yield of essential oil of Salvia macrosiphon. Khandaker et al. [66]

recommended salicylic acid application in order to improve plant growth, yield and bioactive compounds in red

amaranth. Gabler [42] and Hesami et al. [57] reported that application of salicylic acid significantly increased

coriander seed yield. Rahimi et al. [86] showed that plant height and number of branches, umbels per plant, fruit

yield, essential oil percentage and yield significantly increased by the application salicylic acid.

Effect of Interaction:

Table (1) revealed that the interaction treatments between saline soil (North Sinai) and foliar spray

treatments caused an increase in survival percentage compared to untreated plants. There was no difference

between spraying treatments on survival percentage of coriander growing at Giza (non saline soil). Spray of

salicylic acid after the exposure to salinity stresses increases survival plants and decreases the severity of the

stress injury in rosemary seedlings [79]. This agrees with the findings of others that salicylic acid induces

tolerance to many biotic and abiotic stresses [24]. Salicylic acid allows maintenance of photosynthesis,

transpiration, stomatal conductance and growth at higher rates in saline stress conditions compared to untreated

plants [79].

Data presented in Tables (1-3) show that all interaction treatments between foliar spray with ascorbic acid,

salicylic acid and ascorbic acid + salicylic and tow locations caused an increase in plant height, number of

branches, number of umbels, weight of seeds and straw (g/plant or kg/feddan) as well as seed and straw

essential oil (% or L/feddan) in both regions compared to untreated plants of each region alone, except coriander

straw (kg/feddan) under North Sinai alone, with each of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid decreased weight of

straw (kg/feddan) to be the smallest by using that of ascorbic acid. The highest values of plant height, number of

branches, number of umbels, weight of seeds and straw (g/plant or kg/feddan) as well as seed and straw

essential oil (% or L/feddan) was obtained from coriander plants grown under Giza condition with vitamin c +

salicylic acid treatment in both seasons.

Salicylic acid is a plant growth regulator known as an endogenous signaling molecule, which is involved in

various physiological processes in plants, such as growth regulation, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance,

nutrient uptake, plant water relations and mechanisms of plant resistance and tolerance to biotic and abiotic

stresses [83, 55]. Several studies have demonstrated that exogenous salicylic acid application enhances plant

growth and development. Fariduddin et al. [40] on mustard; Elwan and El-Hamahmy [31] on pepper (Capsicum

annuum); Gharib [46] on sweet basil and marjoram and Hesami et al. [57] reported that application of salicylic

acid significantly affected seed yield and plant biomass in coriander.

GC-MS Analysis:

Tables (4, 5) show the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the main constituents of volatile oils of

coriander seed and straw during the season of 2012 year. GC-MS analysis of the volatile oils in seed and straw

indicated that all identified compounds were detected in the oil of all treatments with different percentages.

Thirty one and 35 constituents were similarly identified from each of seed and straw, respectively. The known



constituents of seeds and straw were grouped into three items, the major components (more than 10%); minor

components (less than 10% and more than 1%) and trace ones (less than 1%). In this respect, it is evident that

linalool (35.79 to 54.61%), γ-terpinene (6.66 to 12.67%) and α-pinene (2.22 to 11.35%) in seed; linalool (10.67

to 55.20%), γ-terpinene (0.86 to 25.48%), p-cymene (2.22 to 17.01%), decanal (0.69 to 12.87%) and limonene

(0.81 to 11.17%) in straw exhibited as majors in both of seeds and straw, respectively.

Table 4: Effect of ascorbic and salicylic acids on coriander seed oil composition in the two sites.

Compounds Giza region Mean Sinai region Mean

F0 F1 F2 F3 F0 F1 F2 F3

α- pinene 8.73 9.52 2.22 3.75 6.06 11.35 7.78 5.75 5.30 7.55

camphene 2.24 2.10 0.24 0.50 1.27 2.04 1.84 0.76 0.52 1.29

β-pinene 1.30 1.24 0.23 0.37 0.79 1.34 0.97 0.63 0.43 0.84

Sabinene 1.01 0.97 - 0.29 0.76 0.95 0.75 0.48 0.31 0.62

Myrcene 2.32 1.92 0.49 0.93 1.42 2.14 1.89 1.19 0.84 1.52

Limonene 5.08 4.54 1.93 2.89 3.61 4.67 4.74 3.57 2.39 3.84

β-phellandrene 0.32 0.21 - 0.15 0.23 0.29 0.25 - 0.10 0.21

1, 8cineol 0.14 0.13 - 0.12 0.13 0.17 0.15 - - 0.16

γ-terpinene 11.83 12.67 6.66 11.27 10.61 12.17 11.00 9.69 9.61 10.62

p-cymene 3.41 3.55 2.81 3.26 3.26 4.27 3.41 5.56 4.74 4.50

α-terpinolene 1.29 1.00 0.39 0.66 0.84 1.03 1.06 0.59 0.40 0.77

Nonanal 0.13 0.18 - - 0.16 0.24 0.18 - 0.11 0.18

cis-linalool oxide 0.15 0.13 - - 0.14 0.19 0.18 - - 0.19

p-Menthone - - - 0.10 0.10 - - 0.38 0.11 0.25

Cis-4-thujanol 0.23 0.18 0.21 0.16 0.20 - - 0.19 0.11 0.15

decanol - 0.17 0.67 0.09 0.31 0.54 0.23 0.48 0.27 0.38

Camphor 9.19 8.93 9.23 8.65 9.00 8.52 9.52 8.81 6.84 8.42

Linalool 36.67 40.44 53.22 51.69 45.51 35.79 41.39 46.40 54.61 44.55

1-Octanol - 0.17 0.34 0.14 0.22 0.58 0.62 0.20 0.14 0.39

4-terpineol 0.67 0.62 0.92 0.59 0.70 0.92 0.66 0.71 0.41 0.68

Myrtenyl acetate 0.25 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.24 0.19 0.26 0.24 0.19 0.22

β-fenchyl alcohol 0.98 0.93 1.30 1.05 1.07 1.02 1.40 0.96 0.58 0.99

geranyl acetate 5.74 4.88 8.45 6.90 6.49 5.03 5.22 6.11 6.23 5.65

β-citronellol 0.36 0.32 0.55 0.53 0.44 0.29 0.30 0.36 0.32 0.32

2-decen-1-ol - - 0.37 0.13 0.25 - - 0.26 0.28 0.27

anethole - 0.12 0.20 - 0.16 - - 0.24 0.96 0.60

geraniol 4.20 3.37 5.38 4.58 4.38 4.04 3.68 4.02 3.19 3.73

2E-dodecenal - - 1.00 - 1.00 0.45 0.49 0.25 - 0.40

hexahydrofarnesyl acetone

0.26 0.17 0.40 0.22 0.26 0.28 0.47 0.42 0.26 0.36

1-tetradecanol 1.10 0.50 0.28 0.09 0.49 0.27 0.29 0.34 0.13 0.26

phytol 1.56 0.50 0.19 - 0.75 0.36 0.48 - - 0.42

Total identified 99.16 99.66 97.98 99.31 99.62 99.13 99.21 98.59 99.38 99.08

Since; F=foliar application, F0=control, F1=ascorbic acid, F2= salicylic acid, F3= ascorbic+ salicylic acids.

Table 5: Effect of ascorbic and salicylic acids on coriander straw oil composition in the two sites.

Compounds Giza region Mean Sinai region Mean

F0 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F0

α- pinene 2.86 0.67 3.05 3.09 2.86 0.59 1.92 5.13 2.30 2.48

Limonene 11.17 3.17 1.42 1.16 11.17 1.78 0.99 1.74 0.81 1.33

γ-Terpinene 3.21 5.23 3.10 4.53 3.21 0.86 25.48 3.54 4.78 8.66

Para-cymene 3.62 6.47 3.62 5.95 3.62 2.22 17.01 7.17 7.73 8.53

Nonanal 1.90 2.15 1.76 2.26 1.90 1.15 1.03 1.15 2.03 1.34

α-Copaene - - - - - - - 0.81 0.81

Decanal 9.63 12.87 2.21 3.52 9.63 4.14 4.27 0.69 1.96 2.76

Camphor - - 1.49 2.67 2.03 0.80 1.84 1.95 1.66

2,4 dodecadienal 1.74 0.75 0.65 0.76 1.74 0.64 0.76 0.51 - 0.64

Linalool 10.67 15.38 41.69 39.27 10.67 55.20 26.86 49.57 39.02 42.66

Octan-1-ol - - 1.48 1.93 - - 1.36 2.67 2.02

Trans-caryophyllene - - - 1.18 - - - 1.93 1.93

4-terpineol 4.33 7.81 2.55 3.23 4.33 1.61 1.35 0.71 2.02 1.42

2-undecenal,E 0.92 0.69 0.79 0.92 0.85

1-octanol 1.22 1.05 0.98 1.18 1.22 1.20 0.96 0.88 1.93 1.24

β-copaene - - - 0.78 - - - 1.53 1.53

β-Fenchyl alcohol 4.20 3.86 1.59 1.77 4.20 1.38 1.11 - 1.52 1.34

Acetoxyacetic acid, 4-pentadecyl ester

- 2.21 - - - - - 1.19 1.19

Linalyl acetate 2.48 1.59 2.35 2.82 2.48 3.93 2.11 2.78 2.45 2.82

geranyl acetate 7.23 6.94 4.58 4.43 7.23 5.86 3.85 4.01 2.08 3.95

2-Decen-1-ol, (E)- 2.28 3.60 1.34 1.34 2.28 3.25 1.02 1.07 - 1.78

Anethole 2.73 - - - 2.73 0.53 - - - 0.53



geraniol - 2.05 0.95 1.20 1.27 0.62 1.03 0.93 0.96

2-dodecenal, (e)- 2.46 1.94 2.46 0.72 - - - 0.72

1-nonanol 1.12 0.88 1.34 1.12 1.12 0.69 - 1.00 - 0.84

(2E)2-Hexenyl laurate 1.87 1.41 1.53 1.28 1.87 0.98 0.62 1.18 0.93

1-hexadecanol 4.19 9.68 - - 4.19 0.56 - - - 0.56

13-Heptadecyn-1-ol 2.71 1.80 1.31 0.98 2.71 1.53 1.27 1.13 0.96 1.22

2-octadecanone 1.10 0.70 - - 1.10 - - - -

Hexahydrofarnesyl

acetone

6.92 2.87 2.01 2.86 6.92 3.23 1.35 1.34 3.22 2.29

Acetoxyacetic acid, 3-

pentadecyl ester

1.31 2.61 - - 1.31 - - - -

Thymol - - - 1.33 - 1.87 0.79 2.71 1.79

1-tetradecanol 3.04 0.72 5.95 3.30 3.04 0.68 4.16 3.95 2.93

Methyl 10-octadecenoate

1.42 - 1.60 - 1.42 0.90 0.96 - - 0.93

Phytol 1.17 - 6.62 3.60 1.17 - - 3.91 5.63 4.77

Total identified 96.59 99.33 95.85 97.53 96.59 97.70 96.22 96.70 97.02 96.91


Effect of Location:

The obtained results in Table (6) show that linalool percentage in the seeds was higher at Giza than that at

North Sinai and vice α-pinene which representing the largest percentage under Sinai conditions. γ-Terpinene did

not affect according to the location of cultivation. The major components in straw like, limonene and decanal

was higher under Giza condition and vice linalool, γ-terpinene and p-cymene which were higher under North

Sinai condition.

The minor components compounds in seeds like sabinene, α-terpinolene, camphor, β-fenchyl alcohol, nerol,

geraniol, 2E-dodecenal, 1-tetradecanol and phytol were higher under Giza condition than North Sinai. But,

others minor in straw; nonanal, camphor, 2,4-dodecadienal, 4-terpineol, β-fenchyl alcohol, acetoxy acetic acid,

4-pentadecyl ester, geraniol, geranyl acetate, 2-decen-1-ol, anethole, 2-dodecenal, 1-nonanal, (2E)2-hexenyl

laurate, 1-hexadecanol, 13-heptadecyn-1-ol, 2-octadecanone, hexa hydrofarnesyl acetone, acetoxyacetic acid, 3-

pentadecyl ester, 1-tetradecanol and methyl 10-octadecenoate were the highest under Giza conditions region.

Whereas, traces i.e. β-phellandrene, 4-terpineol and cis-thujanol in the seeds were higher in Giza, but traces

components in straw like α-cpaene and 2E-undecenal were higher under North Sinai. Bazaid et al. [11] showed

the percentages of the main components of volatile oil in basil, rosemary, marjoram and rose plants were

differed as results of changing the geographical regions.

Effect of Foliar Spraying:

The results presented in Table (6) show that spraying coriander plants by vitamin C + salicylic acid gave the

highest percent of linalool whereas, control plants gave the lowest percent in coriander seeds. On the contrary,

the highest percentages of α-pinene and γ-terpinene were obtained from control plants, whereas spraying

coriander plants with salicylic acid gave the lowest percent.

Major components of the essential oil of straw components obviously cleared that limonene and decanal

decreased, but γ-terpinene and p-cymene increased by foliar spraying, whereas control plants showed the

highest percent of limonene and decanal and also gave the lowest of γ-terpinene and p-cymene contents.

However spraying plants by salicylic acid gave the highest percentage of linalool. Also, vitamin C treatment

gave the highest percentage of γ-terpinene and p-cymene and the lowest percentage of linalool.

Table (6) show that treatments of vitamin C gave the highest percentages of camphor and β-fenchyl alcohol,

as well as, treatments of vitamin C + salycilic acid gave the highest percentage of anethole. However, treated

plants with salicylic acid alone contained the highest percentages of p-cymene, geranyl acetate, geraniol, p-

menthone, cyclodecanol, myrtenyl acetate, 2-decan1-ol, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, 2E-dodecenal, and β-

citronellol. Also, sabinene, α-terpinolene, 1-tetradecanol, β-phellandrene, 4-terpineol, myrcene, camphene, 1-

otanol, linalool oxide, nonanal, 1,8-cineol, limonene, cis-thujanol, β-pinene and phytol was higher without

treated plants with foliar spraying.

Straw oil components were obviously cleared that spraying with vitamin C gave the highest percentages of

4-terpineol, 2E-decen-1-ol, 1-hexadecanol, acetoxyacetic acid, 3-pentadecyl ester, acetoxyacetic acid, 4-

pentadecyl ester, 2E -undecenal, and γ-terpinene. Also, spraying with vitamin C + salycilic acid gave higher

percentages of nananal, camphor, thymol, α-Copaene, β-copaene, 1-octanol, Octan-1-ol, 2E-undecenal, trans-

caryophyllene. Salycilic acid treatments gave the highest percentages of 1-nonanol, 1-tetradecanol, methyl 10-

octadecenoate, α- pinene, phytol, 2, 4 dodecadienal, β-fenchyl alcohol, anethole, 2E-dodecenal, (2E) 2-hexenyl

laurate, 2-octadecanone, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone and linalyl acetate.

Gharib [46] revealed that salicylic acid increased the percentage of eugenol in the basil oil and the level of

sabinene accompanied by reduction in the proportion of cis-sabinene hydrate relative to controls.



Rowshan and Bahmanzadegan [89] found that exogenous application of salicylic acid to Achillea

millefolium increased 1,8-cineol, β-caryphyllen, Ar-curcumen and spathulionl and decreased sabenin, comphore

and α-bisabolen. Some compounds such as iso-spathulinol, γ-cadinene, β-himachalene, and trans-caryophyllen

were detected only in plants treated with salicylic.

Table 6: Effect of ascorbic and salicylic acids on coriander oil composition

Compounds Mean of region Mean of foliar application

Seed Straw Seed Straw

Giza Sinai Giza Sinai F0 F1 F2 F3 F0 F1 F2 F3

α- pinene 6.06 7.55 2.86 2,48 10.04 8.65 3.99 4.53 1.72 1.29 4.09 2.70

camphene 1.27 1.29 - - 2.14 1.97 0.50 0.51 - - - -

β-pinene 0.79 0.84 - - 1.32 1.11 0.43 0.40 - - - -

Sabinene 0.76 0.62 - - 0.98 0.86 0.48 0.30 - - - -

Myrcene 1.42 1.52 - - 2.23 1.91 0.84 0.89 - - - -

Limonene 3.61 3.84 11.17 1.33 4.88 4.64 2.75 2.64 6.47 2.08 1.58 0.99

β-phellandrene 0.23 0.21 - - 0.31 0.23 - 0.13 - - - -

1, 8cineol 0.13 0.16 - - 0.16 0.14 - 0.12 - - - -

γ-terpinene 10.61 10.62 3.21 8.66 12.00 11.84 8.18 10.44 2.03 15.36 3.32 4.65

p-cymene 3.26 4.50 3.62 8.53 3.84 3.48 4.19 4.00 2.92 11.74 5.39 6.84

α-terpinolene 0.84 0.77 - - 1.16 1.03 0.49 0.53 - - - -

Nonanal 0.16 0.18 1.90 1.34 0.19 0.18 - 0.11 1.53 1.59 1.46 2.14

α-copaene - - - 0.81 - - - - - - - 0.81

cis-linalool oxide 0.14 0.19 - - 0.17 0.16 - - - - - -

p-Menthone 0.10 0.25 - - - - 0.38 0.11 - - - -

Cis-4-thujanol 0.20 0.15 - - 0.23 0.18 0.20 0.14 - - - -

decanol 0.31 0.38 - - 0.54 0.20 0.58 0.18 - - - -

decanal - - 6.93 2.76 - - - - 6.88 8.57 1.45 2.74

Camphor 9.00 8.42 - 1.66 8.86 9.23 9.02 7.75 2.03 0.80 1.67 2.31

2,4 dodecadienal - - 1.74 0.64 - - - - 1.19 0.76 0.58 0.76

Linalool 45.51 44.55 10.67 42.66 36.23 40.92 49.81 53.15 32.93 21.12 45.63 39.14

1-Octanol 0.22 0.39 - 2.02 0.58 0.40 0.27 0.14 1.42 2.30

Trans-caryophyllene - - - 1.93 - - - - - - - 1.56

4-terpineol 0.70 0.68 4.33 1.42 0.80 0.64 0.82 0.50 2.97 4.58 1.63 2.62

2-undecenal,E - - - 0.85 - - - - 0.79 0.92 0.69 0.92

1-octanol - - 1.22 1.24 - - - - 1.21 1.00 0.93 1.56

β-copaene - - - 1.53 - - - - - - - 1.15

Myrtenyl acetate 0.24 0.22 - - 0.22 0.23 0.27 0.20 - - - -

β-fenchyl alcohol 1.07 0.99 4.20 1.34 1.00 1.17 1.13 0.82 2.79 2.49 1.59 1.64

Acetoxyacetic acid,

4-pentadecyl ester

- - - 1.19 - - - - - 2.21 - 1.19

Linalyl acetate - - 2.48 2.82 - - - - 3.20 1.85 2.56 2.64

geranyl acetate 6.49 5.65 7.23 3.95 5.39 5.05 7.28 6.57 6.54 5.39 4.30 3.26

2-Decen-1-ol, (E)- - - 2.28 1.78 - - - - 2.77 2.31 1.20 1.34

β-citronellol 0.44 0.32 - - 0.33 0.31 0.46 0.43 - - - -

2-decen-1-ol 0.25 0.27 - - - - 0.32 0.21 - - - -

anethole 0.16 0.60 2.73 0.53 - 0.12 0.22 0.96 1.63 - - -

geraniol 4.38 3.73 - 0.96 4.12 3.53 4.70 3.89 1.27 1.33 0.99 1.07

2E-dodecenal 1.00 0.40 2.46 0.72 0.45 0.49 0.63 - 1.59 1.94 - -

1-nonanol - - 1.12 0.84 - - - - 0.91 0.88 1.17 1.12

(2E)2-Hexenyl

laurate

- - 1.87 0.93 - - - - 1.43 1.02 1.36 1.28

1-hexadecanol - - 4.19 0.56 - - - - 2.38 9.68 - -

13-Heptadecyn-1-ol - - 2.71 1.22 - - - - 2.12 1.54 1.22 0.97

2-octadecanone - - 1.10 - - - - - 1.10 0.70 - -

hexahydrofarnesyl

acetone

0.26 0.36 6.92 2.29 0.27 0.32 0.41 0.24 5.08 2.11 1.67 3.04

Acetoxyacetic acid, 3-pentadecyl ester

- - 1.31 - - - - - 1.31 2.61 - -

Thymol - - - 1.79 - - - - 1.87 0.79 2.02

1-tetradecanol 0.49 0.26 3.04 2.93 0.69 0.40 0.31 0.11 1.86 0.72 5.05 3.62

Methyl 10-

octadecenoate

- - 1.42 0.93 - - - - 1.16 0.96 1.60 -

phytol 0.75 0.42 1.17 4.77 0.96 0.49 0.19 - 1.17 - 5.27 4.62

Total identified 99.62 99.08 96.59 96.91 99.15 99.44 98.29 99.35 97.15 97.77 96.28 97.28


Rahimi observed that γ-terpinene-7al was lower in cumin oil treated plants than that of control plant. α-



terpinene-7-al increased with application of 1mM of salicylic acid while other concentration of salicylic acid

decreased it. Moreover, the plants treated with salicylic acid led to increase in cumin aldehyde and γ-terpinene,

ρ-cymene and β-pinene.

Effect of Interaction:

Data in Tables (4, 5) showed a considerable change in the percentages of seed and straw coriander

constituents of essential oils under foliar application at Giza and North Sinai regions. Table (4) showed a

depressive effect on α-pinene and γ-terpinene in thev essential oil of treated plants compared to control at Giza

and North Sinai regions. On the contrary, linalool was increased as a result of spraying at both Giza and North

Sinai, and salicylic acid treatments in Giza and salicylic acid + vitamin C at North Sinai gave the highest

contents of linalool, whereas lower percentage of linalool was obtained from control plants.

As shown in Table (5), it is clear that spraying coriander plants at Giza and North Sinai resulted in a

decrease of limonene content and vice both γ-terpinene and p-cymene compounds where increased with foliar

spray. The highest content of limonene (11.17%) was determined in the oil of control plants at Giza. The highest

percentages of γ-terpinene (25.48%) and p-cymene (17.01%) were obtained by spraying vitamin C at North

Sinai. On the other hand, decanal was decreased by salicylic acid and /or salicylic acid + vitamin C compared to

control plants in both two regions. Spraying plants with vitamin C increased decanal and obtained the highest

content (12.87%) at Giza. The major compound linalool was increased at Giza when plants treated with

salicylic acid and gave higher content (41.69%), but the opposite was observed at North Sinai, where linalool

was decreased with foliar spraying and control plants gave higher content (55.20%).

Tables (4) revealed that, control plants contained higher percentages of camphene (2.24%), sabinene

(1.01%), myrcene (2.32%), limonene (5.08%), β-phellandrene (0.32%), α-terpineolene (1.29%), cis-thujanol

(0.23%), 1-tetradecanol (1.10%) and phytol (1.56%) at Giza as well as β-pinene (1.34%), 1,8-cineol (0.17%),

nonanal (0.24%), linalool oxide (0.19%) and 4-terpineol (0.92%) at North Sinai. However, spraying plants at

North Sinai with vitamin C gave higher percentages of camphor (9.52%), 1-octanol (0.62%), hexahydrofarnesyl

acetone (0.47%) and β-fenchyl alcohol (1.40%), but those treated with salicylic acid gave higher percentage of

p-cymene (4.27%). On the other hand, plants cultivated at Giza and treated by salicylic acid gave higher

percentage of myrtenyl acetate (0.30%), geranyl acetate (8.45%), β-menthone (0.38%), cyclodecanol (0.67%),

2-decan 1-ol (0.37%), 2E-dodecenal (1.00%), β-citronellol (0.55%), geraniol (5.38%).

Data in Table (5) showed that minor and traces components of straw essential oil likes; 2,4 dodecadienal

(1.74%), β-fenchyl alcohol (4.20%), geranyl acetate (7.23%), anethole (2.73%), 2E-dodecenal, (2.46%), (2E)2-

hexenyl laurate (1.87%), 13-heptadecyn-1-ol (2.71%), 2-octadecanone (1.10%) and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone

(6.92%) obtained from control plants cultivated at Giza. The highest of linalyl acetate (3.93%) was obtained

from control plants at North Sinai region. Plants grown at Giza and treated with vitamin C gave the highest

percentages of acetoxyacetic acid 4-pentadecyl ester (2.21%), 1-hexadecanol (9.68%), 2E-decen-1-ol (3.60%),

4-terpineol (7.81%), 1-hexadecanol (9.68%) and acetoxyacetic acid, 3-pentadecyl ester (2.61%). Higher content

of α-pinene (5.13%) was obtained from plants grown at North Sinai treated with salicylic acid and 1-nonanol

(1.34%), dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy (5.95%), methyl 10-octadecenoate (1.60%), phytol (6.62%) from plants

grown at Giza treated with salicylic acid also. Moreover, higher percentages nonanal (2.26%) and camphor

(2.67%) was obtained from plants spraying by vitamin C + salicylic acid at Giza. While, at North Sinai. The

highest percentages of α-copaene (0.81%), octan-1-ol (2.67%), β-copaene (1.53%), 2E-undecenal (0.92%), 1-

nonanol (1.93%) and trans-caryophellene (1.93%) were obtained from plants spraying with vitamin c + salicylic

acid also.

REFERENCES

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