ADVERBUL - Determina un verb in sensul lui concret, de baza - Determina un adjectiv Ex: He runs quickly because he is extremely quick. In general adverbul este terminat in “ly”, dar nu tot ce are “ly” este adverb. De regula se formeaza din adjectiv + “ly”. Modificari ortografice: 1) daca adjectivul se termina in “e”, acesta se pastreaza “ely” Ex: nice – nicely Exceptii: due – duly (datorat) true – truly whole – wholly 2) daca adjectivul se termina in “le”, se transforma “e” in “y”/ “ly” Ex: capable – capably 3) daca adjectivul se termina in “ll”, se adauga doar “lly” Ex: full – fully 4) daca adjectivul se termina in “ic”, se adauga “ally” Ex: automatic – automatically 5) daca adjectivul se termina in “y”, indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau de consoana, se transforma in “i” si se adauga “ily” Ex: pretty – prettily gay – gaily Exceptii: shy – shyly wry – wryly coy – coyly (sfios) 6) adjectivul “good” face adverbul “well” ! ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly Ex: usually = usual + ly bitterly = bitter + ly awfully = awful + ly Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect) 1. bright = brightly 2. sound = soundly 3. fair = fairly 4. tight = tightly (sunt echivalente) 5. dear = dearly 6. dead = deadly 7. cheap = cheaply Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly. ! forma in “ly” se va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectiv Ex: He is deadly tired. (si nu “he is dead tired”). Adverbul cheap se va folosi in loc de cheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitati comerciale (to buy, to sell, to get) Ex: She bought it cheap. dar We traveled cheaply. Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferite clean = complet cleanly = intr-o maniera curata clear = exact clearly = intr-o maniera clara close = apropiat closely = indeaproape deep = adanc deeply = profund

direct = direct directly = imediat due = spre (la busola) Ex: They went due South. duly = punctual easy = usor Ex: Take it easy!easily = intr-o maniera lejera free = gratis freely = pe sleau, deschis full = complet fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsa hard = greu hardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc high = sus highly = foarte just = tocmai justly = asa cum se cuvine late = tarziu lately = in ultima vreme large = extins largely = pe scara larga most = majoritatea mostly = cu precadere near = langa nearly = aproape ca pretty = foarte prettily = intr-o maniera draguta right = exact rightly = cu precizie, clar sharp = fix sharply = intr-o maniera taioasa short = brusc shortly = imediat Adverbe si adjective cu aceeasi forma si inteles fast far early alike alone past solo straight next little outside ! daca adjectivul se termina in “ly”, el devine adverb prin contructia

in a + adj + manner Ex: He is a friendly person. adj He speaks to me in a friendly way / manner. adv coward = las (substantiv) cowardly = las (adjectiv)

in a cowardly manner = cu lasitate (adverb) Gradele de comparatie Se construiesc astfel: 1) daca adjectivul si adverbul au aceeasi forma, se comporta ca un adjectiv scurt (gradele se fac cu “er” si “est”) Ex: I run fast / not so fast as / as fast as / faster than / the fastest of all / very fast 2) daca adverbul se obtine din adjectiv + ly, face gradele de comparatie ca un adjectiv lung (cu “more” si “the most”) Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the most quickly of all / very quickly Comparatia regulata well – better – the best badly – worse – the worst much – more – the most far – farther – the farthest – further – the furthest near – nearer – the next little – less – the least late – later – the last Adverbe de timp ago – se foloseste cand raportarea se face fata de un moment prezent Ex: I saw her one hour ago. ! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune before Ex: I told her that I had met her one hour before. for – arata durata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit al actiunii. Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfect continuu. Ex: I haven’t met her for two years. ! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut Ex: I was a student for two years (I’m no longer a student). ! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries) ! nu se pune “for” dupa verbele: to last to take to wait to spend to stay Ex: I’ve been waiting ten minutes, (si nu I’ve been waiting for ten minutes). It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds). since – arata inceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final. Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu. Ex: I haven’t met her since Monday. Locutiuni adverbiale

subst + after + subst

day after day year after year month after month during – urmat intotdeauna de substantiv. A nu se confunda cu while (in timp ce), care presupune actiuni paralele. During poate fi inlocuit cu “in” daca se refera la perioade de timp Ex: during my life = in my life from … to – poate fi inlocuit cu till, dar niciodata cu until, pentru ca until nu presupune cunoasterea momentului de sfarsit al actiunii

Ex: I work until I die. (nu stiu cand) I get up at 8 o’clock and work till 10 o’clock. ! until nu poate fi cuprins in expresia from … to in loc de “to” Adverbul de mod fairly – foarte, dar nu extraordinar Ex: Your story is fairly interesting. Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivul la gradul pozitiv. quite – este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac o apreciere favorabila. Ex: This car is quite cheap. ! cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie, “quite” capata sensul de absolut, complet, de-a dreptul. Ex: Your dress is quite unique. rather – se foloseste cand am de facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este = foarte, neasteptat de. Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative. Ex: This car is rather expensive. Poate fi precedat si urmat de articolul “a” Ex: This is a rather difficult exercise. This is rather a difficult exercise. pretty – foarte (familiar, intre prieteni) Ex: I’m pretty tired. very – Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sau superlativ) Ex: I do my very best.

He is very much faster than I am. much / a lot = se cupleaza cu comparativul Ex: He is much faster than I am. by far = se cupleaza cu superlativul Ex: He is by far the fastest of all. too – se cupleaza cu pozitivul Ex: He is too fast. enough – se cupleaza cu pozitivul, dar se aseaza dupa el Ex: He is fast enough for a champion. so – se cupleaza - cu much, many, little, few + substantiv

- cu adjectiv / adverb la pozitiv Ex: It is so difficult. I have so many friends / so much money. There is so little time left. such – urmat de - substantiv numarabil la sg precedat de “a”

- de constructia adjectiv + substantiv la pl Ex: He is such a man. They are such interesting persons.