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    ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, ELECTION LAW AND LAWON PUBLIC OFFICERS

    Course Outline

    By: Atty Ernesto C S!l!oe"s!l!o#$lo%s&ot "o'

    PART I ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

    I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

    Definitions

    a. Administrative Law

    (ener!l Sense:

    ) E'$r!"es !ll t*e l!+ t*!t"ontrols or is inten e to "ontrol,t*e ! 'inistr!ti-e o&er!tions o.%o-ern'ent

    ) Co-ers intern!l !n e/tern!l! 'inistr!tion

    Intern!l: "onsi er t*e le%!l!s&e"ts o. &u$li" ! 'inistr!tion!s ! %oin% "on"ernE/tern!l: le%!l rel!tions $et+een! 'inistr!ti-e !ut*orities !n&ri-!te interests

    CRU0:

    ) It is t*e $r!n"* o. &u$li" l!+un er +*i"* t*e e/e"uti-e

    e&!rt'ent o. t*e %o-ern'ent or! "onstitution!l "o''ission li1et*e COMELEC, !"tin% in ! 2u!si)le%isl!ti-e or 2u!si)3u i"i!l"!&!"ity or $ot*, inter.ere +it*t*e "on u"t o. t*e in i-i u!l .ort*e &ur&ose o. &ro'otin% t*e+ell)$ein% o. t*e "o''unity

    A"tin% in 2u!si)le%isl!ti-e 'e!nst*e !ut*ority ele%!te $y t*el!+ '!1in% $o y to ! o&t rules!n re%ul!tions inten e to "!rryout t*e &ro-isions o. ! l!+ !ni'&le'ent t*e le%isl!ti-e &oli"y

    4u!si)3u i"i!l "!&!"ity 'e!ns t*e&o+er o. t*e ! 'inistr!ti-e!%en"y to eter'ine 2uestions o..!"t to +*i"* t*e le%isl!ti-e &oli"yis to !&&ly, in !""or !n"e +it*t*e st!n !r s l!i o+n $y t*el!+ itsel.

    NAC5URA:

    ) It is t*e $r!n"* o. &u$li" l!++*i"* .i/es t*e or%!ni6!tion,

    eter'ines t*e "o'&eten"e o.! 'inistr!ti-e !ut*orities, !nin i"!tes to t*e in i-i u!l

    re'e ies .or t*e -iol!tion o. *isri%*ts

    LAW (UIDE DICTIONAR7:

    ) T*e $o y o. l!+ !n &ro"e urest*!t is "re!te !n %o-erns! 'inistr!ti-e !%en"ies ors&e"i.i" &!rts o. %o-ern'ent Itin"lu es rules !n re%ul!tions!n e"

    ) isions '! e 8o&inions !nor ers9 !s ! result o.! 'inistr!ti-e *e!rin%s

    b. Government of the Republic of thePhilippines

    Government of the Republic of theP*ili&&ines re.ers to t*e "or&or!te%o-ern'ent!l entity t*rou%* +*i"* t*e.un"tions o. %o-ern'ent !re e/er"iset*rou%*out t*e P*ili&&ines, in"lu in%,s!-e !s t*e "ontr!ry !&&e!rs .ro' t*e"onte/t, t*e -!rious !r's t*rou%* +*i"*&oliti"!l !ut*ority is '! e e..e"ti-e in t*eP*ili&&ines, +*et*er &ert!inin% to t*e!utono'ous re%ions, t*e &ro-in"i!l, "ity,'uni"i&!l or $!r!n%!y su$ i-isions orot*er .or's o. lo"!l %o-ern'ent ; (Sec 2,

    Administrative Code of 1987

    c. National Government

    !"ational Government! re.ers to t*eentire '!"*inery o. t*e "entr!l%o-ern'ent, !s istin%uis*e .ro' t*e

    i..erent .or's o. lo"!l %o-ern'ents(Sec 2, Administrative Code of 1987

    d. Local Government

    !#ocal Government! re.ers to t*e &oliti"!lsu$ i-isions est!$lis*e $y or in!""or !n"e +it* t*e Constitution (Sec 2,

    Administrative Code of 1987

    e. Agency of the Government

    !A$enc% of the Government! re.ers to !nyo. t*e -!rious units o. t*e (o-ern'ent,in"lu in% ! e&!rt'ent, $ure!u, o..i"e,

    mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]
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    instru'ent!lity, or %o-ern'ent)o+ne or"ontrolle "or&or!tions, or ! lo"!l%o-ern'ent or ! istin"t unit t*erein(Sec 2, Administrative Code of 1987

    f. Department

    !&epartment! re.ers to !n e/e"uti-e

    e&!rt'ent "re!te $y l!+ For &ur&oseso. Boo1 IV, t*is s*!ll in"lu e !nyinstru'ent!lity, !s *erein e.ine , *!-in%or !ssi%ne t*e r!n1 o. ! e&!rt'ent,re%!r less o. its n!'e or esi%n!tion(Sec 2, Administrative Code of 1987

    g. Bureau

    !'ureau! re.ers to !ny &rin"i&!lsu$ i-ision or unit o. !ny e&!rt'ent For&ur&oses o. Boo1 IV, t*is s*!ll in"lu e!ny &rin"i&!l su$ i-ision or unit o. !nyinstru'ent!lity %i-en or !ssi%ne t*e r!n1o. ! $ure!u, re%!r less o. !"tu!l n!'e or

    esi%n!tion, !s in t*e "!se o.e&!rt'ent)+i e re%ion!l o..i"es

    h. ffice

    ! ffice! re.ers, +it*in t*e .r!'e+or1 o.%o-ern'ent!l or%!ni6!tion, to !ny '!3or.un"tion!l unit o. ! e&!rt'ent or $ure!uin"lu in% re%ion!l o..i"es It '!y !lsore.er to !ny &osition *el or o""u&ie $yin i-i u!l &ersons, +*ose .un"tions !re

    e.ine $y l!+ or re%ul!tion

    i. !nstrumentality

    !)nstrumentalit%! re.ers to !ny !%en"y o.t*e N!tion!l (o-ern'ent, not inte%r!te+it*in t*e e&!rt'ent .r!'e+or1 -este+it*in s&e"i!l .un"tions or 3uris i"tion $yl!+, en o+e +it* so'e i. not !ll"or&or!te &o+ers, ! 'inisterin% s&e"i!l.un s, !n en3oyin% o&er!tion!l!utono'y, usu!lly t*rou%* ! "*!rter T*ister' in"lu es re%ul!tory !%en"ies,"*!rtere institutions !n %o-ern'ent)o+ne or "ontrolle "or&or!tions

    ". Regulatory agency

    !Re$ulator% a$enc%! re.ers to !ny !%en"ye/&ressly -este +it* 3uris i"tion tore%ul!te, ! 'inister or ! 3u i"!te '!tters!..e"tin% su$st!nti!l ri%*ts !n interestso. &ri-!te &ersons, t*e &rin"i&!l &o+erso. +*i"* !re e/er"ise $y ! "olle"ti-e$o y, su"* !s ! "o''ission, $o!r or"oun"il

    #. $hartered !nstitution

    !Chartered institution! re.ers to !ny!%en"y or%!ni6e or o&er!tin% un er !s&e"i!l "*!rter, !n -este $y l!+ +it*.un"tions rel!tin% to s&e"i.i" "onstitution!l&oli"ies or o$3e"ti-es T*is ter' in"lu est*e st!te uni-ersities !n "olle%es !n

    t*e 'onet!ry !ut*ority o. t*e St!te

    l. Government%owned or controlledcorporation

    !Government*o+ned or controlledcorporation! re.ers to !ny !%en"yor%!ni6e !s ! sto"1 or non)sto"1"or&or!tion, -este +it* .un"tions rel!tin%to &u$li" nee s +*et*er %o-ern'ent!l or&ro&riet!ry in n!ture, !n o+ne $y t*e(o-ern'ent ire"tly or t*rou%* itsinstru'ent!lities eit*er +*olly, or, +*ere!&&li"!$le !s in t*e "!se o. sto"1"or&or!tions, to t*e e/tent o. !t le!st .i.ty)one 89 &er "ent o. its "!&it!l sto"1:Pro-i e , T*!t %o-ern'ent)o+ne or"ontrolle "or&or!tions '!y $e .urt*er"!te%ori6e $y t*e De&!rt'ent o. t*eBu %et, t*e Ci-il Ser-i"e Co''ission,!n t*e Co''ission on Au it .or&ur&oses o. t*e e/er"ise !n is"*!r%eo. t*eir res&e"ti-e &o+ers, .un"tions !nres&onsi$ilities +it* res&e"t to su"*"or&or!tions

    GOCC Government Act of 2 !! "Re#$%&icAct No. ! !'()

    An !"t to &ro'ote .in!n"i!l -i!$ility!n .is"!l is"i&line in (OCC !n tostren%t*en t*e role o. t*e St!te in its%o-ern!n"e !n '!n!%e'ent to'!1e t*e' 'ore res&onsi-e to t*enee s o. Pu$li" interest !n .or ot*er&ur&ose

    In !""or to t*e &oli"y o. t*e St!te to!"ti-ely e/er"ise its o+ners*i& ri%*tin (OCCs !n to &ro'ote %ro+t* $yensurin% t*!t o&er!tions !re"onsistent +it* n!tion!l e-elo&'ent&oli"ies !n &ro%r!'s

    Cre!te t*e (o-ern!n"eCo''ission .or (o-ern'ent O+neor Controlle Cor&or!tions 8(C(9+*i"* is t*e "entr!l ! -isory,'onitory, !n o-ersi%*t $o y +it*!ut*ority to .or'ul!te, i'&le'ent !n"oor in!te &oli"ies, +*i"* s*!ll $e!tt!"*e to t*e O..i"e o. t*ePresi ent

    (C(, !'on% ot*ers *!-e t*e.ollo+in% &o+ers !n .un"tions:

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    = E-!lu!te t*e &er.or'!n"e !neter'ine t*e rele-!n"e o. t*e

    (OCC, to !s"ert!in +*et*ersu"* (OCC s*oul $ereor%!ni6e , 'er%e , stre!'line,!$olis*e or &ri-!ti6e , in"onsult!tion +it* t*e e&!rt'entor !%en"y to +*i"* t*e (OCC is

    !tt!"*e

    U&on eter'in!tion $y t*e (C(t*!t it is to t*e $est interest o. t*eSt!te t*!t ! (OCC s*oul $ereor%!ni6e , 'er%e stre!'line,!$olis*e , or &ri-!ti6e , it s*!ll:

    i I'&le'ent t*e reor%!ni6!tion,'er%er, or stre!'linin% o. t*e(OCC, unless ot*er+ise

    ire"te $y t*e Presi ent? or ii Re"o''en to t*e Presi ent

    t*e !$olition or &ri-!ti6!tion o.t*e (OCC, !n u&on !&&ro-!lo. t*e Presi ent, i'&le'entsu"* !$olition or &ri-!ti6!tionunless t*e Presi ent

    esi%n!tes !not*er !%en"y toi'&le'ent su"* !$olition or&ri-!ti6!tion

    @ Re-ie+ t*e .un"tions o. e!"* o.t*e (OCC !n , u&on

    eter'in!tion t*!t t*ere is !"on.li"t $et+een t*e re%ul!tory!n "o''er"i!l .un"tions o. !(OCC, re"o''en to t*ePresi ent in "onsult!tion +it* t*e(o-ern'ent A%en"y to +*i"*su"* (OCC is !tt!"*e , t*e&ri-!ti6!tion o. t*e (OCCs"o''er"i!l o&er!tions, or t*etr!ns.er o. t*e re%ul!tory.un"tions to t*e !&&ro&ri!te%o-ern'ent !%en"y, or su"*ot*er &l!n o. !"tion to ensure t*!tt*e "o''er"i!l .un"tions o. t*e(OCC o not "on.li"t +it* su"*re%ul!tory .un"tions

    *in+s of A+ministr,tive L,-

    = St!tutes settin% u& ! 'inistr!ti-e!ut*orities ) eit*er $y "re!tin%$o!r s, "o''issions, !n! 'inistr!ti-e o..i"ers or "on.i in%t*e &o+ers !n uties to e/istin%$o!r s, "o''ission or o..i"ers to!'&li.y, e/e"ute, su&er-ise t*eo&er!tions o., !n eter'ine"ontro-ersies !risin% un er &!rti"ul!rl!+s in t*e en!"t'ent o. +*i"* t*ele%isl!ture e"i e .or '!tters o.

    "on-enien"e or .or 2ui"1er or 'oree..i"ient ! 'inistr!tion to +it**ol t*e"ontro-ersies, !t le!st in t*e .irstinst!n"e, .ro' t*e "ourts o. l!+

    @ Rules, re%ul!tions or or ers o. su"*! 'inistr!ti-e !ut*orities en!"te!n &ro'ul%!te in &ursu!n"e o. t*e

    &ur&oses .or +*i"* t*ey +ere "re!teor en o+e

    Deter'in!tions, e"isions !n or erso. su"* ! 'inistr!ti-e !ut*orities'! e in t*e settle'ent o."ontro-ersies !risin% in t*eir&!rti"ul!r .iel s

    Bo y o. Do"trines !n e"isionse!lin% +it* t*e "re!tion, o&er!tion,

    !n e..e"t o. eter'in!tions !nre%ul!tions o. su"* ! 'inistr!ti-e!ut*orities

    Sco#e of A+ministr,tive L,-

    = So-erei%nty !n (o-ern'ent!l A 'inistr!tion

    @ Distri$ution o. Po+ers E/e"uti-e,Le%isl!ti-e, !n u i"i!ryO..i"e o. t*e Presi entE/e"uti-e Br!n"* !ll t*ee&!rt'ents, $ure!us, o..i"es !n

    !%en"ies !tt!"*e t*ereto< Constitution!l Co''issions

    COMELEC, Ci-il Ser-i"eCo''ission, !n t*e Co''ission on

    Au it, !n ot*er "onstitution!l $o iesN!tion!l (o-ern'ent Bu %etin%A 'inistr!ti-e Pro"e ure

    So$rces of A+ministr,tive L,-

    = Constitution@ St!tutes "re!tin% ! 'inistr!ti-e

    $o iesCourt e"isions inter&retin% t*e

    "*!rters o. ! 'inistr!ti-e $o iesT*e $o y o. rules, re%ul!tions, !n

    or ers issue $y ! 'inistr!ti-e!%en"ies

    C,ses

    !) Mec,no vs COA/ 2!0 SCRA 1

    ACTS Me"!no is ! Dire"tor II o. t*e NBI 5e +!s*os&it!li6e !n on !""ount o. +*i"* *e in"urre'e i"!l !n *os&it!li6!tion e/&enses, t*e tot!l

    !'ount o. +*i"* *e is "l!i'in% .ro' t*e COA

    In ! 'e'or!n u' to t*e NBI Dire"tor, Dire"tor Li're2ueste rei'$urse'ent .or *is e/&enses on t*e

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    %roun t*!t *e is entitle to t*e $ene.its un erSection 0(( of t3e Revise+ A+ministr,tive Co+e"RAC) , t*e &ertinent &ro-isions o. +*i"* re! :

    Se" GG Allo+ances in case of in ur%, death, orsic-ness incurred in performance of dut% HW*en ! &erson in t*e ser-i"e o. t*e n!tion!l%o-ern'ent o. ! &ro-in"e, "ity, 'uni"i&!lity or'uni"i&!l istri"t is so in3ure in t*e &er.or'!n"eo. uty !s t*ere$y to re"ei-e so'e !"tu!l&*ysi"!l *urt or +oun , t*e &ro&er 5e! o.De&!rt'ent '!y ire"t t*!t !$sen"e urin% !ny&erio o. is!$ility t*ere$y o""!sione s*!ll $eon .ull &!y, t*ou%* not 'ore t*!n si/ 'ont*s,!n in su"* "!se *e '!y in *is is"retion !lso!ut*ori6e t*e &!y'ent o. t*e 'e i"!l!tten !n"e, ne"ess!ry tr!ns&ort!tion,su$sisten"e !n *os&it!l .ees o. t*e in3ure&erson A$sen"e in t*e "!se "onte'&l!te s*!ll$e "*!r%e .irst !%!inst -!"!tion le!-e, i. !nyt*ere $e

    /// /// ///

    In "!se o. si"1ness "!use $y or "onne"teire"tly +it* t*e &er.or'!n"e o. so'e !"t in t*e

    line o. uty, t*e &epartment *e! '!y in *isis"retion !ut*ori6e t*e &!y'ent o. t*e

    ne"ess!ry *os&it!l .ees

    Dire"tor Li' t*en .or+!r e &etitioner s "l!i', to t*eSe"ret!ry o. usti"e Fin in% &etitioner s illness to $eser-i"e)"onne"te , t*e Co''ittee on P*ysi"!lE/!'in!tion o. t*e De&!rt'ent o. usti"e .!-or!$lyre"o''en e t*e &!y'ent o. &etitioner s "l!i'

    5o+e-er, t*en Un erse"ret!ry o. usti"e Bello IIIreturne &etitioner s "l!i' to Dire"tor Li', *!-in%"onsi ere t*e st,tements of t3e C3,irm,n of t3eCOA to t3e effect t3,t t3e RAC %ein4 re&ie+ $#on-,s re#e,&e+ %5 t3e A+ministr,tive Co+e of !(67.

    Petitioner t*en re)su$'itte *is "l!i' to Dire"tor Li',+it* ! "o&y o. O&inion No , S =GG= o. t*enSe"ret!ry o. usti"e Drilon st!tin% t*!t Jt*e issu!n"eo. t*e A 'inistr!ti-e Co e i not o&er!te to re&e!lor !$ro%!te in its entirety t*e Re-ise A 'inistr!ti-eCo e, in"lu in% t*e &!rti"ul!r Se"tion GG o. t*el!tter;Dire"tor Li' tr!ns'itte !ne+ Me"!no s "l!i' to t*enUn erse"ret!ry Bello .or .!-or!$le "onsi er!tion?Se"ret!ry Drilon .or+!r e &etitioner s "l!i' to t*eCOA C*!ir'!n, re"o''en in% &!y'ent o. t*e s!'e

    COA C*!ir'!n *o+e-er, enie &etitioner s "l!i' ont*e %roun t*!t Se"tion GG o. t*e RAC *! $eenre&e!le $y t*e A 'inistr!ti-e Co e o. =GK , solely.or t*e re,son t3,t t3e s,me section -,s not

    rest,te+ nor re8en,cte+ in t3e A+ministr,tiveCo+e of !(67 5e "o''ente , *o+e-er, t*!t t*e"l!i' '!y $e .ile +it* t*e E'&loyees Co'&ens!tionCo''ission, "onsi erin% t*!t t*e illness o. Dire"torMe"!no o""urre !.ter t*e e..e"ti-ity o. t*e

    A 'inistr!ti-e Co e o. =GK

    E-entu!lly, &etitioner s "l!i' +!s returne $yUn erse"ret!ry o. usti"e Montene%ro to Dire"tor Li'+it* t*e ! -i"e t*!t &etitioner Jele-!te t*e '!tter tot*e Su&re'e Court i. *e so esires;

    5en"e t*is &etition .or certiorari.

    ISS9E WON t*e A 'inistr!ti-e Co e o. =GKre&e!le or !$ro%!te Se"tion GG o. t*e RAC :ELD NO. T *e Court resol-es to (RANT t*e

    &etition? res&on ent is *ere$y or ere to %i-e ue"ourse to &etitioner s "l!i' .or $ene.its

    T*e 2uestion o. +*et*er ! &!rti"ul!r l!+ *!s $eenre&e!le or not $y ! su$se2uent l!+ is ! '!tter o.le%isl!ti-e intent T*e l!+'!1ers '!y e/&resslyre&e!l ! l!+ $y in"or&or!tin% t*erein ! re&e!lin%&ro-ision +*i"* e/&ressly !n s&e"i.i"!lly "ites t*e&!rti"ul!r l!+ or l!+s, !n &ortions t*ereo., t*!t !reinten e to $e re&e!le A e"l!r!tion in ! st!tute,usu!lly in its re&e!lin% "l!use, t*!t ! &!rti"ul!r !ns&e"i.i" l!+, i enti.ie $y its nu'$er or title, isre&e!le is !n e/&ress re&e!l? !ll ot*ers !re i'&liere&e!ls In t*e "!se o. t*e t+o A 'inistr!ti-e Co esin 2uestion, t*e !s"ert!in'ent o. +*et*er or not it+!s t*e intent o. t*e le%isl!ture to su&&l!nt t*e olCo e +it* t*e ne+ Co e &!rtly e&en s on t*es"rutiny o. t*e re&e!lin% "l!use o. t*e ne+ Co e T*is&ro-ision is .oun in Se"tion @ , Boo1 VII 8Fin!lPro-isions9 o. t*e A 'inistr!ti-e Co e o. =GK +*i"*re! s:

    Se" @ Repealin$ Clause H All l!+s, e"rees,or ers, rules !n re%ul!tions, or &ortions t*ereo.,in"onsistent +it* t*is Co e !re *ere$y re&e!leor 'o i.ie !""or in%ly

    T*e 2uestion t*!t s*oul $e !s1e is: W3,t is t3en,t$re of t3is re#e,&in4 c&,$se;

    It is "ert!inly not !n e/&ress re&e!lin% "l!use$e"!use it .!ils to i enti.y or esi%n!te t*e !"t or !"tst*!t !re inten e to $e re&e!le R,t3er/ it is ,ne

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    t*e "!te%ory o. !n i'&lie re&e!l T*ere !re t+o"!te%ories o. re&e!l $y i'&li"!tion:

    = W*ere &ro-isions in t*e t+o !"ts on t*e s!'esu$3e"t '!tter !re in !n irre"on"il!$le "on.li"t,t*e l!ter !"t to t*e e/tent o. t*e "on.li"t"onstitutes !n i'&lie re&e!l o. t*e e!rlier one?

    @ I. t*e l!ter !"t "o-ers t*e +*ole su$3e"t o. t*ee!rlier one !n is "le!rly inten e !s !su$stitute, it +ill o&er!te to re&e!l t*e e!rlier l!+

    Co'&!rin% t*e t+o Co es, it is !&&!rent t*!t t*e ne+Co e oes not "o-er nor !tte'&t to "o-er t*e entiresu$3e"t '!tter o. t*e ol Co e T*ere !re se-er!l'!tters tre!te in t*e ol Co e +*i"* !re not .oun int*e ne+ Co e, su"* !s t*e &ro-isions on not!ries&u$li", t*e le!-e l!+, !n t*e &u$li" $on in% l!+,

    'ilit!ry reser-!tions, c&,ims for sic=ness %enefits$n+er Se"tion GG, !n still ot*ers

    A""or in% to O&inion No , S =GG= o. t*e Se"ret!ryo. usti"e, +*!t !&&e!rs "le!r is t*e intent to "o-eronly t*ose !s&e"ts o. %o-ern'ent t*!t &ert!in to! 'inistr!tion, or%!ni6!tion !n &ro"e ure,un erst!n !$ly $e"!use o. t*e '!ny "*!n%es t*!ttr!ns&ire in t*e %o-ern'ent stru"ture sin"e t*een!"t'ent o. t*e RAC e"! es o. ye!rs !%o

    Moreo-er, t*e COA .!ile to e'onstr!te t*!t t*e&ro-isions o. t*e t+o Co es on t*e '!tter o. t*esu$3e"t "l!i' !re in !n irre"on"il!$le "on.li"t In .!"t,t*ere "!n $e no su"* "on.li"t $e"!use t*e &ro-isionon si"1ness $ene.its o. t*e n!ture $ein% "l!i'e $y&etitioner *!s not $een rest!te in t*e A 'inistr!ti-eCo e o. =GK

    L!stly, it is ! +ell)settle rule o. st!tutory "onstru"tiont*!t re&e!ls o. st!tutes $y i'&li"!tion !re not.!-ore 2 T*e &resu'&tion is !%!inst in"onsisten"y!n re&u%n!n"y .or t*e le%isl!ture is &resu'e to1no+ t*e e/istin% l!+s on t*e su$3e"t !n not to *!-een!"te in"onsistent or "on.li"tin% st!tutes

    NOTES:

    = T*e COA +oul *!-e us "onsi er t*!t t*e.!"t t*!t Se"tion GG +!s not rest!te in t*e

    A 'inistr!ti-e Co e o. =GK 'e!nt t*!t t*es!'e se"tion *! $een re&e!le T*e COA!n"*ore t*is !r%u'ent on t*e +*ere!s"l!use o. t*e =GK Co e, +*i"* st!tes:

    W5EREAS, t*e e..e"ti-eness o. t*e(o-ern'ent +ill $e en*!n"e $y ! ne+

    A 'inistr!ti-e Co e +*i"* in"or&or!te in! unified document t*e '!3or stru"tur!l,.un"tion!l !n &ro"e ur!l &rin"i&les !nrules o. %o-ern!n"e? !n

    /// /// ///

    It !r%ues, in e..e"t, t*!t +*!t is "onte'&l!te is

    only one Co e H t*e A 'inistr!ti-e Co e o.=GK T*is "ontention is unten!$le

    T*e .!"t t*!t ! l!ter en!"t'ent '!y rel!te to t*es!'e su$3e"t '!tter !s t*!t o. !n e!rlier st!tute isnot o. itsel. su..i"ient to "!use !n i'&lie re&e!l o.t*e &rior !"t, sin"e t*e ne+ st!tute '!y 'erely$e c$m$&,tive or , contin$,tion of t3e o&+one W*!t is ne"ess!ry is ! '!ni.est in i"!tion o.le%isl!ti-e &ur&ose to re&e!l

    @ Re%!r in% COA "ontention t*!t re"o-eryun er t*is su$3e"t se"tion 8 GG9 s*!ll $!r t*ere"o-ery o. $ene.its un er t*e E'&loyeesCo'&ens!tion Pro%r!', t*e s!'e "!nnot $eu&*el T*e se"on senten"e o. Arti"le = ,C*!&ter II, Title II 8 e!lin% on E'&loyeesCo'&ens!tion !n St!te Insur!n"e Fun 9,Boo1 IV o. t*e L!$or Co e, !s !'en e $yP D =G@=, e/&ressly &ro-i es t*!t Jt*e&!y'ent o. "o'&ens!tion un er t*is Titles*!ll not $!r t*e re"o-ery o. $ene.its !s

    &ro-i e .or in Se"tion GG o. t*e Re-ise A 'inistr!ti-e Co e +*ose $ene.its !re! 'inistere $y t*e syste' 8'e!nin% SSS or(SIS9 or $y ot*er !%en"ies o. t*e%o-ern'ent ;

    2) Leveri>, vs IAC/ !17 SCRA 262

    ACTS Aroun t*ree "ontr!"ts o. le!se resol-e t*e$!si" issues in t*e inst!nt "!se:

    Contract A H ! le!se "ontr!"t o. A&ril @, =G

    T*e 2uestion o. +*et*er ! l!+ !$olis*es !no..i"e is ! 2uestion o. le%isl!ti-e intent T*ere s*oulnot $e !ny "ontro-ersy i. t*ere is !n e/&li"it

    e"l!r!tion o. !$olition in t*e l!+ itsel. K7 Section @6of RA (!@0 e

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    !&&ro-!l, $ut t*e t*en DBM se"ret!ry enie t*ere2uest

    In li%*t o. t*e DBM s is!&&ro-!l o. t*e &ro&ose&ersonnel 'o i.i"!tion s"*e'e, t*e CSC)N!tion!lC!&it!l Re%ion O..i"e, t*rou%* ! 'e'or!n u',re"o''en e to t*e CSC)Centr!l O..i"e t*!t t*e

    su$3e"t !&&oint'ents $e re3e"te o+in% to t*e DBM sis!&&ro-!l o. t*e &l!ntill! re"l!ssi.i"!tion

    Me!n+*ile, t*e o..i"ers o. &etitioner C5R)e'&loyees!sso"i!tion 8C5REA9 in re&resent!tion o. t*e r!n1!n .ile e'&loyees o. t*e C5R, re2ueste t*e CSC)Centr!l O..i"e to !..ir' t*e re"o''en !tion o. t*eCSC)Re%ion!l O..i"e

    T*e CSC)Centr!l O..i"e enie C5REA s re2uest in !Resolution !n reverse+ t*e re"o''en !tion o. t*e

    CSC)Re%ion!l O..i"e t*!t t*e u&%r! in% s"*e'e $e"ensure C5REA .ile ! 'otion .or re"onsi er!tion,$ut t*e CSC)Centr!l O..i"e enie t*e s!'e

    C5REA ele-!te t*e '!tter to t*e CA,+*i"* ,ffirme+ t*e &ronoun"e'ent o. t*e CSC)Centr!l O..i"e !n u&*el t*e -!li ity o. t*eu&%r! in%, retitlin%, !n re"l!ssi.i"!tion s"*e'e in t*eC5R on t*e 3usti.i"!tion t*!t su"* !"tion is +it*in t*e!'$it o. C5R s .is"!l !utono'y

    ISS9E C!n t*e C5R -!li ly i'&le'ent !nu&%r! in%, re"l!ssi.i"!tion, "re!tion, !n "oll!&sin% o.&l!ntill! &ositions in t*e Co''ission +it*out t*e &rior!&&ro-!l o. t*e De&!rt'ent o. Bu %et !nM!n!%e'ent

    :ELD T*e &etition is (RANTED, t*e De"ision o. t*eCA !n !re *ere$y REVERSED !n SET ASIDE T*erulin% CSC)N!tion!l C!&it!l Re%ion is REINSTATEDT*e C5R Resolutions, +it*out t*e !&&ro-!l o. t*eDBM !re is!llo+e

    = RA

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    Bu %et, &re&!r!tion !n '!inten!n"e o.!""ountin% syste's essenti!l to t*e $u %et!ry&ro"ess, !"*ie-e'ent o. 'ore e"ono'y !ne..i"ien"y in t*e '!n!%e'ent o. %o-ern'ento&er!tions, ! 'inistr!tion o. "o'&ens!tion !n&osition "l!ssi.i"!tion syste's, !ssess'ent o.or%!ni6!tion!l e..e"ti-eness !n re-ie+ !ne-!lu!tion o. le%isl!ti-e &ro&os!ls *!-in%$u %et!ry or or%!ni6!tion!l i'&li"!tions

    Irre.r!%!$ly, it is +it*in t*e tur. o. t*e DBM Se"ret!ryto is!llo+ t*e u&%r! in%, re"l!ssi.i"!tion, !n"re!tion o. ! ition!l &l!ntill! &ositions in t*e C5R$!se on its .in in% t*!t su"* s"*e'e l!"1s le%!l

    3usti.i"!tion

    Not!$ly, t*e C5R itsel. re"o%ni6es t*e !ut*ority o. t*eDBM to eny or !&&ro-e t*e &ro&ose re"l!ssi.i"!tion

    o. &ositions !s e-i en"e $y its t*ree letters to t*eDBM re2uestin% !&&ro-!l t*ereo. As su"*, it is no+esto&&e .ro' no+ "l!i'in% t*!t t*e no o. !&&ro-!lit *!s &re-iously sou%*t .ro' t*e DBM is ! su&er.luity

    T*e CA in"orre"tly relie on t*e &ronoun"e'ent o.t*e CSC)Centr!l O..i"e t*!t t*e C5R is !"onstitution!l "o''ission, !n !s su"* en3oys .is"!l!utono'y

    P!l&!$ly, t*e CA s De"ision +!s $!se on t*e

    'ist!1en &re'ise t*!t t*e C5R $elon%s to t*es&e"ies o. "onstitution!l "o''issions But t*eConstitution st!tes in no un"ert!in ter's t*!t only t*eCSC, t*e COMELEC, !n t*e COA s*!ll $e t!%%e!s Constitution!l Co''issions +it* t*e !&&urten!ntri%*t to .is"!l !utono'y

    Alon% t*e s!'e -ein, t*e A 'inistr!ti-e Co e, onDistri$ution o. Po+ers o. (o-ern'ent, t*e"onstitution!l "o''issions s*!ll in"lu e only t*eCSC, t*e COMELEC, !n t*e COA, +*i"* !re%r!nte in e&en en"e !n .is"!l !utono'y In"ontr!st, C*!&ter

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    S!l!ry St!n !r i6!tion L!+ We !re o. t*e s!'e 'in+it* t*e DBM on its st!n &oint, t*us)

    Bein% ! 'e'$er o. t*e .is"!l !utono'y %rou& oesnot -est t*e !%en"y +it* t*e !ut*ority to re"l!ssi.y,u&%r! e, !n "re!te &ositions +it*out !&&ro-!l o. t*eDBM W*ile t*e 'e'$ers o. t*e (rou& !re !ut*ori6e

    to .or'ul!te !n i'&le'ent t*e or%!ni6!tion!lstru"tures o. t*eir res&e"ti-e o..i"es !n eter'inet*e "o'&ens!tion o. t*eir &ersonnel, su"* !ut*ority isnot !$solute !n 'ust $e e/er"ise +it*in t*e&!r!'eters o. t*e Uni.ie Position Cl!ssi.i"!tion !nCo'&ens!tion Syste' est!$lis*e un er RA

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    Reor%!ni6!tion in-ol-es t*e re u"tion o.&ersonnel, "onsoli !tion o. o..i"es, or !$olitiont*ereo. $y re!son o. e"ono'y or re un !n"y o..un"tions It t!1es &l!"e +*en t*ere is !n!lter!tion o. t*e e/istin% stru"ture o. %o-ern'ento..i"es or units t*erein, in"lu in% t*e lines o."ontrol, !ut*ority !n res&onsi$ility $et+eent*e'

    %. Presi+ent s #o-er to reor4,ni>e %,sis

    Un er EO 2(2 , t*e Presi ent is %i-en t*e &o+ero. "ontrol o-er !ll e&!rt'ents, $ure!us !no..i"es un er t*e e/e"uti-e $r!n"* Sin"e t*e&o+er o. "ontrol in"lu es t*e &o+er toreor%!ni6e, t*en t*e &o+er to reor%!ni6e !

    e&!rt'ent, ! $ure!u or !n o..i"e "!n $e s!i to$e lo %e in t*e Presi ent 8Crisosto'o -s CA9

    Se" = Po+er o. Control ) T*e Presi ent s*!ll*!-e "ontrol o. !ll t*e e/e"uti-e e&!rt'ents,$ure!us, !n o..i"es 5e s*!ll ensure t*!t t*el!+s $e .!it*.ully e/e"ute

    C*!&ter @

    ORDINANCE POWER

    Se" @ E/e"uti-e Or ers ) A"ts o.t*e Presi ent &ro-i in% .or rules o. ! %ener!lor &er'!nent "*!r!"ter in i'&le'ent!tion ore/e"ution o. "onstitution!l orst!tutory &o+ers s*!ll $e &ro'ul%!te ine/e"uti-e or ers

    Se" A 'inistr!ti-e Or ers ) A"ts o. t*ePresi ent +*i"* rel!te to &!rti"ul!r !s&e"t o.%o-ern'ent!l o&er!tions in &ursu!n"e o. *is

    uties !s ! 'inistr!ti-e *e! s*!ll $e&ro'ul%!te in ! 'inistr!ti-e or ers

    Se" Pro"l!'!tions ) A"ts o. t*ePresi ent .i/in% ! !te or e"l!rin% ! st!tusor "on ition o. &u$li" 'o'ent or interest,u&on t*e e/isten"e o. +*i"* t*e o&er!tion o.! s&e"i.i" l!+ or re%ul!tion is '! e to

    e&en , s*!ll $e &ro'ul%!te in&ro"l!'!tions +*i"* s*!ll *!-e t*e .or"e o.!n e/e"uti-e or er

    Se" < Me'or!n u' Or ers ) A"ts o. t*ePresi ent on '!tters o. ! 'inistr!ti-e et!ilor o. su$or in!te or te'&or!ry interest +*i"*only "on"ern ! &!rti"ul!r o..i"er or o..i"e o.t*e (o-ern'ent s*!ll $e e'$o ie in'e'or!n u' or ers

    Se" Me'or!n u' Cir"ul!rs ) A"ts o.t*e Presi ent on '!tters rel!tin% to intern!l! 'inistr!tion, +*i"* t*e Presi ent esires to$rin% to t*e !ttention o. !ll or so'e o. t*e

    e&!rt'ents, !%en"ies, $ure!us or o..i"es o.t*e (o-ern'ent, .or in.or'!tion or"o'&li!n"e, s*!ll $e e'$o ie in'e'or!n u' "ir"ul!rs

    Se" (ener!l or S&e"i!l Or ers ) A"ts !n"o''!n s o. t*e Presi ent in *is "!&!"ity !sCo''!n er)in)C*ie. o. t*e Ar'e For"es o. t*eP*ili&&ines s*!ll $e issue !s %ener!l or s&e"i!lor ers

    c. Po-er of ot3er ,4encies to reor4,ni>e

    &imit,tions

    C,ses

    !@) An,= Min+,n,o P,rt58List Gro$# vs. T3eE

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    R9LING

    T*e issue on t*e tr!ns.or'!tion o. t*e De&!rt'ent o. A%r!ri!n Re.or' 8DAR9 into t*e De&!rt'ent o. L!nRe.or' 8DLR9 $e"!'e 'oot !n !"! e'i", *o+e-er,t*e e&!rt'ent *!-in% re-erte to its .or'er n!'e $y-irtue o. E O No < @ +*i"* +!s issue on Au%ust@ , @