ADVANTAGE STAFFING Safety Presentation. Fall Protection Options Advantage Safety Presentation...

ADVANTAGE STAFFING

Safety Presentation

Advantage Safety Presentation

Fall Protection Options

Personal Fall Arrest System

(PFAS)

Guardrails Safety Net

Fall Protection Options


Fall protection systems and work practices must be in place before you start work.

Fall Protection Planning

Fall Protection Planning

Lanyards and PFAS in use


Personal Fall Arrest SystemsPersonal Fall Arrest Systems

• You must be trained how to properly use PFAS.

• PFAS = anchorage, lifeline and body harness.


Must be independent of any platform anchorage and capable of supporting at least 5,000 lbs. per worker

Safety Line AnchoragesSafety Line Anchorages


Guardrails

• Top rails between 39 and 45 inches tall• Toeboards at least 3 1/2 inches high

Top Rail

Mid- Rail

Toeboard

Guardrails


When Fall Protection is NeededWalkways & rampsOpen sides & edgesHolesConcrete forms &

rebarExcavations

RoofsWall openingsBricklayingResidential

Construction


Guard ramps, runways, and other walkways

Walkways and Ramps Walkway

s and Ramps


Fall Protection – Residential Construction

In residential construction, you must be protected if you can fall more than 6 feet

Fall Protection -Residential Construction


Unprotected Sides & Edges

Unprotected edge

Unprotected Sides & Edges

Unprotected sides and edges must have guardrails or equivalent


Sides & Edges – Improper GuardingSides & Edges - Improper Guarding

This 1/4" nylon rope alone is not a proper way to guard this open floor


Sky Lights and Other Openings

• Holes more than 6 feet high must be protected• This opening could be made safe by using a

guardrail, or strong cover

Sky Lights and Other Openings


Floor Holes

• Cover completely and securely• If no cover, can guard with a guardrail

Floor Holes

ImproperlyCovered


Excavations

Guard excavations more than 6 feet deep when they are not readily seen because of plant growth or other visual barriers

Excavations

In addition to needing guarding, this excavation is not properly shored


Roofs

If you work on roofs and can fall more than 6 feet, you must be protected

Roofs


Wall Openings

If you work near wall openings 6 feet or more above lower levels you must be protected from falling

Wall opening

Wall Openings


Good Work Practices

Perform work at ground level if possible

Example: building prefab roofs on the ground and lifting into place with a crane

Tether or restrain workers so they can't reach the edge

Designate and use safety monitors(This is less desirable of all the systems)

Use conventional fall protection


Training

The training is to teach you: How to recognize hazards How to minimize hazards

The training must cover: Fall hazards Fall protection systems Use of fall protection devices

Training

Employers must provide fall protection training


SummaryIf you can fall more than 4 feet, you

must be protected Use fall protection on:

walkways & ramps, open sides & edges, holes, concrete forms & rebar, excavations, roofs, wall openings, bricklaying, residential construction

Protective measures include guardrails, covers, safety nets, and Personal Fall Arrest Systems

Electrical Safety - Construction


Electricity - The Dangers

About 5 workers are electrocuted every week

Causes 12% of young worker workplace deaths

Takes very little electricity to cause harm

Significant risk of causing fires


Electricity – How it Works

Electricity is the flow of energy from one place to another

Requires a source of power: usually a generating station

A flow of electrons (current) travels through a conductor

Travels in a closed circuit


Electrical TermsCurrent -- electrical movement (measured in amps)Circuit -- complete path of the current.

Includes electricity source, a conductor, and the output device or load (such as a lamp, tool, or heater)

Resistance -- restriction to electrical flow Conductors – substances, like metals, with little

resistance to electricity that allow electricity to flow Grounding – a conductive connection to the earth

which acts as a protective measureInsulators -- substances with high resistance to

electricity like glass, porcelain, plastic, and dry wood that prevent electricity from getting to unwanted areas


Electrical Injuries

There are four main types of electrical injuries:Direct:

Electrocution or death due to electrical shock

Electrical shockBurns

Indirect - Falls


Electrical Shock

An electrical shock is received when electrical current passes through the body.

You will get an electrical shock if a part of your

body completes an electrical circuit by…Touching a live wire and an electrical

ground, orTouching a live wire and another wire at a

different voltage.


Shock SeveritySeverity of the shock depends

on: Path of current through the body Amount of current flowing through

the body (amps) Duration of the shocking current

through the body, LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT

MEAN LOW HAZARD


Dangers of Electrical Shock

Currents above 10 mA* can paralyze or “freeze” muscles.

Currents more than 75 mA can cause a rapid, ineffective heartbeat -- death will occur in a few minutes unless a defibrillator is used

75 mA is not much current – a small power drill uses 30 times as much

* mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere

Defibrillator in use


BurnsMost common shock-

related injuryOccurs when you touch

electrical wiring or equipment that is improperly used or maintained

Typically occurs on handsVery serious injury that

needs immediate attention


Falls

Electric shock can also cause indirect injuries

Workers in elevated locations who experience a shock may fall, resulting in serious injury or death


Electrical Hazards and How to Control Them

Electrical accidents are caused by a combination of three factors: Unsafe equipment and/or

installation, Workplaces made unsafe

by the environment, and Unsafe work practices.


Hazard – Exposed Electrical Parts

Cover removed from wiring or breaker box


Control – Isolate Electrical Parts

Use guards or barriers

Replace covers

Guard live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more against accidental contact


Control – Isolate Electrical Parts - Cabinets, Boxes & Fittings

Conductors going into them must be protected, and unused openings must be closed


Control – Close Openings

Junction boxes, pull boxes and fittings must have approved covers

Unused openings in cabinets, boxes and fittings must be closed (no missing knockouts) Photo shows violations

of these two requirements


Hazard - Overhead Power Lines

Usually not insulatedExamples of equipment

that can contact power lines: Crane Ladder Scaffold Backhoe Scissors lift Raised dump truck bed Aluminum paint roller


Control - Overhead Power Lines

Stay at least 10 feet away

Post warning signsAssume that lines are

energizedUse wood or fiberglass

ladders, not metalPower line workers

need special training & PPE


Hazard - Inadequate Wiring

Hazard - wire too small for the current

Example - portable tool with an extension cord that has a wire too small for the tool The tool will draw more current

than the cord can handle, causing overheating and a possible fire without tripping the circuit breaker

The circuit breaker could be the right size for the circuit but not for the smaller-wire extension cord

Wire Gauge

WIRE

Wire gauge measures wires ranging in size from number 36 to 0 American wire gauge (AWG)


Control – Use the Correct WireWire used depends on operation, building

materials, electrical load, and environmental factors

Use fixed cords rather than flexible cordsUse the correct extension cord

Must be 3-wire type and designed for hard or extra-hard use


Hazard – Defective Cords & Wires

Plastic or rubber covering is missing

Damaged extension cords & tools


Hazard – Damaged CordsCords can be damaged

by: Aging Door or window edges Staples or fastenings Abrasion from adjacent

materials Activity in the area

Improper use can cause shocks, burns or fire


Control – Cords & WiresInsulate live wires Check before useUse only cords that are 3-wire

type Use only cords marked for hard

or extra-hard usageUse only cords, connection

devices, and fittings equipped with strain relief

Remove cords by pulling on the plugs, not the cords

Cords not marked for hard or extra-hard use, or which have been modified, must be taken out of service immediately


Permissible Use of Flexible Cords

Stationary equipment-to facilitate interchange

DO NOT use flexible wiring where frequent inspection would be difficult or where damage would be likely.

Flexible cords must not be . . .• run through holes in walls, ceilings, or floors;• run through doorways, windows, or similar openings (unless physically protected);• hidden in walls, ceilings, floors, conduit or other raceways.


Grounding Grounding creates a

low-resistance path from a tool to the earth to disperse unwanted current.

When a short or

lightning occurs, energy flows to the ground, protecting you from electrical shock, injury and death.


Hazard – Improper Grounding

Tools plugged into improperly grounded circuits may become energized

Broken wire or plug on extension cord

Some of the most frequently violated OSHA standards


Control – Ground Tools & Equipment

Ground power supply systems, electrical circuits, and electrical equipment

Frequently inspect electrical systems to insure path to ground is continuous

Inspect electrical equipment before use

Don’t remove ground prongs from tools or extension cords

Ground exposed metal parts of equipment


Control – Use GFCI (ground-fault circuit interrupter)

Protects you from shockDetects difference in current

between the black and white wires

If ground fault detected, GFCI shuts off electricity in 1/40th of a second

Use GFCI’s on all 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles, or have an assured equipment grounding conductor program.


Control - Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program

Program must cover: All cord sets Receptacles not part of a building or

structure Equipment connected by plug and cord

Program requirements include: Specific procedures adopted by the employer Competent person to implement the program Visual inspection for damage of equipment

connected by cord and plug


Hazard – Overloaded CircuitsHazards may result from:Too many devices plugged

into a circuit, causing heated wires and possibly a fire

Damaged tools overheatingLack of overcurrent

protectionWire insulation melting,

which may cause arcing and a fire in the area where the overload exists, even inside a wall


Control - Electrical Protective Devices

Automatically opens circuit if excess current from overload or ground-fault is detected – shutting off electricity

Includes GFCI’s, fuses, and circuit breakers

Fuses and circuit breakers are overcurrent devices. When too much current:

Fuses melt Circuit breakers trip open


Power Tool Requirements• Have a three-wire cord with

ground plugged into a grounded receptacle, or

• Be double insulated, or• Be powered by a low-voltage

isolation transformer


Tool Safety Tips

Use gloves and appropriate footwearStore in dry place when not usingDon’t use in wet/damp conditions Keep working areas well litEnsure not a tripping hazardDon’t carry a tool by the cordDon’t yank the cord to disconnect it Keep cords away from heat, oil, & sharp

edgesDisconnect when not in use and when

changing accessories such as blades & bits Remove damaged tools from use


Preventing Electrical Hazards - Tools

Inspect tools before use

Use the right tool correctly

Protect your toolsUse double insulated

toolsDouble Insulated marking


Temporary Lights

Protect from contact and damage, and don’t suspend by cords unless designed to do so.


Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist

Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses

Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes

GFCI that shuts off a circuit

Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection


Lockout and Tagging of CircuitsApply locks to power source after

de-energizingTag deactivated controlsTag de-energized equipment and

circuits at all points where they can be energized

Tags must identify equipment or circuits being worked on


Safety-Related Work Practices To protect workers from electrical

shock: Use barriers and guards to

prevent passage through areas of exposed energized equipment

Pre-plan work, post hazard warnings and use protective measures

Keep working spaces and walkways clear of cords


Safety-Related Work PracticesUse special insulated

tools when working on fuses with energized terminals

Don’t use worn or frayed cords and cables

Don’t fasten extension cords with staples, hang from nails, or suspend by wire.


Preventing Electrical Hazards - Planning

Plan your work with others

Plan to avoid fallsPlan to lock-out and tag-

out equipmentRemove jewelryAvoid wet conditions

and overhead power lines


Avoid Wet ConditionsIf you touch a live wire or other

electrical component while standing in even a small puddle of water you’ll get a shock.

Damaged insulation, equipment, or tools can expose you to live electrical parts.

Improperly grounded metal switch plates & ceiling lights are especially hazardous in wet conditions.

Wet clothing, high humidity, and perspiration increase your chances of being electrocuted.


Preventing Electrical Hazards – Proper Wiring and Connectors

Use and test GFCI’s Check switches and

insulation Use three prong plugs Use extension cords only

when necessary & assure in proper condition and right type for job

Use correct connectors


Training

Deenergize electric equipment before inspecting or repairing

Using cords, cables, and electric tools that are in good repair

Lockout / Tagout recognition and procedures

Use appropriate protective equipment

Train employees working with electric equipment in safe work practices, including:


Summary – Hazards & ProtectionsHazardsInadequate wiringExposed electrical partsWires with bad insulationUngrounded electrical

systems and toolsOverloaded circuitsDamaged power tools and

equipmentUsing the wrong PPE and

toolsOverhead powerlinesAll hazards are made worse

in wet conditions

Protective Measures

Proper groundingUse GFCI’sUse fuses and

circuit breakersGuard live partsLockout/TagoutProper use of

flexible cordsClose electric

panelsTraining


Tools – Hand and Power


HazardsWorkers using hand and power tools may be exposed to these hazards: objects that fall, fly, are abrasive, or splash harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, and gases frayed or damaged electrical cords, hazardous connections and improper grounding


Basic Tool Safety Rules• Maintain regularly• Use right tool for the job• Inspect before use• Operate according to manufacturers’ instructions • Use the right personal protective equipment (PPE)• Use guards


Hand Tool Hazards

Hazards are usually caused by misuse and improper maintenance

Do not use: wrenches when jaws are sprung impact tools (chisels and wedges) when heads have mushroomed tools with loose, cracked or splintered handles a screwdriver as a chisel tools with taped handles – they may be hiding cracks

Crack


Hand Tools - ProtectionUse PPE, such as safety goggles and gloves

Keep floor surface where working free from debris and tripping or slipping hazards

Keep cutting tools sharp


Power ToolsMust be fitted with guards and safety switches

Extremely hazardous when used improperly

Different types,determined by their power source: Electric Pneumatic Liquid fuel Hydraulic Powder-actuated


Switches

Hand-held power tools must be equipped with one of the following:

Constant pressure switch shuts off power upon release Examples: circular saw, chain saw, grinder, hand-held power drill

On-Off SwitchExamples: routers, planers, laminate trimmers, shears, jig saws, nibblers, scroll saws


Power Tools - Precautions• Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing and cleaning, and when changing accessories • Keep people not involved with the work away from the work • Secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool• Don’t hold the switch button while carrying a plugged-in tool• Keep tools sharp and clean• Consider what you wear – loose clothing and jewelry can get caught in moving parts• Remove damaged electric tools & tag them: “Do Not Use”


Power Tools – PrecautionsElectric CordsDon’t carry

portable tools by the cord

Don’t use electric cords to hoist or lower tools

Don’t yank cord or hose to disconnect it

Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges


Electric Tools – Good Practices• Operate within design limits• Use gloves and safety shoes • Store in a dry place • Don’t use in wet locations unless approved for that• Keep work areas well lit • Ensure cords don’t present a tripping hazard


Abrasive Wheels and ToolsMay throw off flying fragments

Equip with guards that: Cover the spindle end, nut, & flange projections Maintain proper alignment with the wheel Don’t exceed the strength of the fastenings

Guard so that a minimal amount of the wheel is exposed


Inspecting Abrasive Wheels Before mounting: inspect closely for damage perform sound- or ring-test to ensure free from cracks / defects

To test: tap wheel gently with a light, non-metallic instrument if wheel sounds cracked or dead, do not use it because it could fly apart


Abrasive Wheel UseTo prevent cracking:• fit the wheel on the spindle freely • tighten the spindle nut enough to hold the wheel in place without distorting the flange

Let the tool come up to speed prior to grinding or cutting

Don’t stand in front of the wheel as it comes up to full speed

Use eye and/or face protection

Ensure the spindle speed doesn’t exceed the maximum speed marked on the wheel


Abrasive Wheel Work RestsKeep work rests not more than 1/8th inch from wheel surface

This prevents jamming the work between the wheel and the rest, which may cause the wheel to break

Don’t adjust wheel while it’s rotating


GuardingGuard exposed moving parts of power tools

Guard belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, flywheels, chains, or other moving parts

Never remove a guard when a tool is in use


Guarding - Point of Operation

The point of operation is where the work is actually performed on the materials – it must be

guarded

This shows a radial arm saw equipped with proper point of operation guards


Guarding Protection

Machine guards must protect the operator and others from: Point of operation In-running nip points Rotating parts Flying chips and sparks

Nip Point


Radial Saw Guarding

Guard to prevent the operator from coming in contact the the rotating blade

Radial arm saw equipped with an upper and lower blade guard


Guarding Portable Circular Saws

Guard these saws above and below the base plate or shoe. The lower guard must cover the saw to the depth of the teeth.


Table Saw Guarding

Use a hood for guarding

Hood guard


Pneumatic ToolsPowered by compressed air

Includes nailers, staplers, chippers, drills & sanders

Main hazard - getting hit by a tool attachment or by a fastener the worker is using with the tool

Take the same precautions with an air hose that you take with electric cords

Nail Gun - Cut-Away View


Pneumatic Tools - Fastening

Ensure tool is fastened securely to the air hose to prevent a disconnection

Use a short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool

Wire used to secure hose


Pneumatic Tool Connections

Unacceptable

Acceptable

Hose clamp


Pneumatic Tool SafetyPlace a safety device on the muzzle to prevent the tool from ejecting fasteners, unless the muzzle is in contact with work surface

Install a safety clip or retainer to prevent attachments, such as chisels on a chipping hammer, from being ejected

Wear eye protection. Wear hearing protection with jackhammers.

Muzzle in contact with work surface


Compressed Air Cleaning

Don’t use compressed air for cleaning

Exception - where reduced to less than 30 p.s.i. with effective chip guarding and PPE


Liquid Fuel ToolsUsually gas powered

Main hazard – fuel vapors

Use only approved flammable liquid containers

Before refilling a fuel-powered tool tank, shut down the engine and allow it to cool


JacksTo set up a jack, ensure:• The base is on a firm, level surface• It’s centered• The jack head is placed against a level surface• You apply the lift force evenly

Lubricate and inspect jacks regularly


Jacks - CapacityThe manufacturer's rated capacity must be marked on all jacks and must not be exceeded

All jacks must have a stop indicator that is not exceeded


Jacks - BlockingImmediately block the load after it is lifted. Put a block under the base of the jack when the foundation is not firm, and place a block between the jack cap and load if the cap might slip.

Photo - handyman jack is provided a firm base by using the railroad tie. The load is cribbed to prevent it from falling.


Summary

Hazards are usually the result of improper tool use or not following one or more of these protection techniques: Inspecting the tool before use Using PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) Using guards Properly storing the tool Using safe handling techniques


Personal Protective Equipment


Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards

Employers must protect employees from hazards such as falling objects, harmful substances, and noise exposures that can cause injury

Employers must: Use all feasible engineering and work

practice controls to eliminate and reduce hazards

Use personal protective equipment (PPE) if the controls don’t eliminate the hazards.

PPE is the last level of control!


Engineering Controls

If . . .

The work environment can be physically changed to prevent employee exposure to the potential hazard,

Then . . .

The hazard can be eliminated with an engineering control


Engineering Controls

Initial design specificationsSubstitute less harmful materialChange processEnclose processIsolate process

Examples . . .


Work Practice Controls

If . . .

Employees can change the way they do their jobs and the exposure to the potential hazard is removed,

Then . . .

The hazard can be eliminated with a work practice control


Work Practice Controls -- Examples


ResponsibilitiesEmployer

Assess workplace for hazards Provide PPE Determine when to use Provide PPE training for employees and

instruction in proper use

• EmployeeUse PPE in accordance with training received and other instructions

Inspect daily and maintain in a clean and reliable condition


Examples of PPE

Eye safety glasses, goggles

Face face shields

Head hard hats

Feet safety shoes

Hands and arms gloves

Bodies vests

Hearing earplugs, earmuffs

Body Part Protection


PPE Program

Includes procedures for selecting, providing and using PPE

First -- assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of PPE

After selecting PPE, provide training to employees who are required to use it


Head Protection


Classes of Hard HatsClass G (formerly Class A)1

General service (e.g., mining, building construction, shipbuilding, lumbering, and manufacturing)

Good impact protection but limited voltage protection

Class E (formerly Class B)1

Electrical workProtect against falling objects, high-voltage

shock/burnsClass CDesigned for comfort, offer limited protectionProtects heads that may bump against fixed

objects, but do not protect against falling objects or electrical shock

1 Per ANSI Z89.1-1997


Selecting the Right Hard HatClass G (formerly Class A)1

General service (e.g., mining, building construction, shipbuilding, lumbering, and manufacturing)

Good impact protection but limited voltage protection

Class E (formerly Class B)1

Electrical workProtect against falling objects, high-voltage

shock/burnsClass CDesigned for comfort, offer limited protectionProtects heads that may bump against fixed

objects, but do not protect against falling objects or electrical shock

1 Per ANSI Z89.1-1997


Eye Protection


When Must Eye Protection be Provided?

When any of these hazards are present:Dust and other flying particles, such as

metal shavings or sawdustCorrosive gases, vapors, and liquidsMolten metal that may splashPotentially infectious materials such as

blood or hazardous liquid chemicals that may splash

Intense light from welding and lasers


Eye ProtectionCriteria for Selection

Protects against specific hazard(s) Comfortable to wearDoes not restrict vision or movementDurable and easy to clean and disinfectDoes not interfere with the function of

other required PPE


Eye Protection for EmployeesWho Wear Eyeglasses

Ordinary glasses do not provide the required protection

Proper choices include: Prescription glasses with side shields and protective lenses Goggles that fit comfortably over corrective glasses without disturbing the glasses Goggles that incorporate corrective lenses mounted behind protective lenses


Safety GlassesMade with metal/plastic safety framesMost operations require side shieldsUsed for moderate impact from particles

produced by jobs such as carpentry, woodworking, grinding, and scaling


GogglesProtects eyes and area around the eyes

from impact, dust, and splashesSome goggles fit over corrective lenses


Laser (Welding) Safety GogglesProtects eyes from intense

concentrations of light produced by lasers


Face Shields Full face protection Protects face from dusts and splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids Does not protect from impact hazards Wear safety glasses or goggles underneath


Welding Shields

Protects eyes against burns from radiant lightProtects face and eyes from flying sparks, metal spatter, & slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering, and cutting


Hearing Protection


Hearing ProtectionWhen it’s not feasible to reduce the noise orits duration – use ear protective devices

Ear protective devicesmust be fitted


When Must Hearing Protection be Provided?

After implementing engineering and work practice controls

When an employee’s noise exposure exceeds an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) sound level of 90 dBA


Examples of Hearing Protectors

Earmuffs Earplugs Canal Caps


Foot Protection


Safety ShoesImpact-resistant toes and

heat-resistant soles protect against hot surfaces common in roofing and paving

Some have metal insoles to protect against puncture wounds

May be electrically conductive for use in explosive atmospheres, or nonconductive to protect from workplace electrical hazards


Hand Protection


What Kinds of Protective Gloves are Available?

Types of Gloves ProtectionDurable - made of metal mesh, leather, or canvas

Cuts, burns, heat

Fabric & coated fabric

Dirt and abrasion

Chemical and liquid resistant

Burns, irritation, and dermatitis

Rubber Cuts, lacerations, and abrasions


Types of Rubber Gloves

Butyl provides the highest permeation resistance to gas or water vapors

Nitrile protects against solvents, harsh chemicals, fats and petroleum products and also provides excellent resistance to cuts and abrasions.


Other Types of Gloves

Kevlar protects against cuts, slashes, and abrasion

Stainless steel mesh protects against cuts and lacerations


Body Protection


Major Causes of Body InjuriesIntense heatSplashes of hot metals and other hot

liquidsImpacts from tools, machinery, and

materialsCutsHazardous chemicalsRadiation


Body ProtectionCriteria for Selection

Provide protective clothing for parts of the body exposed to possible injury

Types of body protection: Vests Aprons Jackets Coveralls Full body suits

Coveralls


Body Protection

Cooling Vest

Sleeves and Apron

Full Body Suit


Summary

Assess the workplace for hazardsUse engineering and work practice controls to

eliminate or reduce hazards before using PPESelect appropriate PPE to protect employees

from hazards that cannot be eliminated Inform employees why the PPE is necessary, how

and when it must be wornTrain employees how to use and care for their

PPE, including how to recognize deterioration and failure

Require employees to wear selected PPE

Employers must implement a PPE program where they:

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