advrtsng ijcrb aamna

8/3/2019 advrtsng ijcrb aamna

1/14

KN_P V@GDR 6?== @h{r`rqra nj @hravb`{k`pi`hmv Fq{`ha{{ Va{amvkd _mga =

@ekvf(waf{(knc MQGQ[R 6?== ZNI ;) HN 2

@HRAVB@[K@_I@HMVP ENQVHMI NJ KNHRAC_NVMVP VA[AMVKD @H FQ[@HA[[

RDA @C_MKR NJ MBZAVR@[@HG NH FVMHB INPMIRP W@RD RDA CNBAVMR@NH NJ

KNH[QCAV FQP@HG FADMZ@NQV< M KNHKA_RQMI JVMCAWNVL

Mmchm [dmlaai Mffm{`

Mvc _qfi`k Kniiaga nj Cmhmgacahr [kàhka{

Bapmvrcahr nj Cmhmgacahr [kàhka{

Nvb`hmhka vnmb Imilqvr`

U`p knba5 2:???) [rmra knba5 ::

Acmì `b5mmchm({dmlaaiOdnrcmì(knc

Mi` Cq{i`c F`h M}aai





Acmì `b5mi`cq{i`cf`hm}aaiOdnrcmì(knc

Mi` Hm{aav Mwmh





Acmì `b5cmi`lhmiÒdnrcmì(knc
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2/14

KN_P V@GDR 6?== @h{r`rqra nj @hravb`{k`pi`hmv Fq{`ha{{ Va{amvkd _mga 6

Mklhnwiabgacahr{5

Cv( Mbhmh V`mu mhb C{ Jnu`m Cmi`l dmza vacm`hab {pak`mii {qppnvr`za mhb ahknqvmg`hg bqv`hg rda knqv{a nj

kncpiar`nh nj rd`{ va{amvkd {rqb mhb dmza pvnz`bab rda mqrdnv w`rd rda`v q{ajqi mhb lhnwiabgamfia gq`bmhka(

MF[RVMKR

Rd`{ pmpav ap`rncùa{ rda {qf{rmhka nj mbzavr`{`hg nh rda pqvkdm{`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda knh{qcav{( I`lamfì`r

pav{qm{`zaha{{ mhb fvmhb pav{nhmi`r kvamrab f rda mbzavr`{acahr mva rda la jmkrnv{ wd`kd wa`gdr rda

`hrahr`nh{ nj rda knh{qcav{ vagmvb`hg rda fvmhb mhb rda pqvkdm{`hg fadmz`nqv( W`rd cnva mb i`lamfì`r rda

pqvkdm{a fadmz`nqv wìi fa {rvnhgi `hjiqahkab( M kvamr`za mhb waii atakqrab mb dm{ rda pnwav rn pav{qmba rda

knh{qcav{ vagmvb`hg rda`v pqvkdm{a bak`{`nh{ mhb fadmz`nqv( [`cìmvi fvmhb pav{nhmi`r kvamrab `h rda mb dm{ m

b`vakr `cpmkr nh rda pqvkdm{`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda fqav fakmq{a rda q{av{ vaimra rda fvmhb b`cah{`nh{ w`rd rda`v

nwh pav{nhmi`r rvm`r{( Rdavajnva rda pmpav knhkiqba{ rdmr rda pn{`r`za `cpmkr nj mii rda{a bhmc`k{ nh rda

fq`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda knh{qcav mkrqmii a{knvr{ rnwmvb{ knh{qcav fvmhb inmir wd`kd `{ rda cm`h b`cah{`nhnj garr`hg kncpar`r`za iamb `h rd`{ bhmc`k avm(

Lawnvb{5 I`lmfì`r) pav{qm{`zaha{{) fvmhb pav{nhmi`r) fq`hg fadmz`nqv) fvmhb inmir(

=( @hrvnbqkr`nhMbzavr`{`hg kmh fa {larkdab vazav{a rn rda knccahkacahr nj rda rvmkab vaknvb m{ `r `{ rda wnvib{ {aknhb niba{r

pvnja{{`nh( Rda kq{rnc nj Vnkl mvr mhb wmii pm`hr`hg kmh fa rvmkab fmkl rn Mhkàhr Gvaaka Mhkàhr Vnca mhb

@hb`m wd`kd `{ pvmkr`kab rn rd`{ bm `h cmh pmvr{ nj rda wnvib $Lnriav mhb Mvc{rvnhg 6??4)( Zmv`nq{

kvprngvmc{ bap`kr`hg b`zav{a azahr{ mhb njjav{ dmza faah bqg qp f mvkdmaning`{r{ `h rda {rmra{ mvnqhb rda

Cab`ravvmhamh [am( Wmii{ wava pm`hrab f Vncmh{ rn cmla lhnwh rda gimb`mrnv j`gdr{< p`krqva{ wava pm hrab

f _dnah`k`mh{ rn {pnh{nv rda`v cavkdmhb`{a nh dajr vnkl{ minhg rda {pakrmkia knqv{a $Lnriav mhb Mvc{rvnhg

6??4)( D`{rnv bap`kr{ rdmr fìi fnmvb{ mhb nqr bnnv mbzavr`{`hg mva rda cn{r mgab rpa nj mbzavr`{`hg( W`rd rdaatpmh{`nh nj rda rnwh mhb rda k`rà{ mhb bqa rn rda `hmfì`r nj rda cm{{a{ rn vamb b`jjavahr {nvr nj cavkdmhr{

q{ab b`jjavahr `cmga{ knqpiab w`rd rda`v rvmba{ eq{r m{ knffiav m fnnr rmìnv m {q`r fimkl{c`rd m dnv{a {dna(

Cavkdmhr{ q{ab {rvaar kmiiav{ rn mhhnqhka rda`v wdavamfnqr{ jnv rda atpabàhk nj rda {dnppav{(

M{ rda abqkmr`nh fakmca mh nfz`nq{ haab m{ waii m{ rda pv`hr`hg rda qvfmhùab jnvc nj mbzavr`{`hg fagmh rn

`hjimra( W`rd rd`{ rda rvmb`r`nh nj haw{ pmpav mbzavr`{`hg mhb dmhb fìi{ acavgab mhb fakmca knccnh( W`rd

cnva aknhnc`k atpmh{`nh mhb rda {qkka{{ nj pv`hr mbzavr`{`hg mhb dmhb fìi{ rda `bam nj cmì nvbav mbzavr`{`hg

{qvjmkab mhb rdah vmb`n mbzavr`{acahr mhb rdah iamb`hg rnwmvb{ Raia z`{`nh mbzavr`{`hg( Azah w`rd rda mbzahr nj

aiakrvnh`k mbzavr`{`hg knh{qcav{ mva laahav rn b`{fqv{a mrrahr`nh mhb vnqra rda `hjnvcmr`nh `h pv`hr

mbzavr`{acahr $Wv`gdr =072< Fmrvm =04:)( Hnw w`rd rda rvahb{ nj A#knccavka mhb ginfmiùmr`nh rda

mbzavr`{av{ mva ahknqhrav`hg haw fnqhbmvà{ mhb mva cnz`hg jnvwmvb rn waf mbzavr`{`hg mbb`hg rn rda bnr knc

fnnc( 6={r kahrqv dm{ mkrqmii g`zah f`vrd rn nhi`ha mbzavr`{`hg f jnkq{`hg nh m vaiazmhr jvmca wnvl {aij#

ajjmk`hg mhb inw pvnjìa mb{ {aal`hg rn daip vmrdav rdah nzavwdaic`hg rda q{av{( Rd`{ dm{ knca w`rd mhmingnq{ajjnvr{ mhb mh a{kmimr`hg bv`jr nj `hravmkr`za cmvlar`hg(

Rda cmgh`rqba nj ajjakr`za mbzavr`{acahr `h rda kqvvahr {p`v`rab avm `{ ahdmhkab m{ rda kncpmhà{ {rv`za rn pqii

njj kncpar`r`za pn{`r`nh`hg rdvnqgd farrav mbzavr`{`hg rda`v pvnbqkr{ mhb {avz`ka{ ahbamznqv rn b`jjavahr`mra rda`v

njjav`hg{ `h rda c`hb nj rda`v knh{qcav{ mhb kq{rncav{( Ajjakr`za mbzavr`{`hg `{ vaimrab rnwmvb{ i`laha{{

pav{qm{`nh mhb mrr`rqba rnwmvb{ rda mbzavr`{acahr $Cadrm 6???< [rnha ar mi( 6???)( Hnw kncpmhà{ mva

baznr`hg dqga fqbgar{ nh mbzavr`{`hg m{p`v`hg rn pav{qmba rda kq{rncav{( J`vc{ mva wìi`hg rn {pahb cìi`nh{

mhb fìi`nh{ nj cnha nh cml`hg mh mb nj :? {aknhb{ nv azah ia{{ m{ rda lhnw rdmr mh mrrvmkr`za mb wìi gvmf

rda mrrahr`nh nj rda kq{rncav{ kdmhga rda`v np`h`nh vagmvb`hg rda pvnbqkr nv rda {avz`ka pav{qmba rdac rn

pqvkdm{a mhb qir`cmrai ahdmhk`hg rda {mia{ rn `hkvam{a rda pvnj`r( Kncpmhà{ mva hnw {d`jr`hg rn Gnngia mb

wnvb{ mhb Gnngia mb {ah{a rn pav{qmba rda zàwav{(

Rda `cpnvrmhka nj mbzavr`{`hg `h rda kqvvahr {`rqmr`nh kmhhnr fa bahàb m{ `r `{ rda `h`r`mi m{ waii m{ rda cn{r

`cpnvrmhr {rap `h vamkd`hg mhb pav{qmb`hg rda mqbàhka $[`vnpni`{ =007)( Wa {aa mbzavr`{acahr{ azav wdava

mvnqhb q{ nh rda Raia z`{`nh vmb`n `hravhar cnfìa kmvr{ fmhhav{ {`gh fnmvb{ fìi fnmvb{ haw{ pmpav{


3/14

KN_P V@GDR 6?== @h{r`rqra nj @hravb`{k`pi`hmv Fq{`ha{{ Va{amvkd _mga ;

cmgmu`ha{ rvmba enqvhmi{ mhb `h {rnva mbzavr`{`hg( Bqa rn rd`{ `cpavmr`zaha{{ nj mbzavr`{`hg `h rda cnbavh avm

rda abqkmr`nh nj mbzavr`{`hg `{ mi{n faknc`hg atrah{`zai knccnh `h fmkdainv{ cm{rav{ mhb rda bnkrnvmra

bagvaa{( M jinw nj mbzavr`{`hg mwmvaha{{ `{ hnvcmii mkkvab`rab rn rda {rvmpp`hg vaimr`nh {d`p farwaah kqirqvmi

mhb rakdhning`kmi cnb`j`kmr`nh{(

Mbzavr`{`hg `{ {aah m{ m z`rmi aiacahr jnv aknhnc`k gvnwrd mhb {qkka{{ nj rda kncpmhà{ Vmh{ $=00:) fqr

mkrqmii kncpmhà{ acpdm{ùa b`c`hqr`za nh rda mbzavr`{`hg va{amvkd vajqr`hg `r{ {`gh`j`kmhka( Dahka rda

mbzavr`{`hg va{amvkd `{ rda baravc`hmhr rn {qkka{{ nj mh mb `h mh vamic( Dahka rda kncpmhà{ {dnqib hnr cavai

jnkq{ nh rda pvnbqkr`nh nj mh mb rn ahdmhka rda {mia{ {niai fqr rn `bahr`j rda haab{ mhb rm{ra nj rda`v kq{rncav{

bapahb`hg qpnh rda kqirqva $Jmc 6??:m) rdvnqgd mbzavr`{`hg va{amvkd mhb rdah jqijìi`hg rda{a haab{ rdvnqgd rda

kvamr`nh nj mh aa kmrkd mb rn kiqrkd rda mwmvaha{{ nj rda kq{rncav{ mhb j`hmii pav{qmb`hg rdac rn pqvkdm{a

rda`v njjav`hg{( Rda mbzavr`{acahr {rvmragà{ {dnqib fa kvamr`za mvr`{r`k mhb {dnqib fa atakqrab `h mh mvrjqi

cmhhav rn gm`h inhg ravc fahaj`r{ fvmhb inmir mhb kncpar`r`za mbzmhrmga rdvnqgd acnr`nhmi fnhb`hg

pav{qmb`hg rda fq`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda kq{rncav{ f kdmhg`hg rda`v `hrahr`nh{ vagmvb`hg rda cmvlar njjav`hg{

kvamr`hg m qh`}qa fvmhb pav{nhmi`r mhb fvmhb `cmga(

6( I`ravmrqva vazàwRdava `{ m c`{dcm{d nj {rqbà{ rdmr pqii gi`ccav nh rda mrvnk`nq{ha{{ nj mbzavr`{`hg mhb `r{ pvnc`hahka nh

knh{qcav fq`hg fadmz`nqv( @h pva{ahr wnvib `r dm{ faknca bvmcmr`kmii b`jj`kqir jnv rda kncpmhà{ mhb rda

mbzavr`{av{ rn iamb rda knhkahrvmr`nh nj rda`v zàwav{ mhb knh{a}qahri dmza m fvqhr nh rda`v fq`hg fadmz`nqv

$Vnf`h{nh =007)( @h jmkr innl`hg mr mbzavr`{acahr{ `{ knh{`bavab rn fa m {}qmhbav nj r`ca mhb ajjnvr f rda

cmenv`r panpia $Kniiarr =002< Dnii`{ =001)( Rd`{ dmf`rqmii ahb{ `h w`ba mwmla mrracpr{ rn {raav kiamv nj

mbzavr`{acahr{ $Fvmhr mhb Uìicmh =002) mhb vafqrrmi rn varnvr rn mbzavr`{acahr{ $Kqcc`h{ =00:)( Rda

mbzavr`{acahr{ wd`kd mva i`lab f rda mqbàhka mva knh{`bavab rn fa j`hav mhb nj d`gd }qmi`r jnv ahdmhk`hg rda

m{{ahr`hg pavkapr`nh{ mhb rda gahq`ha fvmhb `cmga( W`rd rda pm{{mga nj r`ca `r `{ hnw qhbav{rnnb rdmr

mbzavr`{`hg i`lamfì`r pim{ m z`rmi vnia `h `hjiqahk`hg rda knh{qcav fadmz`nqv $Faì mhb Fv`bgawmrav =00?)(

6(=(Fvmhb inmir_vaz`nq{ {rqbà{ dmza {dnwh rdmr pn{`r`za knh{qcav fadmz`nqv rdvnqgd ajjakr`za mbzavr`{`hg iamb rn fvmhbinmir( Rn jmfv`kmra mhb {q{rm`h rda knh{qcav inmir cm{{ cab`m mbzavr`{`hg `{ {qppiacahrab w`rd cnva b`vakr

mhb `hravmkr`za cardnb{ $Fmib`hgav mhb Vnf`h{nh =00:< [rawmvr =00:)( Fvmhb inmir va{qir{ `h camh`hgjqi

cmvlar`hg gm`h c`h`cùmr`nh nj fq{`ha{{ kn{r{ mhb aiazmr`hg fq{`ha{{ iazavmga $Mmlav =00=) knhjvnhrmr`nh

farwaah rda inmi kq{rncav{ rn njjav`hg nj rda kncpar`rnv{ $B`kl mhb Fm{q =002) mhb qpi`jr`hg vazahqa{

$Va`kddaib =00:)( @r `{ m z`rmi i`hl cnz`hg rda cmvlar {dmva mhb vaimr`za pv`ka{ $Kdmqdbqv` mhb Dnifvnnl

6??=)( Ni`zav $=000) mvgqab rdmr `r `{ `cpvqbahr rn knhkiqba inmir cavai jvnc vakqvv`hg fq`hg pmrravh nv

fadmz`nqvmi inmir( Emknf mhb Lhav $=07;) `hragvmrab rda rwn knhrvmb`kr`hg mppvnmkda{ fadmz`nqvmi inmir

mhb mrr`rqb`hmi inmir rn baj`ha rda ravc fvmhb inmir(

Dpnrda{`{ =5 Fvmhb inmir `{ pn{`r`zai `hkvam{ab f `hkvam{`hg knh{qcpr`nh fadmz`nqv(

6(6(Fq`hg Fadmz`nqvKnh{qcav fq`hg fadmz`nqv `{ g`zah dqga `cpnvrmhka `h rda i`ravmrqva {rqb nj mbzavr`{acahr{ ajjakr`zaha{{(

Mkknvb`hg rn Meuah mhb J`{dfa`h $=04?) jnvakm{r`hg rda knh{qcav{ pqvkdm{a fadmz`nqv `{ m {nqvka nj kncpqr`hg

rda`v `hrahr`nh{ rn pvnkqva eq{r amviàv rdmh rda cmla rda mkrqmi pqvkdm{a( Rda mkrqmi knh{qcav fadmz`nqv `{

iambab f rda `hb`z`bqmi `hrahr`nh{ $Meuah 6??6)( _av{nhmi mrr`rqba dm{ m gvamr knhrvni nh rda fq`hg fadmz`nqv

wdah ahknqhravab w`rd {nk`mi pva{{qva{ $Knnpav mhb Bnhmib 6??=) nh rda nrdav dmhb Jqrqva mkr`nh{ nv rda

fadmz`nqv kmh fa knhhakrab rn rda `hrahr`nh{ rdmr miinw rda `hb`z`bqmi{ rn mrrm`h rda pmvr`kqimv nfeakr`za{

`hjiqahkab f rda {nk`mi jnvka{ $Fmggnu` mhb Wmv{dmw =00?)( Rda {pak`j`k mkr`nh nj knh{qcav bapahb{ qpnh

rda faiàj{ mfnqr rda fahaj`r{ ahgmg`hg w`rd rdmr atmkr`hg mkr`nh nv fadmz`nqv $_arav mhb Ni{nh =00:)(

Knh{qcav fq`hg fadmz`nqv `{ `hjiqahkab f rda i`l`hg nj rda mbzavr`{acahr $Bq_ia{{`{ =002m< [c`rd ar mi(

6??:) rda acnr`nh{ rdmr jnvc rda mrr`rqba rnwmvb{ mh mbzavr`{acahr $Cnvv`{ ar mi( 6??6) wd`kd rdah `hjiqahka{

rda fq`hg fadmz`nqv nj knh{qcav{ $Miiah ar mi( =006)( Rda mrr`rqba rnwmvb{ mbzavr`{acahr `{ hnr nhi m {rvnhgjmkrnv `h baravc`h`hg rda ajjakr`zaha{{ nj rda mbzavr`{acahr fqr mi{n wnvl m{ mh `hravkab`hg zmv`mfia farwaah


4/14


mbzavr`{`hg mhb fq`hg `hrahr`nh{ nj rda zàwav{ $[d`cp =04=) pqvkdm{`hg bak`{`nh mhb fadmz`nqv bapahb{

ahr`vai nh rda mbzavr`{acahr w`rdnqr mh m{{a{{cahr nj rda pvnbqkr `r{aij $Gnvh =046)(

Dpnrda{`{ 65 @hkvam{ab fq hg fadmz`nqv wìi mqgcahr rda fvmhb inmir(

6(;(I`lamfì`rRdava `{ m w`ba vmhga nj bmrm rdmr {qgga{r{ rda wa`gdr nj mbzavr`{acahr i`lamfì`r jnv ahz`{mg`hg rda `hrahr`nh{

mhb fadmz`nqv nj knh{qcav{( Rda vazàw nj rda i`ravmrqva pvnpn{a{ b`zav{a `bam{ [nca faiàza rdmr i`lamfì`r

mhb mrr`rqba rnwmvb{ mbzavr`{acahr `{ m va{qir nj kngh`r`za zàwpn`hr wd`kd kmh jnva{aa rda knh{qcav fadmz`nqv

$J`{dfa`h mhb C`bbia{rmbr =001) nrdav{ m{{qca rdmr i`lamfia mbzavr`{acahr knvva{pnhb{ rn rwn r`ca{ cnva

ajjakr`za rdah mh mzavmga mbzavr`{acahr $Faì mhb Fv`bgawmrav =00?) {rìi nrdav{ knhkiqbab rdmr i`lamfì`r nj

mbzavr`{acahr{ bapahb{ qpnh rda aiacahr nj ahravrm`hcahr mhb `hjnvcmr`nh pvnz`bab $ Dmiia mhb fmiib`hgav

=00=)( Bq_ia{{`{ $=002f) knh{`bavab `hznizacahr m{ mh `cpavmr`za m{pakr nj i`lamfì`r nj mbzavr`{acahr{

wdavam{ pvnbqkr kmragnv $Faì mhb Fv`bgawmrav =00?) mhb kqirqva $Jmc 6??:m) wava pvnpn{ab m{ mh `cpnvrmhr

b`cah{`nh `h i`lamfì`r nj mb{( I`lamfì`r `{ m hnrawnvrd jmkrnv `h mbzavr`{`hg ajjakr`zaha{{ dmz`hg mh `cpmkr

nh rda knh{qcav `hrahr`nh mhb fq`hg fadmz`nqv $C`rkdaii mhb Ni{nh =00=) wdavam{ `j rda mbzavr`{acahr `{ mfia

rn kvamra m pn{`r`za hnr`nh rdah `r wìi cmla pn{{`fia rda knh{qcav `hznizacahr $ CmkLahuà mhb Iqru =040)

cnqhr`hg rda kmpmfì`r rn {r`cqimra mhb mjjakr rda fq`hg fadmz`nqv $ Fvnwh =00=) bazainp`hg i`l`hg jnv rdafvmhb mhb rdah rvmh{imr`hg rd`{ i`lamfì`r rn pqvkdm{a `hrahr`nh $ [c`rd ar mi( 6??:)(

Dpnrda{`{ ;5 Fvmhb inmir `{ pn{ r`zai `hkvam{ab f mbzavr`{acahr i`lmfì`r(

6(2(_av{qm{`zaha{{B`jjavahr `bam{ dmza faah pvnpn{ab bap`kr`hg nh rda {`gh`j`kmhka nj pav{qm{`zaha{{ nj mb{( Waii{ $=007)

faiàzab rdmr {qkka{{jqi mb{ mva pav{qm{`za `hjnvcmr`za mhb {miàhr wdavam{ rda pav{qm{`nh `{ m{{nk`mrab rn mb

i`l`hg $J`{dfa`h mhb Meuah =071) `h rda knhratr nj `hznizacahr mhb vaiazmhka $Faì mhb Fv`bgawmrav =00?)(

_av{qm{`nh `{ vaimrab rn Fvmhb {miàhka `h RZ mbzavr`{acahr{ $Dmia ar mi( =042) mjjakr`za mhb kngh`r`za

va{pnh{a{ $Dnifvnnl mhb Fmrvm =047m) fvmhb b`jjavahr`mr`nh {rvmragà{ `h mb{ $[rawmvr mhb Jqv{a =04:)

mbzavr`{`hg knhrahr $Ckawah mhb Iamz`rr =07:< _akdcmh mhb [rawmvr =040)( Rdavajnva rda mbzavr`{av{ {dnqibkiamvi jnkq{ nh rda kvamr`z`r mhb rda atakqr`nh nj rda mbzavr`{`hg {rvmragà{ `h m {rvmrag`k cmhhav rn pav{qmba

rda zàwav{(

Dpnrda{`{ 25 Fvmhb inmir `{ pn{ r`zai `hkvam{ab f mbzavr`{acahr pav{qm{`zaha{{(

6(1(Fvmhb _av{nhmi`rFvmhb pav{nhmi`r `{ knh{`bavab m{ rda kahrvmi aiacahr nj fvmhb `bahr`r $Mmlav =00:)( Rda zàw nj pav{nhmi`r

kvamr`nh `h mbzavr`{`hg mkrqmii varnvr{ rn rda pvnpah{`r `h cnbavh kqirqva rn wnvrd pav{nhmi vaimr`nh{d`p{( @r

mkrqmii vajav{ rda `cpavmr`zaha{{ nj vaimr`nh{d`p{ `h pav{nhmi i`ja( Fvmhb pav{nhmi`r {wm{ rda m{{a{{cahr pdm{a

`h rda knh{qcav fq`hg fadmz`nqv mhb jnv rd`{ pdm{a mhb rda gahavmi rmvgar mbzavr`{acahr `{ cam{qvab rn fa rda

cn{r ajjakrqmi knccqh`kmr`nh camh{ $Fvm{{`hgrnh mhb _arr`rr 6???) rda atpva{{`za jmka nj rda fvmhb `cmga

wd`kd `{ rda z`rmi jmkar nj fvmhb a}q`r $Nqwav{innr mhb Rqbnv`km 6??=)( Rda cn{r knccnh cardnb jnv

pav{nhmi`r kvamr`nh `h mbzavr`{acahr{ `{ pavdmp{ kaiafv`r ahbnv{acahr( Fqr rd`{ wm{ pvmkr`kab fmkl m kahrqv

$Avbngmh mhb Fmlav 6???) fqr Vabahfmkd $6???) nf{avzab rdmr rd`{ kq{rnc `{ {rìi ac`hahr kqvvahri( Fvmhb

pav{nhmi`r vazami{ rdmr dnw panpia baac mfnqr m pmvr`kqimv fvmhb vmrdav rdah rd`hl`hg mfnqr wdmr rdmr fvmhb

bna{ $laiiav =004) b`{r`hgq`{d`hg rda fvmhb nh atrahr rn barm`h m pav{nh{ rvm`r{ mhb atrahb`hg `r rn rda vamic nj

rda fvmhb( [qppnvrab f rda dqcmh pav{nhmi`r rvm`r{ $Fmrvm Iadcmh mhb [`hgd =00;) [`hkav`r Atk`racahr

Vqggabha{{ Kncparahka mhb [npd`{r`kmr`nh $Mmlav =007) m{ rda f`g j`za fvmhb b`cah{`nh{ vaimrab rn fvmhb

pav{nhmi`r(

Dpnrda{`{ 15 Fvmhb inmir `{ pn{ r`zai `hkvam{ab f fvmhb pav{nhmi`r(

@h{avr rmfia = dava


5/14


Rdava mva {nca nrdav jmkrnv{ {qkd m{ {nk`mi pva{{qva{ pav{nhmi mrr`rqba jqrqva `hrahr`nh{ mhb knh{qcav fq`hg

fadmz`nqv wd`kd mva `hravi`hlab rn amkd nrdav mhb g`za mh ahdmhkab `cpmkr nh fq`hg fadmz`nqv mhb fvmhb

inmir(

@h{avr j`gqva = dava

;( CardnbningM{ `r `{ m knhkaprqmi jvmcawnvl pmpav rdavajnva rda cardnbning fa`hg q{ab jnv bazainp`hg rda knhkaprqmi

jvmcawnvl `{ rda rdnvnqgd {rqb nj pvaz`nq{ i`ravmrqva{ f ac`hahr mqrdnv{ nh ajjakr`za mbzavr`hg kmcpm`gh{

mhb rda mbzavr`{`hg jmkrnv{ iamb`hg rnwmvb{ fvmhb inmir( Laap`hg `h zàw rda fm{`k pqvpn{a nj rda pmpav

b`jjavahr mqrdnv{ vmhg`hg jvnc Bmz`b Mmlav mhb _dì`p Lnriav rn Mvc{rvnhg dm{ faah {rqbàb rn bazainp rdaknhkaprqmi cnbai jnv rd`{ {rqb( Rda rdnvnqgd {rqb nj rda pm{r va{amvkda{ {qgga{rab rdmr i`lamfì`r pav{qm{`nh

mhb fvmhb pav{nhmi`r mva rdn{a cmenv jmkar{ nj mbzavr`{`hg rdmr dmza m dqga `cpmkr nh rda knh{qcav fq`hg

fadmz`nqv mhb `hrahr`nh{ mhb rdmr rda pn{`r`za fq`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda knh{qcav wìi pvnbqka fvmhb inmir(

@h{avr Rmfia 6 dava

2( Rdanvar`kmi jvmcawnvl

Rd`{ zm{r mvvm nj lhnwiabga bap`kr{ rdmr nvgmhùmr`nh{ mhb mbzavr`{av{ {dnqib fa rml`hg kmva nj rda b`jjavahr

jmkrnv{ nj mbzavr`{`hg pmvr`kqimvi fvmhb pav{nhmi`r pav{qm{`zaha{{ i`lamfì`r jmkrnv `h rda`v mbzavr`{acahr{ rn

mjjakr rda fq`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda knh{qcav{( Dava I`lamfì`r pav{qm{`zaha{{ mhb fvmhb pav{nhmi`r mva rda

`hbapahbahr zmv`mfia{< knh{qcav fadmz`nqv `{ rda cnbavmr`hg zmv`mfia wdavam{ fvmhb inmir `{ bapahbahr

zmv`mfia( Rda mbzavr`{av{ {dnqib cnva i`lai acpdm{ùa nh mh `hragvmrab c`t nv kncf`hmr`nh nj mii rda{a jmkrnv{

rn pn{{`fi `hjiqahka rda `hrahr`nh{ mhb rda pqvkdm{`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda knh{qcav{ fakmq{a pn{`r`za `hrahr`nh{

mhb pqvkdm{`hg fadmz`nqv wìi iamb rn inmi knh{qcav mhb kq{rncav fm{a jnv rdmr pmvr`kqimv fvmhb wd`kd `{ rda

qir`cmra gnmi nj azav kncpmh(

@h{avr j`gqva 6 dava

1( B`{kq{{`nh{Knh{qcav{ hnwmbm{ knh{k`nq{i mzn`b rda mbzavr`{acahr knh{`bav`hg rdac mhhn`hg $F`{dnp =007< Fvvmhr

mhb Uìimc=002) rdavajnva va{amvkd knhbqkrab nh rd`{ mvam {qgga{rab rdmr i`lamfì`r `{ rda cn{r ajjakr`za

mbzavr`{`hg {rvmrag rn c`h`cùa rd`{ pvnfiac $[mkdmv`h 6??=)(

Mbzavr`{av{ {dnqib jnkq{ nh mbzavr`{`hg {rvmragà{ rdmr wnqib gvamri `cpmkr nh rda pqvkdm{`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda

cm{{a{( @j mh mbzavr`{acahr wìi hnr fa i`lab f rda knh{qcav d`{ `hrahr`nh vagmvb`hg rda fvmhb wìi hnr pn{`r`za

mhb da wìi hnr pqvkdm{a rdmr pvnbqkr bapahb`hg qpnh d`{ b`{i`l`hg vagmvb`hg rda mb( Rdava jnva rda mbzavr`{av{

{dnqib jnkq{ nh rda i`l`hg{ mhb b`{i`l`hg nj rda cm{{a{ wdìa kvamr`hg mh mb fakmq{a qir`cmrai rda mb mhb rda

fvmhb `{ jnv rda knh{qcav mhb `j mb wìi hnr fa i`lab rda pvnbqkr mi{n wìi hnr fa pqvkdm{ab( Mbzavr`{`hgi`lamfì`r q{qmii dm{ m {rvnhg mhb pn{`r`za `cpmkr nh rda knh{qcav fq`hg fadmz`nqv $Faì mhb Fv`bgawmrav


6/14

KN_P V@GDR 6?== @h{r`rqra nj @hravb`{k`pi`hmv Fq{`ha{{ Va{amvkd _mga :

=00?< C`rkdaii mhb Ni{nh =00=)( @h gahavmi `hjnvcmr`za mhb ahravrm`h`hg mb{ mva i`lab f rda knh{qcav{ wd`kd

azahrqmii `cpmkr nh rda`v pqvkdm{`hg `hrahr`nh{ mhb fadmz`nqv( Ajjakr`za mbzavr`{acahr {rvmragà{ jnkq{

pvajavahka{ nj panpia rn cmla rdac wmrkd rda mb `hzniz`hg rdac jqii mhb rdah mqgcahr`hg rda {mia{ mhb

pvnj`r{ f `hjiqahk`hg rda fq`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda q{av{(

I`lamfì`r nj rda mbzavr`{acahr mi{n bapahb{ qpnh rda kqirqva mhb {nk`mi zmiqa{( M{ cmh `hravhmr`nhmi

va{amvkdav{ dmza nf{avzab rda kqirqvmi b`jjavahka{ `h rda knhrahr nj rda mbzavr`{acahr $Cqaiiav =006< Hazarr

=006< Kdahg mhb [kdwa`ruav =00:) rdavajnva kqirqvmi zmiqa{ {dnqib hazav fa kncpvnc`{ab wdìa cml`hg rda mb

fakmq{a rda dmza dqga `cpmkr nh rda nzavmii i`lamfì`r nj rda mbzavr`{acahr(

@h gahavmi knh{qcav{ mva hnr am{ì pav{qmbab f kavrm`h mbzavr`{acahr{ fakmq{a rda dmza rda`v nwh haab{ mhb

bacmhb{ mhb rda wìi hnr gar am{ì `hznizab `h mh mb qhrì rda wìi j`hb {ncard`hg vaimrab rn rda {mr`{jmkr`nh

nj rda`v haab{( [nca knh{qcav{ mva nhi pav{qmbab f mb{ dmz`hg {rvnhg fnb imhgqmga wdìa nrdav{ f pvnpav

knccqh`kmr`nh vdarnv`k mhb {aii`hg rakdh`}qa{ mbnprab f rda mbzavr`{av{(

[rmhrnh Davf{r $6??:) bacnh{rvmrab rdmr rda kniiakr`za lhnwh cmvlar {rvahgrd{ `(a( rda fvmhb {dmva rda hqcfav

nj rda kncpar`hg fvmhb{ mhb rda fvmhb inmir dmza m cqkd {rvnhgav `cpmkr nh rda pav{qm{`nh m{ kncpmvab rn

rda aiacahr nj kvamr`z`r `h rda mb( Jqvrdavcnva _arr mhb Kmk`nppn $=04:) mbznkmrab rwn vnmb{ rn pav{qm{`nh m

kahrvmi mhmir`k vnqra mhb m pav`pdavmi vnqra rdmr `{ mjjakr`za mhb dni`{r`k( _av{nhmi`r ra{r{ mhb knhji`kr mppvnmkd

`hzahrnv {dnqib fa baz`{ab f rda mbzavr`{av{ rn farrav m{{`{r rda`v mbzavr`{`hg {rvmrag `h pav{qmb`hg rda q{av{rn vamkd rda`v gnmi{( Rda {rvmrag {dnqib fa jnvcqimrab mhb atakqrab laap`hg `h zàw rda b`zav{a pav{nhmi`rà{ nj

rda q{av{ rn pav{qmba rdac( M{ pav{qmb`hg rda knh{qcav bap`kr{ rda nzavmii fq`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda q{av(

_av{qm{`za mbzavr`{`hg azahrqmii fnn{r rda {mia{ rn m vacmvlmfia pn`hr( @j rda mbzavr`{acahr wìi hnr fa

pav{qm{`za rda vami pqvpn{a nj rda mbzavr`{`hg kmcpm`gh wìi fa bacni`{dab fakmq{a rda wìi hnr pqvkdm{a rda

fvmhb qhrì rda mva pav{qmbab f rda mbzavr`{av( @h nrdav wnvb{ rda {qkka{{ nj rda mbzavr`{acahr bapahb{ qpnh

rda atrahr rn wd`kd rda mb `{ mfia pav{qmba mhb knhz`hka rda gahavmi pnpqimka(

Azav {qkka{{jqi mbzavr`{acahr {dnqib dmza m qh`}qa fvmhb pav{nhmi`r rn `hjiqahka rda fadmz`nqv nj rda q{av{(

Mbzavr`{`hg f gahavmr`hg nv va`hjnvk`hg rda fvmhb pav{nhmi`r mbb{ rn rda fvmhb a}q`r mhb rda nzavmii zmiqa( @r

mi{n m{{`{r{ rn gm`h rda cmvlar {dmva mhb njjav{ pvninhgab kncpar`r`za pn{`r`nh( Ahbnv{av{ kvprngvmc{ `cmga{

mhb atakqr`nh vqb`cahr{ mva rda cmenv mbzavr`{`hg aiacahr{ rdmr kd`p `h rn rda fvmhb pav{nhmi`r( Azav pav{nh

dm{ kavrm`h pav{nhmi`r rvm`r{ mhb da vaimra{ d`{ pav{nhmi`r rvm`r{ w`rd rda fvmhb pav{nhmi`r {dnwh `h rda

mbzavr`{acahr( Jnv rd`{ pqvpn{a rda dqcmh pav{nhmi`r kmh fa knhkaprqmiùab f q{`hg m rvm`r mppvnmkd

$Mhbav{nh mhb Vqf`h =04:)( M rvm`r `{ mh b`{kavh`hg jamrqva rdvnqgd wd`kd mh `hb`z`bqmi cm b`jjav jvnc nrdav

$Gqìjnvb =07;)( @j m vaimr`nh{d`p `{ {qf{`{rab mcnhg rda dqcmh rvm`r{ mhb fvmhb b`cah{`nh{ vaimrab rn fvmhb

pav{nhmi`r rdah rda fq`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda knh{qcav wìi fa {rvnhgi `hjiqahkab f rd`{ vaimr`za ha{{ mcnhg

rda rvm`r{( Gahavmii panpia mva dmz`hg {ahr cahr{ jnv kavrm`h kaiafv`rà{ {n rda mbzavr`{av{ haab rn `bahr`j rdn{a

kaiafv`rà{ rn ahbnv{a rdac rn kvamra m fvmhb pav{nhmi`r {n m{ rn `hjiqahka rda fq`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda

knh{qcav{ mhb wìi mi{n iamb rn fvmhb inmir(

Knh{qcav fq`hg fadmz`nqv `{ rp`kmii `hjiqahkab f rda {ar nj faiàj{ mhb rda mrr`rqba rda knh{qcav dm{

vagmvb`hg rda fvmhb mhb `r{ fahaj`r{( [ncar`ca{ rda pn{`r`za acnr`nh{ {dnwh `h rda mbzavr`{acahr bazainp

pn{`r`za mrr`rqba rnwmvb{ rda mbzavr`{acahr $BaKnkl mhb Ba_ai{cmklav 6???) mhb {ncar`ca{ m pn{`r`zaknh{qcav fadmz`nqv vagmvb`hg rda pvnbqkr $Wmilav mhb Bqf`r{l =002)( [ncar`ca{ rda mbzavr`{acahr{ nzav

atmggavmra rda fahaj`r{ mhb bap`kr rda mbzmhrmga `h {qkd mh mvrjqi cmhhav rdmr `r {rqvbì pva{{qv`{a rda fq`hg

fadmz`nqv mhb rda `hrahr`nh{ vagmvb`hg rda fvmhb( I`lamfì`r nj rda mb va{qir{ `h ahdmhkab pqvkdm{ab `hrahr`nh{

$[c`rd ar mi( 6??:) mhb dm{ m fvmwh `cpmkr nh rda fq`hg fadmz`nqv( [ncar`ca{ rda acnr`nhmi pav{pakr`za

{dnwh `h mh mb mi{n `hjiqahka{ rda pqvkdm{`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda q{av{( Rda cmvlarav{ mhb rda mbzavr`{av{ {dnqib

qhbav{rmhb rda p{kdning nj rda dqcmh{ bap`kr`hg rda`v fadmz`nqv vagmvb`hg kavrm`h mkr`nh{( Jnv atmcpia

knh{qcav{ mva cnva mcahmfia rn jnnb mbzavr`{`hg wdah rda mva dqhgv {n qhbav{rmhb`hg rd`{ fadmz`nqv nj rda

knh{qcav{ i`lamfia mb{ {dnqib fa bazainpab atakqrab mhb pimkab nh rda cab`m `h rda imra mjrav hnnh( Rda jmkrnv

nj kqirqva {dnqib hnr fa kncpvnc`{ab m{ `r dm{ w`ba jnvka nh rda pqvkdm{`hg fadmz`nqv{(

Fvmhb cmhmgav{ mr rda pva{ahr r`ca mva `hbqk`hg atrvmnvb`hmv ajjnvr{ `h kvamr`hg fvmhb inmir mhb cm`hrm`h`hg

`r rdvnqgd pvnpav q{a nj mbzavr`{acahr {rvmragà{( Rda kncpmhà{ {dnqib qhbav{rmhb rda `cpavmr`zaha{{ nj inmikq{rncav fm{a `h rd`{ kncpar`r`za avm( Ajjakr`za mbzavr`{acahr{ rahb rn gahavmra inmi kq{rncav{( Fvmhb inmir


7/14


njrah vajav{ rn vapamr pqvkdm{a $Emknf mhb Kda{rhqr =074< Ni`zav =000)( Fvmhb pav{nhmi`rà{ m{{`{r rda j`vc{ `h

kvamr`hg fvmhb inmir( @h rda kqvvahr {rmra nj mjjm`v{ kncpmhà{ {dnqib acpin nhi`ha mbzavr`{`hg rn pvnz`ba mh

`hravmkr`za abga rn rda q{av{ rn fvnmbah rda fvmhb inmir( Dqga cmvlar {dmva kmh fa kmprqvab f inmi kq{rncav

fm{a( @hbaab fvmhb inmir `{ m jmkrnv wd`kd kmh fa gahavmrab f ajjakr`za mbzavr`{`hg wìi `hkvam{a rda pvnj`r{

$Va`kddaib =00:) mhb vaimr`za pv`ka{ mhb d`gd cmvlar {dmva $Kdmqbdqv` mhb Dnifvnnl 6??=) wìi pvnz`ba rda

fvmhb m {qpav`nv pn{`r`nh `h rda aa{ nj rda kq{rncav{ iamb`hg rn {q{rm`hmfì`r(

Rdavajnva kncpmhà{ {dnqib `bahr`j rda haab{ mhb bacmhb{ nj rda knh{qcav{ rn kvamra mh ajjakr`za

mbzavr`{acahr {n rdmr i`lamfì`r {dnqib fa kvamrab( @j mh mb `{ i`lab f rda pav{nh rdah `r kmh pav{qmba d`c(

[`cìmvi qh`}qa fvmhb pav{nhmi`rà{ vaimr`hg rn rda dqcmh pav{nhmi`r rvm`r{ bap`krab `h rda mb kmh mi{n kvamra

i`lamfì`r mhb pav{qm{`nh wd`kd kmh mjjakr rda knh{qcav fq`hg fadmz`nqv mhb kdmhga rda`v `hrahr`nh{

vagmvb`hg rda fvmhb wd`kd va{qir{ `h fvmhb inmir(

@h{avr j`gqva ; dava

:( @cpnvrmhka nj Fvmhb inmirRda `cpnvrmhka nj fvmhb inmir kmhhnr fa bahàb jnv rda kvamr`nh mhb gvnwrd nj {rvnhg fvmhb{( Kncpmhà{ mva

hnw cìi`nh{ mhb fìi`nh{ nj mcnqhr{ nh rda`v mbzavr`{acahr kmcpm`gh{( Rda cnva rda hqcfav nj rda

kncpar`rnv{ `h rda cmvlar rda cnva rda kncpmhà{ mva rv`hg rn gar rda inmi kq{rncav fm{a( Cmvlar`hg `{ mii

mfnqr rda dqcmh p{kdning( Cmvlar`hg mkrqmii {rmvr{ jvnc rda kq{rncav{ mhb ahb{ nh rda kq{rncav{( F

mbzavr`{`hg rda kncpmhà{ wmhr rn kvamra {rvnhg fvmhb pn{`r`nh`hg pavkapr`nh mhb b`jjavahr`mr`nh nj rda`v

pvnbqkr{ mhb {avz`ka{ `h rda c`hb{ nj rda kq{rncav{( Kncpmhà{ {dnqib cmla m fiahb nj mii rda pvncnr`nhmi mhb

mbzavr`{`hg {rvmragà{ rn j`r rda haab{ mhb pvajavahka{ nj rda {pak`j`k rmvgar cmvlar( [qkka{{jqi kncpmhà{ hnr

nhi camh rn ahdmhka rda {mia{ rdvnqgd mbzavr`{`hg kmcpm`gh{ fqr mi{n rn kvamra fvmhb a}q`r mhb fvmhb inmir

wd`kd iamb{ rdac rnwmvb{ kncpar`r`za mbzmhrmga `h rd`{ bhmc`k avm(

Rda fm{`k pn`hr fad`hb {qpav`nv mbzavr`{`hg kmcpm`gh nv cmvlar`hg m pvnbqkr nv {avz`ka `r rn kvamra fvmhbmwmvaha{{ mcnhg rda knh{qcav{( Rda mbzavr`{`hg {dnqib fa m`cab rn kvamra qh`}qa fvmhb `cmga mhb pn{`r`nh nj

rda fvmhb `h rda c`hb nj rda knh{qcav{( Rd`{ fvmhb `cmga {dnqib fa baj`hmfia mhb cacnvmfia fakmq{a

qir`cmrai rd`{ fvmhb `cmga kvamra{ mwmvaha{{ mcnhg rda rmvgar cmvlar wd`kd `{ mkrqmii rda j`v{r {rap `h kvamr`hg

fvmhb zmiqa mhb inmir( Rd`{ atkiq{`za fvmhb `cmga wìi rdah kvamra fvmhb a}q`r( Rd`{ fvmhb a}q`r `{ mkrqmii

rda fvmhb pvajavahka wd`kd rda knh{qcav{ cmla mjrav wmrkd`hg rda mb mhb f kncpmv`hg `r w`rd nrdav vaimrab

fvmhb{( @j pn{`r`za fvmhb `cmga `{ kvamrab f rda mb rdah rda fvmhb wìi fa pvajavvab f rda knh{qcav kvamr`hg rda

fvmhb a}q`r mhb iamb`hg rnwmvb{ fvmhb inmir wd`kd camh{ vapamr pqvkdm{a nj rda fvmhb j`hb`hg `r zmiqmfia

mjrav rda j`v{r pqvkdm{a( @j m fvmhb bai`zav{ wdmr `r pvnc`{a{ `h rda mb rdah fvmhb inmir wnqib fa kvamrab

jnvc`hg m inmi kq{rncav fm{a w`rd vapamr pqvkdm{a `hrahr`nh{ vagmvb`hg rda fvmhb( Rda cnva rda mbzavr`{`hg

kmcpm`gh nj rda fvmhb wnqib fa ajjakr`za mhb rda cnva `r bai`zav{ wdmr `r pvnc`{a{ `h rda kmcpm`gh rda cnva `r

wnqib fa mfia rn kvamra fvmhb inmir mhb fvmhb zmiqa wd`kd wnqib daip rn {q{rm`h rda kncpar`r`za mbzmhrmga( @j

rda kncpmh dm{ mh ajjakr`za cmvlar`hg {rvmrag fqr `r `{ hnr jqijìi`hg wdmr dm{ faah {dnwh `h rda mb rdah nha

r`ca pqvkdm{a `{ pn{{`fia fqr hnr rda vapamr pqvkdm{a( Rdavajnva kncpmhà{ hnr nhi rv rn mrrvmkr rda haw

kq{rncav{ f mbzavr`{`hg fqr mi{n rn varm`h rda nib nha{ rdvnqgd mbzavr`{`hg mhb jqijìi`hg nj pvnc`{a{(

7( Knhkiq{`nh@h rd`{ pmpav `r dm{ faah bacnh{rvmrab rdmr cmvlar`hg abga kmh fa gm`hab f jnvcqimr`hg mhb atakqr`hg ajjakr`za

mbzavr`{`hg {rvmragà{( Va{amvkd dm{ pvnzab rdmr mbzavr`{av{ haab rn kvamra i`lamfia pav{qm{`za mb{ {qppnvr`hg m

fvmhb pav{nhmi`r rn `hjiqahka rda fq`hg fadmz`nqv nj rda q{av{( I`lamfia mhb pav{qm{`za mb{ wìi dmza m b`vakr

`cpmkr nh rda pqvkdm{`hg fadmz nqv mhb rda jqrqva `hrahr`nh{ vagmvb`hg rda fvmhb( M i`hl farwaah fvmhb

pav{nhmi`r b`cah{`nh{ mhb rda dqcmh rvm`r{ dmza faah `bahr`jàb f rd`{ va{amvkd wd`kd hmvvmra{ rdmr fq`hg

fadmz`nqv nj rda knh{qcav wìi fa pn{`r`za `j rda mb knh{`{r{ nj m qh`}qa fvmhb pav{nhmi`r vaimr`hg rn rda`v nwh

atkiq{`za pav{nhm( @r dm{ mi{n faah bakimvab rdmr i`lamfì`r pav{qm{`zaha{{ mhb fvmhb pav{nhmi`r hnr nhi

`hjiqahka rda fq`hg fadmz`nqv fqr azahrqmii iamb rnwmvb{ fvmhb inmir rdvnqgd ajjakr`za mbzavr`{`hggahavmr`hg mhb varm`h`hg m dqga inmi kq{rncav fm{a(


8/14


4( Jqrqva va{amvkdM{ rd`{ pmpav m`c{ mr jnvcqimr`hg m knhkaprqmi jvmcawnvl jnv ajjakr`za mbzavr`{`hg iamb`hg rnwmvb{ inmi

kq{rncav fm{a rdvnqgd pn{`r`za knh{qcav fadmz`nqv rdavajnva rd`{ va{amvkd vm`{a{ jaw `hrava{r`hg kdmiiahga{ jnv

rda jqrqva va{amvkdav{( Rd`{ pmpav m`c{ mr fqìb`hg rda knhkaprqmi cnbai d`gdi`gdr`hg rda camh`hg nj mbzavr`{`hg

ajjakr`zaha{{ rdvnqgd kvamr`hg mb i`lamfì`r fvmhb pav{nhmi`r mhb pav{qm{`nh rn `hjiqahka rda pqvkdm{`hgfadmz`nqv nj rda knh{qcav{( Rda cnva pn{`r`za fq`hg fadmz`nqv rda cnva m kq{rncav wìi fa inmi rn rda

{pak`j`k fvmhb( Qhbav{rmhb`hg rda {`gh`j`kmhka nj rda{a mbzavr`{`hg jmkrnv{ iamb`hg rnwmvb{ fvmhb inmir wìi hn

cnva fa atdmq{r`za jnv rda jqrqva va{amvkdav{ dahka rda jqrqva va{amvkdav{ c`gdr wnvl nh rda qhbavi`hg jmkrnv

mjjakr`hg mii nrdav mbzavr`{`hg b`cah{`nh{ `(a( knh{qcav p{kdning( Jnv cml`hg mh ajjakr`za mb rda mbzavr`{av

haab rn qhbav{rmhb rda p{kd`k nj rda knh{qcav{ wdìa pqrr`hg d`c{aij `h rda {dna{ nj rda kq{rncav(

Qhbav{rmhb`hg rda p{kdning nj rda knh{qcav{ `{ nj gvamr {`gh`j`kmhka m{ cmvlar`hg mhb mbzavr`{`hg `{ mii mfnqr

qhbav{rmhb`hg rda dqcmh hmrqva mhb fadmz`nqv rn pvnz`ba rda ba{`vab nqrknca{ `h rda jnvc nj fvmhb inmir(

0( I`c`rmr`nh{ nj rda {rqbRda `bam{ pvnpn{ab `h rd`{ pmpav mva camh`hgjqi `h kimv`j`hg rda {`gh`j`kmhka nj mbzavr`{`hg jmkrnv{ rn kvamra

fvmhb inmir( Par mr rda {mca r`ca `r dm{ {nca i`c`rmr`nh{ bqa rn wd`kd rda gahavmiùmr`nh{ {dnqib fa cmba w`rd

wmrkdjqiha{{ mhb knh{`bavmr`nh m{ rda knhkaprqmi jvmcawnvl pvnpn{ab `h rd`{ {rqb kmhhnr fa gahavmiùab rn mii

rpa{ nj mb{( M{ rda rpa nj mb rda cab`qc fa`hg q{ab mhb rda pvnbqkr nv {avz`ka fa`hg mbzavr`{ab zmv rda`v

i`lamfì`r jmkrnv rda bagvaa nj pav{qm{`nh mhb {`gh`j`kmhka nj fvmhb pav{nhmi`r mi{n b`jjav{( Mr rda {mca r`ca

rda mwmvaha{{ mhb fmklgvnqhb lhnwiabga nj rda knh{qcav{ mi{n kvamra b`jjavahr va{qir{ pvnz`b`hg b`jjavahr

nqrknca{ m{ {qgga{rab `h rd`{ {rqb(

Vajavahka{

Mmlav B(M( Cmhmg`hg fvmhb a}q`r( Haw Pnvl5 Rda Jvaa _va{{( =00=

Mmlav B(M( Fqìb`hg {rvnhg fvmhb{( Haw Pnvl5 Rda Jvaa _va{{(=00:

Mmlav E(I( B`cah{`nh{ nj fvmhb pav{nhmi`r(Enqvhmi nj Cmvlar`hg Va{amvkd) ;2 ; $=007)5 ;27#;1:(

Meuah @( Va{`bqmi ajjakr{ nj pm{r nh imravfadmz`nqv5 Dmf`rqmr`nh mhb vam{nhab

mkr`nh pav{pakr`za{( _av{nhmi`r mhb [nk`mi _{kdning Vazàw :$6??6)5=?7#=66(

Meuah @( mhb J`{dfa`h C( Qhbav{rmhb`hg mrr`rqba{ mhb pvab`kr`hg {nk`mi

Fadmz`nv( Rnvnhrn Nhrmv`n5 _vahr`ka#Dmii =04?(

Miiah K(R( Cmkdia`r L(M( mhb Lia`ha [( M Kncpmv`{nh nj Mrr`rqba{ mhb Acnr`nh{ m{ _vab`krnv{ nj Fadmz`nv

mr B`zav{a Iazai{ nj Fadmz`nvmi Atpavàhka(Enqvhmi nj Knh{qcav Va{amvkd =4 2 $=006)5 20;#1?2(

Mhbav{nh _( C( mhb Vqf`h I(G( Cmvlar`hg knccqh`kmr`nh{5 mbzavr`{ hg) {mia{

pvncnr`nh) pqfi`k vaimr`nh{) b`{pim) mhb pav{nhmi {aii`hg( Ahgiawnnb Ki`jj{ Haw Eav{a5

_vahr`ka#Dmii =04:(

Fmgnuu` V( _( mhb Wmv{dmw _( V( Rv`hg rn knh{qca(Enqvhmi nj Knh{qcav

Va{amvkd =7$=00?)5 =67=2?(

Fmrvm V( Mjjakr`za mbzavr`{`hg5 vnia pvnka{{a{ mhb cam{qvacahr( @h V(M( _arav{nh W(B( Dnav mhb W(V(

Wì{nh $ab{) Rda Vnia nj Mjjakr `h Knh{qcav Fadmz`nqv( Iat`hgrnh CM5 Iat`hgrnh Fnnl{ $=04:)5 1;#4:(

Fmrvm V( Iadcmhh B( mhb [`hgd B( Rda fvmhb pav{nhmi`r kncpnhahr nj fvmhb

gnnbwìi5 {nca mhrakabahr{ mhb knh{a}qahka{( @h Mmlav mhb FàiFvmhba}q`r mbzavr`{`hg5mbzavr`{`hg{ vnia

`h fqìb`hg {rvnhg fvmhb{) 4;#01 =00;(


9/14


Fài M(I( mhb Fv`bgawmrav K(M( Mrrv`fqra{ nj I`lamfia Raiaz`{`nh Knccavk`mi{( Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg

Va{amvkd ;? ; $=00?)5 ;422(

F`{dnp H( Mbzavr`{`hg nzavinmb>Cmvlar`hg Cmgmu`ha =1 $=007)5 26(

Fimb`hgavM( mhb Vnf`h{nh E(Fvmhb inmir< rda i`hl farwaah mrr`rqba mhb fadmz`nqv(Enqvhmi nj mbzavr`{`hg

va{amvkd) ;: : $=00:)5 66#;1(

Fvm{{`hgrnh J( mhb _arr`rr [( _v`hk`pia{ nj cmvlar`hg) 7rd ab( Dmvinw5 _vahr`ka Dmii( 6???(

Fvnwh K( [nca haw i`lamfì`r mhb vakmii rd`hl`hg `h rda i`gdr nj cnbavh az`bahka ( _mpav pva{ahrab mr rda

=00= Fv`r`{d CV[ Knhjavahka( [nca Haw Rd`hl`hg `h rda I`gdr nj Cnbavh Az`bahka< Fvnwh G( @h

_vnkaab`hg{ nj rda Fv`r`{d CV[ Knhjavahka( =00=

Fvmhr E( mhb Uìicmh B( Cab`m ajjakr{5 Mbzmhka{ `h rdanv mhb va{amvkd( HE5 Avifmqc Dìi{bmia(=002(

Kdmqbdqv` M( Rda ajjakr nj cab`m pvnbqkr mhb ca{{mga jmkrnv{ nh mb pav{qm{`zaha{{5 rda vnia nj mjjakr mhb

kngh`r`nh(Enqvhmi nj Cmvlar`hg Knccqh`kmr`nh{) 6 2 $6??=)5 6?=#6=4

Kdmqbdqv` M( mhb Dnifvnnl C F( Rda kdm`h nj ajjakr{ jvnc fvmhb rvq{r mhb fvmhb ajjakr rn fvmhb

pavjnvcmhka5 rda vnia nj fvmhb inmir(Enqvhmi nj cmvlar`hg) :1 $6??=)5 4=#0;(

Kdahg D( mhb [kdwa`ruav E(K( Kqirqvmi zmiqa{ vajiakrab `h Kd`ha{a mhb Q([( raiaz`{`nh knccavk`mi{( Enqvhmi

nj Mbzavr`{`hg Va{amvkd) ;: $=00:)5 70#44(

Kniiarr _( Pnqrd5 Dnw bn rda zàw nqv knccavk`mi{> Rvmh{kv`pr nj rda 1rd MVJ Pnqrd Va{amvkd

Wnvl{dnp( Haw Pnvl5 Mbzavr`{`hg Va{amvkd Jnqhbmr`nh $=002)5 ;?1#;=2(

Knnpav [( mhb Bnhmib @( M jmkar mppvnmkd rn atrahb`hg rda hnvcmr`za kncpnhahr

nj rda rdanv nj vam{nhab mkr`nh(Fv`r`{d Enqvhmi nj [nk`mi _{kdning 2? $6??=)5 100#:6=(

Kqcc`h{ B( Kvamr`za jmìqva{(Mb.Cab`m == $=00:)5 ;1#;7(

BaKnkl F mhb Ba_ai{cmklav _( Acnr`nh{ Cmrrav( @h _vnkaab`hg{ nj rda 6??? A[NCMV Knhjavahka V`n

$6???)5 =12#70(

B`kl M([( mhb Fm{q L( Kq{rncav inmir5 Rnwmvb{ mh `hragvmrab knhkaprqmi jvmca wnvl( Enqvhmi nj rda

mkmbac nj rda cmvlar`hg {kàhka 66 $=002)5 00#==;(

Bq_ia{{`{ A(K( I`lamfia Mb{ Wnvl Fa{r) Fqr Wdmr @{ I`lamfì`r> [dmvp Haw I`gdr nh Mbzavr`{`hg

Knccqh`kmr`nh [ria{(Mbcmp $=002m)5 =?#=;(

Bq_ia{{`{ A(K( Qhbav{rmhb`hg mhb Q{`hg I`lamfì`r(Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg Va{amvkd ;2 1 $=002f)5 ;=?(

Avbngmh U( mhb Fmlav C( Kaiafv`r ahbnv{acahr5 mbzavr`{`hg mgahk cmhmgav{ _av{pakr`za( Rda Kfav#

Enqvhmi nj [pnvr Cmvlar`hg) $6???)5 =#=1(


10/14

KN_P V@GDR 6?== @h{r`rqra nj @hravb`{k`pi`hmv Fq{`ha{{ Va{amvkd _mga =?

Jmc L#[ $6??:m) Wdmr bv`za{ mb i`lamfì`r.b`{i`lamfì`r `h Dnhg Lnhg mhb Rdmìmhb>@hravhmr`nhmi

Enqvhmi nj Fq{`ha{{ mhb [nk ar) 7 6 $6??:m)5 =?#;6

J`{dfa`h C( mhb Meuah @( Faiàj Mrr`rqba @hrahr`nh mhb Fadmz`nqv5 Mh @hrvnbqkr`nh rn Rdanv mhb Va{amvkd(

Vamb`hg CM5 Mbb`{nh#Wa{ia( =071(

Gnvh G(E( Rda Ajjakr{ nj Cq{`k `h Mbzavr`{`hg nh Kdn`ka Fadmz`nqv5 M Kim{{`kmi Knhb`r`nh`hg Mvnmkd(

Enqvhmi nj Cmvlar`hg 2:$=046)5 02#=?=(

Gqìjnvb E( Nh pav{nhmi`r(@h C`{kdaiW(@hrvnbqkr`nh rn pav{nhmi`r) 66#6;( Haw Pnvl5 Dnir V`hadmvr

W`h{rnh(=07;

Dmia V(@( Fmib`hgav M(I( V`kdmvb{nh E( mhb Fmibw`h F(C( Rda ajjakr{ nj hnh#zavfmi knccqh`kmr`nh `h

raiaz`{`nh mbzavr`{`hg(Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg) 622 $=042)5 ==#=4(

Dmia V(@( mhb Fmib`hgav M(I( Rda MVJ Knp Va{amvkd Zmi`b`r _vneakr(Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg Va{amvkd;= 6 $=00=)5 ==;6(

Dnifvnnl C(F( mhb Fmrvm V( M{{a{{`hg rda vnia nj acnr`nh{ m{ cab`mrnv{ nj knh{qcav va{pnh{a{ rn

mbzavr`{`hg(Enqvhmi nj Knh{qcav Va{amvkd) =2 $=047m)5 2?2#6?(

Dnii`{ H([( I`la @r nv Hnr I`l`hg @{ Hnr Ahnqgd(Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg Va{amvkd ;1 1 $=001)5 7#=:(

Emknf E( mhb Lhhav B(F( Fvmhb pav{nhmi`r zav{q{ vapamr pqvkdm{`hg( Enqvhmi nj cmvlar`hg va{amvkd) =?

$=07;)5 =#0(

Emknf E mhb Kda{rhqr V( Fvmhb Inmir( HawPnvl< Dnh Wìa [nh{(=074

Laiiav L( [rvmrag`k fvmhb cmhmgacahr5 fqìb`hg) cam{qv`hg) mhb cmhmg`hg fvmhb a}q`r( Haw Eav{a5

_vahr`ka#Dmii( =004(

Lnriav_( mhb Mvc{rvnhgG( _v`hk`pia{njcmvlar`hg =6rd

ab( _amv{nh _vahr`ka dmii ;0:#;04( 6??4(

CmkLahuà [(F( mhb Iqru V(E( Mh Acp`v`kmi Atmc`hmr`nh nj rda [rvqkrqvmi Mhrakabahr{ nj Mrr`rqba{ rnwmvb

rda Mb `h mh Mbzavr`{`hg _vara{r`hg Knhratr(Enqvhmi nj Cmvlar`hg 1;6 $=040)5 24#:1(

CkAwah W(E( mhb Iamz`rr K( M wm rn ba{kv`fa RZ knccavk`mi{( Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg Va{amvkd) =: :

$=07:)5 ;1#0?(

Cadrm M( Mbzavr`{`hg mrr`rqba{ mhb mbzavr`{`hg ajjakr`zaha{{(Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg Va{amvkd) 2? $6???)5 :7#

76(

C`rkdaii M(M( mhb Ni{nh E(K( Mva _vnbqkr Mrrv`fqra Faiàj{ rda Nhi Cab`mrnv nj Mbzavr`{`hg Ajjakr{ nh

Fvmhb Mrr`rqba>Enqvhmi nj Cmvlar`hg Va{amvkd =4$=04=)5 ;=4#;6?(

Cnvv`{ E(B( Wnn K( Gam{nh E(M( mhb L`c E( Rda _nwav nj Mjjakr5 _vab`kr`hg @hrahr`nh( Enqvhmi nj

Mbzavr`{`hg Va{amvkd 26 ; $6??6)5 7#=7(


11/14

KN_P V@GDR 6?== @h{r`rqra nj @hravb`{k`pi`hmv Fq{`ha{{ Va{amvkd _mga ==

Cqaiiav F( [rmhbmvbùmr`nh z{( {pak`miùmr`nh5 mh atmc`hmr`nh nj Wa{ravhùmr`nh `h Empmha{a mbzavr`{`hg(

Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg Va{amvkd) ;6 = $=006)5 =1#62(

Hazarr R( B`jjavahka{ farwaah Mcav`kmh mhb Fv`r`{d raiaz`{`nh mbzavr`{`hg5 atpimhmr`nh mhb @cpi`kmr`nh{(

Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg) 6= 2 $=006)5 :=#7=(

Ni`zav VI( Wdahka knh{qcav inmir>Enqvhmi nj cmvlar`hg) :; $=000)5 ;;#22(

Nqwav{innr D( mhb Rqbnv`km M( Fvmhb _av{nhmi`r Kvamr`nh rdvnqgd Mbzavr`{`hg( W(_ 6??=#?=( 6??=(

_akdcmhh K( mhb [rawmvr B(W( Rda cqir`b`cah{`nhmi`r nj pav{qm{`za knccqh`kmr`nh{5 rdanvar`kmi mhb

acp`v`kmi jnqhbmr`nh{( @h _( Kmjjavmrm mhb M(C( Rfnqr $ab{) Kngh`r`za mhb Mjjakr`za Va{pnh{a{ rn

Mbzavr`{`hg Iat`hgrnh CM5 Iat`hgrnh Fnnl{ $=040)5 ;=#:4(

_arr V(A( mhb Kmk`nn E(R( $=04:)) Knccqh`kmr`nh mhb _av{qm{`nh5 Kahrvmi mhb _av`pdavmi Vnqra{ rn

Mrr`rqba Kdmhga( Haw Pnvl5 [pv`hgav#Zavimg( =04:(

_arav E( _( mhb Ni{nh E( K( Knh{qcav fadmz`nv mhb cmvlar`hg {rvmrag1rd ab(

Rnvnhrn Nhrmv`n5 @vw`h CkGvmw#Dìi( =00:(

Vabahfmkd M( M cqir`pia pvnbqkr ahbnv{av kmh fa m kvab`fia {nqvka( Rda Kfav#Enqvhmi nj [pnvr Cmvlar`hg)

$6???)5 =#=?(

Va`kddaib J( Rda inmir Ajjakr) Fn{rnh Dmvzmvb fq{`ha{{ [kdnni( =00:(

Vnf`h{nh A(M( Jvng{ famv{ mhb nvgm{c{5 Rd`hl umh `j nq wmhr rn vamkd rnbm'{ knh{qcav{( Jnvrqha

=;1== $=007)5 =1;#=1:(

Vmh{ K( K( Va{nqvka{(Enqvhmi nj [cmii Fq{`ha{{ Cmhmgacahr) ;2 $=00:)5 :;#:1(

[mkdmv`h l( Mrrahr`nh- Dnw rn `hravvqpr) aii) wd`{pav mhb rnqkd knh{qcav{( Haw Pnvl5 Endh Wìia {nh{(

6??=(

[d`cp R(M( Mrr`rqba Rnwmvb rda Mb m{ m Cab`mrnv nj Knh{qcav Fvmhb Kdn`ka(Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg =? 6

$=04=)5 0#=1(

[`vnpni`{ H( [cmii fq{`ha{{ cmhmgacahr :rd ab( Fn{rnh5 Dnqgdrnh C`jji`h Kncpmh( =007(

[c`rd A(G( Caqv{ I(Z( mhb Haèah{ _(K( Ajjakr{ nj Mbzavr`{`hg I`lamfì`r5 M =?#Pamv _av{pakr`za(

Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg Va{amvkd 2: = $6??:)5 7;#4;(

[rmhrnh E( I( mhb Davf{r L( K( Rda Ajjakr{ nj Kqvvahr Cmvlar Jnvka{ nh rda @cpmkr nj m RZ Knccavk`mi `h

Kvamr`hg _av{qm{`nh(Enqvhmi nj _vncnr`nh Cmhmgacahr =6 6 $6??:)5 ==0#=;1(

[rawmvr _( Fqìb`hg fvmhb{ b`vakri Inhbnh Cmkcìimh fq{`ha{{( =00:(


12/14

KN_P V@GDR 6?== @h{r`rqra nj @hravb`{k`pi`hmv Fq{`ha{{ Va{amvkd _mga =6

[rawmvr B(W( mhb Jqv{a B(D( Ajjakr`za Raiaz`{`nh Mbzavr`{`hg5 M [rqb nj =??? Knccavk`mi{ Iat`hgrnh

CM5 Iat`hgrnh Fnnl{( =04:(

[rnha G( Fa{{av B( mhb Iaw`{ I( Vakmii) i`l`hg mhb kvamr`z`r `h RZ knccavk`mi{5 m haw mppvnmkd(

Enqvhmi nj Mbzavr`{`hg Va{amvkd( ) 2?$6???)5 7#=4(

Waii{ W( Cam{qv`hg Mbzavr`{`hg Ajjakr`zaha{{ $Haw Ab)( Q[5 Imwvahka Avifmqc M{{nk`mra{ @hk( =007(

Wv`gdr _(I( Mhmiu`hg cab`m ajjakr{ nh mbzavr`{`hg va{pnh{a{) _qfi`k Np`h`nh ]qmvravi) ;4$=072)5 =01#

6?1(

Rmfia =

Vaimr`nh nj dqcmh pav{nhmi`r rvm`r{ w`rd rda fvmhb b`cah{`nh{

Dqcmh pav{nhmi`r rvm`r{

[aij knhj`bahka

Bnc`hmhka

Mggva{{`zaha{{

[nk`mf`i`r

Bajah{`zaha{{

Fvmhb pav{nhmi`r b`cah{`nh{

[`hkav`r

Atk`racahr

Vqggabha{{

Kncparahka

[npd`{r`kmr`nh

[nk`mi pva{{qva{

_av{nhmi

mrr`rqba

Jqrqva

`hrahr`nh{

Fq`hg

fadmz`nqv


13/14

KN_P V@GDR 6?== @h{r`rqra nj @hravb`{k`pi`hmv Fq{`ha{{ Va{amvkd _mga =;

J`gqva = Rda i`hl farwaah {nk`mi pva{{qva{ pav{nhmi mrr`rqba jqrqva `hrahr`nh{ mhb knh{qcav fq`hg fadmz`nqv

Jmkrnv{ [nqvka{ J`hb`hg{

I`lamfì`r Faì mhb Fv`bgawmrav $=00?) Fvnwh $=00=) Bq_ia{{`{

$=002f) J`{dfa`h mhb C`bbia{rmbr $=001) Vnf`h{nh

$=007) [c`rd ar mi( $6??:)(

I`lamfì`r va{qir{ jvnc

kngh`r`za zàwpn`hr

pvnz`b`hg ahravrm`hcahr

`hjnvcmr`nh va{qir`hg `h

pqvkdm{a hrahr`nh

_av{qm{`zaha{{ J`{dfa`h mhb Meuah $=071) Dmia ar mi( $=042) [rawmvr

mhb Jqv{a $=04:) _akdcmh mhb [rawmvr $=040) Faì mhbFv`bgawmrav $=00?) Waii{ $=007)(

Mb{ w`rd @hjnvcmr`za

knhrahr {miàhka kngh`r`za

va{pnh{a{ mhb fvmhbb`jjavahr`mr`nh {rvmragà{ mva

pav{qm{`za

Fvmhb

_av{nhmi`r

Fmrvm Iadcmhh mhb [`hgd $=00;) Mmlav $=00:< =007)

Laiiav $=004) Fvm{{`hgrnh mhb _arr`rr $6???)

Nqwav{innr mhb Rqbnv`km $6??=)

Rda b`{r`hgq`{dab fvmhb

`bahr`r kvamr`hg fvmhb `cmga

fm{ab nh nv vaimrab rn rda

dqcmh pav{nhmi`r rvm`r{

Fq`hg

Fadmz`nqv

Meuah mhb J`{dfa`h $=04?) Fmgnu` mhb Wmv{dmw

$=00?) Miiah ar mi $=006) Bq_ia{{`{ $=002m) Knnpav

mhb Bnhmib $6??=) Meuah $6??6) Cnvv`{ ar mi( $6??6)

[c`rd ar mi( $6??:)(

_av{nhmi mrr`rqba acnr`nh{

wdah ahknqhravab w`rd

{nk`mi pva{{qva{ kvamra jqrqva

`hrahr`nh{ vaimr`hg rn rda

fq`hg fadmz`nqv

Fvmhb

Inmir

Emknf mhb Kda{rhqr $=074) Mmlav $=00=) B`kl mhb

Fm{q $=002) Vàkddaib $=00:) Ni`zav $=000)

Kdmqdbqv` mhb Dnifvnnl $6??=)(

Fvmhb inmir va{qir{ `h

cmvlar`hg gm`h cmvlar

{dmva qpi`jr`hg vazahqa{ mhb

aiazmr`nh nj fq{`ha{{

iazavmga

Rmfia 6

Vazàw nj knhrv`fqr`nh{ cmba nh rda mbzavr`{`hg jmkrnv{(

Mbzavr`{`hg

jmkrnv{

I`lmfì`r

_av{qm{`nh

Fvmhb

pav{nhmi`r

Fq`hg Fadmz`nqv

Fvmhb Inmir


14/14

KN_P V@GDR 6?== @h{r`rqra nj @hravb`{k`pi`hmv Fq{`ha{{ Va{amvkd _mga =2

J`gqva 6 Rda rdanvar`kmi jvmcawnvl jnv rd`{ pmpav

J`gqva ; @cpnvrmhka nj mbzavr`{`hg kmcpm`gh{ `h gahavmr`hg fvmhb inmir

Mbzavr`{acahr

kmcpm`gh

Fvmhb inmir

Fvmhb `cmga

Fvmhb a}q`r

Fvmhb zmiqa

advrtsng ijcrb aamna

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